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Background: In developing countries, viral agents are the most commonly identifiable causes in children with gastroenteritis.
Some of the viral infections have showed seasonal tendencies in relation to geographical regions. Enteric types of adenoviruses
(Ad 40, Ad41) are among the most common and important etiological agents associated with spora...
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... (57.9%) were males with a male: female ratio of 1.4: 1 (Figure 1). Immuno-chromatographic assay for virology examination of Adenoviral antigen in the studied fecal samples has revealed that Adenovirus was responsible for their diarrhea in 14.6% of the children with acute gastroenteritis (Figure 2), and among them 58.5% were males with a male to female ratio of 1.4: 1 (Table 1). Although children with acute diarrhea due to Adenovirus were younger (mean ± SD of 10.7 ± 10.3 months) than those without Adenovirus infection (mean ± SD of 11.1 ± 10.1 months) yet the difference in mean age in months was statistically not significant (Students' T Test, df=805, P=0.44) (Tables 2 and 3), even when the children were classified into age groups (in months) the association was found to be statistically not significant (χ 2 =2.76, df=3, P=0.43) ( Table 3). ...Citations
... In a study conducted in Iraq, the prevalence of adenovirus was reported to be approximately 15%. [20] In Turkey, the prevalence of rotavirus is reported to vary between 6.7% and 20.2% and the prevalence of adenovirus between 0.96% and 7.6%. [21] According to studies conducted in Turkey, rotavirus infections constituted 9.8-39.8% of viral gastroenteritis infections, and adenovirus infections 7.8-10.0%. ...
Aim: We aimed to investigate the relationship between age, gender, and season with respect to the frequency of rotavirus and adenovirus antigens in stool specimens obtained from children one month to 18 years of age who were diagnosed with acute gastroenteritis.
Materials and Methods: The records of stool specimen analyses for 1960 patients with diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis at our hospital from January 2017 to August 2022 were retrospectively examined. The patient's admission year, season, gender, age, and stool viral antigen test results were retrospectively analyzed from the file records.
Results: Viral antigen was detected in stool specimen in 364 (13.8%) of the patients included in the study, while 92 (4.7%) of them were rotavirus and 180 (9.1%) were adenoviruses. We found that both rotavirus and adenovirus were most common in the children one month-2 years of age. In our study, rotavirus was most commonly detected in December and winter, while adenovirus was detected in March and spring. Twenty-six (28.2%) patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis and 68 (37.7%) patients with adenovirus gastroenteritis were hospitalized and treated.
Conclusion: Our study showed now that rotavirus and adenovirus, which are the agents of viral gastroenteritis, are seen at a substantial rate. Especially in children under the two years of age, the frequency of detection of viral agents is higher. Enteric adenovirus and rotavirus were detected more frequently in winter and spring. We suggest that viral gastroenteritis agents should be considered and examined in children with suspected gastroenteritis.
... Table 1 Overall prevelance (%) of the common etiological agents of viral gastroenteritis in the MENA region. Virus [32], [33], [40][41][42][43], [48], [52], [58], [59], [61], [73], [79], [80], [82], [84], [86], [87], [100], [109], [112] , [113], [116], [119][120][121], [125], [134], [139], [140], [143], [145], 4], [150], [153], [155], [161], [162], [167], [171][172][173], [182] Astrovirus 30 3.5 (0.9, 8.0) [29], [32][33][34], [36], [41], [42], [48], [52], [58], [82], [84], [86], [87], [90], [113], [116], [125], [132], [139], [140], [145], [146], [150], [153], [167], [172], [173], [182] Sapovirus 7 3.2 (0.0, 8.0) [85], [85], [116], [132], [140], [173], [182] Fig. 2C). Country wise, most of the studies were from Iraq (n = 24), Iran (n = 20), Saudi Arabia (n = 19), and Egypt (n = 17). ...
Acute gastroenteritis is the cause of considerable mortality and morbidity worldwide, particularly among children under five years in underdeveloped countries. Most acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases are attributed to viral etiologies, including rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus. This paper aimed to determine the prevalence rate of different viral etiologies of AGE in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Moreover, this paper explored rotavirus phylogenetic relatedness, compared VP7 and VP4 antigenic regions of rotavirus with vaccine strains, and explored the availability of vaccines in the MENA region. The literature search identified 160 studies from 18 countries from 1980 to 2019. The overall prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus were 29.8, 13.9, 6.3, 3.5, and 3.2% of tested samples, respectively. The most common rotavirus genotype combinations in the MENA region were G1P[8], G9P[9], and G2P[4], whereas GII.4 was the predominant norovirus genotype all of which were reported in almost all the studies with genotyping data. The comparison of VP7 and VP4 between circulating rotavirus in the MENA region and vaccine strains has revealed discrete divergent regions, including the neutralizing epitopes. Rotavirus vaccine was introduced to most of the countries of the MENA region; however, only a few studies have assessed the effectiveness of vaccine introduction. This paper provides a comprehensive update on the prevalence of the different viral agents of AGE in the MENA region.
... The reported rates from Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Thailand were 2.8%, 3.4%, and 3.1% (i.e., 4.4% in children with gastroenteritis and 1.8% in children without gastroenteritis), respectively (34-36), while higher rates were reported from Nigeria (22.3%) (12) and Iran (20.0%) (19). In Iraq, the prevalence of adenovirus is reported at 14.6% (37). Qom is a religious city, and many people from neighboring countries travel to this city; therefore a higher rate of infection is not unexpected. ...
Aim:
The current study is the first performed in Qom to determine the prevalence of adenovirus and co-infections with rotavirus in children aged <15 years with gastroenteritis symptoms.
Background:
Gastroenteritis-associated viral infections are a cause of death among young children worldwide, especially in developing countries. The Adenovirus species F (40 and 41) are responsible for a range of acute diarrhea cases among infants and children.
Methods:
Over a period of 9 months, a total of 130 children suffering from intestinal problems who referred to the infectious ward of Children's Hospital were enrolled in the current study. After clinical examination and collection of demographic information, fecal samples were obtained from the patients. Viral genomes were extracted with a commercial kit and amplified and typed by adenovirus-specific PCR assay. Adenovirus-positive samples were also evaluated for co-infection with rotavirus.
Results:
Patients had a mean±SD age of 2.66±2.72 years; 63.1% of patients were male and 36.9% were female. Adenovirus infection was identified in 23 cases (17.7%), 21 (91.0%) and 2 (9.0%) of which were type 41 and type 40, respectively. Fever was the most common clinical manifestation among adenovirus-positive patients. No significant difference was observed between adenovirus infection and clinical symptoms, seasonal pattern, or serum laboratory results. Co-infection was found in only 5 cases (21.7%).
Conclusion:
This study was the first to demonstrate adenovirus infection with a relatively high prevalence among children, especially infants, in Qom. The findings further revealed co-infection with rotavirus, indicating a health problem in this region.
... Acute diarrhea was in the tip of diseases all over Iraq in 2017 [10]. Several investigations have been undertaken to elucidate the role of enteric adenoviruses among children in different places of Iraq [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Two studies from north of Iraq reported that the prevalence of adenovirus among children was 4.0% and 13.2% in Sulaimani province and Zakho city respectively [11,12]. ...
... In this study, the prevalence rate of HAdVs 40/41 was 4.34%, which was consistent with the findings of some local and international studies [12,15]. Mero et al. [12] and Yassin et al. [15] found that 4.0 % and 4.6% of pediatric patients presented with diarrhea in Zakho city and Baghdad city. ...
... In this study, the prevalence rate of HAdVs 40/41 was 4.34%, which was consistent with the findings of some local and international studies [12,15]. Mero et al. [12] and Yassin et al. [15] found that 4.0 % and 4.6% of pediatric patients presented with diarrhea in Zakho city and Baghdad city. Similar findings (5.1%) reported by Najafi et al. [30] in south of the Iran, and Renzi et al. [8] study among Canadian children with adenovirus infection in acute myeloid Leukemia (AML). ...
Background: Different parts of the world are witnessing a significant increase in the prevalence of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) diarrhea among children. This study aimed to assess the prevalence rate of HAdVs type 40 and type 41 (40/41) infections in children with diarrhea and to assess the relationship between viral infection and different socio-demographic and clinical parameters. Methods: A cross-sectional study was recruited to analyze a convenient sample of children presented with diarrhea. Data was collected from 8th August 2018 till 6th July 2019 at Al-Batool teaching hospital for gynecology and pediatrics in Baquba city, Center of hematology in Baquba city, and the Central teaching hospital of pediatric in Baghdad. Depending on the clinical examination, patients categorized into four groups; Group I with acute diarrhea, Group II with iron deficiency anemia and diarrhea, Group III with thalassemia and diarrhea, and Group IV with leukemia and diarrhea. Each patient gave one stool sample stored in a deep freeze at -20 ̊C for further analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunochromatographic test used to test the samples. Results: A total of 184 children aged one month to fifteen years have been included in this study. More than half (97, 52.7%) of children were males. The prevalence rate of HAdVs 40/41 was 4.34%. Patients in the age group ranged from one month to five years, G IV (leukemia and diarrhea), male gender, low educated mothers, and those who changed to spoon feeder are more likely to have a high prevalence of diarrhea due to HAdVs 40/41. The most top clinical sign was fever (7, 87.5%), and the lowest was the loss weight (1, 12.5%), however vomiting, abdominal pain, and dehydration seen among at least three cases. Conclusion: Human adenovirus 40/41 appeared to play a significant role causing acute gastroenteritis among children with leukemia and less than five years old.
Aim:
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Human Astroviruses (HAstVs), enteric Adenoviruses (HAdVs), and Sapoviruses (SaVs) in acute diarrhea patients, as well as their relation to age, sex, and season.
Background:
Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases affecting children <5 years old and viral agents with approximately >75% are the major causative agent of acute infectious diarrhea. After Rotavirus and Norovirus, the greater viral agents of acute gastroenteritis include HAstVs, HAdVs, and SaVs. To the best of our knowledge, there are sparse studies in Iran detecting at least three enteric viruses as causative agents of diarrhea simultaneously.
Methods:
The sample was collected from children referring to pediatric medical centers in Tehran, Iran; they were tested for Astrovirus, enteric Adenovirus, and Sapovirus by conventional PCR method. The association of incidence of viral enteric agents was evaluated with age, sex and seasonal pattern in children <5 years old.
Results:
The positive case number among acute gastroenteritis patients was 17/120 (14.1%). Patients ranged in age within 1-60 months, but 52.9% were aged ≤ 12 months. Males comprised the majority (70.6), and the male: female ratio was 2.4. HAstV was the most frequently detected virus (6.7%), while SaVs were detected only in 2.5% of cases. Mixed infections were not detected in these samples. The highest rate of HAstV was identified in winter (66.7%), HAdV in fall (66.7%), and SaV in winter (33.3%).
Conclusion:
These findings underscore the importance of monitoring the epidemiology of HAstV, HAdV, and SaV as causative agents of viral diarrhea infections.
