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Chicken feed composition; ingredients are listed as g/kg feed, and selenium analyzed in feed is given as mg/kg
Source publication
Background
The conversions of the n-3 and n-6 fatty acid of plant origin to the C20 and C22 very long chain fatty acids (LCPUFAs) is regulated by several cellular enzymes such as elongases and desaturases.
Methods
Sixty-five male one-day old chickens (Ross 308) were randomly divided into four groups and given one of four diets; with or without lin...
Context in source publication
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Citations
... Like many monogastric animals, laying hens exhibit a restricted endogenous enzymatic capacity to enzymatically alter the molecular structure of dietary fatty acids [44]. Nonetheless, they are capable of converting alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, as well as linoleic acid (LA) to arachidonic acid (ARA), by using specifc elongase and desaturase enzymes [45]. ...
This study investigates the impact of dietary nonindustrial Moroccan hemp seed (HS) on the fatty acid profile, cholesterol, and tocopherol levels, in the liver of 120 Lohmann brown laying hens aged 22 weeks during 12 weeks of treatment. The hens are randomly allocated into four treatment groups, each subdivided into six replicates with five birds in each replicate. The dietary treatments consist of 0% HS (control), 10% HS, 20% HS, and 30% HS. Results indicate a substantial increase p < 0.01 in polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega 3 (n-3) and omega 6 (n-6) types, with the inclusion of HS in the diet. The n-6/n-3 ratio is significantly reduced p < 0.01 , and there is a significant reduction p < 0.01 in saturated fatty acids only for the 30% HS treatment, indicating a more favorable fatty acid composition. Cholesterol levels remain largely unaffected by HS inclusion, except for the 10% HS group, which shows a significant decrease p < 0.05 . Moreover, hepatic tocopherol levels are significantly elevated p < 0.01 in subjects receiving the HS diet, with the 30% HS group exhibiting the highest tocopherol content. In summary, incorporating HS into the diet up to 30% appears to offer promising benefits for hepatic lipid composition, particularly in terms of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the n-6/n-3 ratio, and tocopherol levels, while having minimal impact on cholesterol levels.
... In line with these findings, our previous study achieved similar results, indicating that a diet supplemented with 4.0% TO to chicken (3 to 12 wk of age) produced "high n-3 PUFA meat" (Hang et al., 2018). Furthermore, a study revealed that the expression of different genes involved in n-3 PUFA biosynthesis influences the accumulation of these fatty acids (FA) in chicken meat (Haug et al., 2014). Boschetti et al. (2016) reported higher expression of fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes FADS1 and FADS2, involved in n-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) metabolism, in slow-growing chickens, resulting in increased n-3 PUFA content in breast meat compared to fast-growing chicken breeds. ...
This study proposes a strategy to manipulate the fatty acid (FA) content in slow-growing Korat chicken (KRC) meat using tuna oil (TO). To determine the optimal level and feeding period of TO supplementation, we conducted a study investigating the effects of dietary TO levels and feeding periods on meat quality, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) composition, and gene expression related to FA metabolism in KRC breast meat. At 3 wk of age, 700 mixed-sex KRC were assigned to seven augmented factorial treatments with a completely randomized design, each consisting of four replicate pens containing 25 chickens per pen. The control group received a corn-soybean-based diet with 4.5% rice bran oil (RBO), while varying amounts of TO (1.5%, 3.0%, or 4.5%) replaced a portion of the RBO content in the experimental diets. The chickens were fed these diets for 3 and 6 wk, respectively, before being slaughtered at 9 wk. Our results indicated no significant interactions between TO levels and feeding periods on the growth performance or meat quality of KRC (P > 0.05). However, the liver fatty acid-binding protein gene (L-FABP, also known as FABP1), responsible for FA transport and accumulation, showed significantly higher expression in the chickens supplemented with 4.5% TO (P < 0.05). The chickens supplemented with 4.5% TO for a longer period (3 to 9 wk of age) exhibited the lowest levels of n-6 PUFA and n-6 to n-3 ratio, along with the highest levels of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and n-3 PUFA in the breast meat (P < 0.05). However, even a short period of supplementation with 4.5% TO (6 to 9 wk of age) was adequate to enrich slow-growing chicken meat with high levels of n-3 PUFA, as recommended previously.
Our findings indicated that even a short period of tuna oil supplementation could lead to desirable levels of omega-3 enrichment in slow-growing chicken meat. This finding has practical implications for the poultry industry, providing insights into optimal supplementation strategies for achieving desired FA profiles without adversely affecting growth performance or meat quality.
... ELOVL5 in the duck breast muscle, thus, providing an essential enzyme for EPA and DHA production within this tissue. Surprisingly, previous studies have found a lack of correlation between FADS1 and FADS2 activity and the formation of long-chain PUFAs (Haug et al., 2014), which might be due to differences in the species and FA concentrations. ...
Meat rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids is considered beneficial to health. Supplementing the diet with linseed oil promotes the deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in poultry, a conclusion that has been confirmed multiple times in chicken meat. However, fewer studies have focused on the effects of dietary fatty acids on duck meat. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of the feeding time of a linseed oil diet on duck meat performance and gene expression, including meat quality performance, plasma biochemical indicators, fatty acid profile, and gene expression. For this study, we selected 168 Chinese crested ducks at 28 days old and divided them into three groups, with 56 birds in each group. The linseed oil content in the different treatment groups was as follows: the control group (0% flaxseed oil), the 14d group (2% linseed oil), and the 28d group (2% linseed oil). Ducks in the two experimental groups were fed a linseed oil diet for 28 and 14 days at 28 and 42 days of age, respectively. The results showed that linseed oil had no negative effect on duck performance (slaughter rate, breast muscle weight, and leg muscle weight) or meat quality performance (pH, meat color, drip loss, and shear force) (P > 0.05). The addition of linseed oil in the diet increased plasma total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P < 0.05), while decreasing triglyceride content (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the supplementation of linseed oil for four weeks affected the composition of muscle fatty acids. Specifically, levels of α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid were increased (P < 0.05), while eicosatetraenoic acid content was negatively correlated with flaxseed oil intake (P < 0.05). qRT-PCR analysis further revealed that the expression of FATP1, FABP5, and ELOVL5 genes in the breast muscle, as well as FABP3 and FADS2 genes in the thigh muscle, increased after four weeks of linseed oil supplementation (P < 0.05). However, after two weeks of feeding, CPT1A gene expression inhibited fatty acid deposition, suggesting an increase in fatty acid oxidation (P < 0.05). Overall, the four-week feeding time may be a key factor in promoting the deposition of n-3 PUFAs in duck meat. However, the limitation of this study is that it remains unknown whether longer supplementation time will continue to affect the deposition of n-3 PUFAs. Further experiments are needed to explain how prolonged feeding of linseed oil will affect the meat quality traits and fatty acid profile of duck meat.
... The elongase index was calculated as the ratio of C18:0 to C16:0, and the thioesterase index was calculated as the ratio of C16:0 to C14:0 (33). The delta-9 desaturase index for the C16:1 and C18:1 was calculated according to the equation proposed by Haug et al. (34), which were calculated as the ratio of C16:1 to the C16:0 (SCD16) and the ratio of C18:1 to the C18:0 (SCD18), respectively. In addition, the index of delta-6 desaturase (D6D) was calculated as the ratio of C18:3n-6 to C18:2n-6, whereas the delta-5 desaturase (D5D) index was calculated as the ratio of C20:4n-4 and C20:3n-6 (34). ...
... The indices SCD16, SCD18, D5D, and D6D have been used to estimate the enzyme activity in the synthesis of MUFA and PUFA (11,34,42). These 4 indices above are the estimators for the ability of enzymes to insert double bonds in essential FA to obtain long-chain FA (34). ...
... The indices SCD16, SCD18, D5D, and D6D have been used to estimate the enzyme activity in the synthesis of MUFA and PUFA (11,34,42). These 4 indices above are the estimators for the ability of enzymes to insert double bonds in essential FA to obtain long-chain FA (34). In the present study, only the SCD18 index tended to increase as the hens became older; however, no differences were detected for the other three indices ( Table 2). ...
The disparity in fatty acids (FA) composition exhibits a significant impact on meat quality, however, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying this trait in chicken are far from clear. In this study, a total of 45 female Beijing-You chicken (BYC) hens, fed on the same diet, were collected at the slaughter age of 150, 300, or 450 days (D150, D300, and D450) from sexual maturation stage to culling stage (15 birds per age). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and tandem mass tag labeling technology based on liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (TMT-LC-MS/MS) analysis strategies were applied to profile FA compositions and to compare differential expressed proteins (DEPs) between these different slaughter ages, respectively. The FA profiling showed that increasing hen ages resulted in increased contents of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Proteomic analyses showed a total of 4,935 proteins in chicken breast muscle with the false discovery rate (FDR) < 1% and 664 of them were differentially expressed (fold change > 1.50 or < 0.67 and P < 0.01). There were 410 up- and 116 down-regulated proteins in D150 vs. D300 group, 32 up- and 20 down-regulated in D150 vs. D450 group, and 72 up- and 241 down-regulated in D300 vs. D450 group. A total of 57 DEPs related to FA/lipid-related metabolisms were obtained according to the enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). These DEPs were involved in 21 significantly enriched (P < 0.05) pathways, including well-known pathways for FA synthesis (metabolism, desaturation, and elongation) and the signaling pathways for lipid metabolism (PPAR, adipocytokine, calcium, VEGF, MAPK, and Wnt). In addition, there existed several representative DEPs (FABP, FABP3, apoA-I, apoA-IV, apoC-III, apoB, VTG1, and VTG2) involved in the regulation of FA/lipid transportation. The construction of the interaction networks indicated that HADH, ACAA2, HADHA, ACSL1, CD36, CPT1A, PPP3R1, and SPHK1 were the key core nodes. Finally, eight DEPs were quantified using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) to validate the results from TMT analysis. These results expanded our understanding of how the laying age affects the FA compositions and metabolism in hen breast meat.
... There was a non-statistically significant difference in the 5 + 6-desaturase index between the SPWL raised by the 0-1% FO-formulated diets and the PF diet (p > 0.05), indicating that adding a low FO concentration resulted in less activation of 5 + 6desaturase, which was similar to the SPWL raised by the PF diet. Delta-6 desaturase primarily inserts double bonds in the 18:3ω-3, 24:5ω-3, 18:2ω-6, and 24:4ω-6, whereas Δ5 adds double bonds to the 20:4ω-3 and 20:3ω-6, all of which contribute to the formation of essential ω-3 and ω-6 FA families (Haug, Nyquist, Thomassen, Høstmark, & Østbye, 2014). The SPWL fed with MPI with and without FO addition had lower thioesterase indexes than those raised on the control and PF diets (p < 0.05). ...
The nutritional values of sago palm weevil larvae (SPWL) reared on mixed plant-based diets (ground sago palm trunk (GS), cornmeal, rice bran, soybean, and perilla seed), containing different levels of dietary fish oil (FO) were compared to those reared on commercial pig feed (PF) and GS. Increased FO content resulted in an increase in ω-3 fatty acids (FA) in SPWL (p<0.05), especially α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. When fed FO-fortified diets instead of PF, the health-promoting indices of the SPWL lipid improved significantly (e.g., decreased ω-6/ω-3 ratio, thrombogenicity index, and hypercholesterolemic FA with increased PUFA content). The lipid, protein, and mineral contents of SPWL were increased while growth performance was maintained on a 1.5% FO-fortified diet. Higher FO levels (3-5%) had a negative impact on the nutritional values and growth performance of the SPWL. Thus, there was a reasonable chance of developing a high-nutrient alternative insect for human consumption.
... Similar to other monogastric animals, laying hens have a limited endogenous enzymatic ability to modify the structure of dietary fatty acids [35]. The level of fatty acids in the yolk is finite due to the total fat content of 30% to 33% and reaching a plateau of saturation or a stable state of accumulation for a fatty acid in the yolk is directly influenced by the nature and the concentration of dietary fatty acids. ...
Long-term feeding trials examining the incorporation of conjugated linolenic acids (CLnA) into the diet of laying hens are lacking. In the present study, we compared two diets in sixty-six red Sex-Link hens (33 hens/treatment), fed for 26 weeks. The control diet was high in oleic acid, while the test diet was high in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and punicic acid (PunA). No significant differences were observed between treatments for hens’ performance, egg weight and yolk weight. In contrast, dietary ALA and PunA resulted in a significant increase in n-3 PUFA, rumenic acid (RmA) and PunA contents in egg yolk, as well as in the liver, heart, muscle and adipose tissue of the hens. Other conjugated dienes resulting from the metabolism of PunA or RmA also accumulated in the egg yolk and tissues. Unlike DHA, which was exclusively distributed in phospholipids, ALA, RmA and PunA were preferably distributed in triglycerides.
... The liver plays the main role in lipid metabolism, which involves the synthesis and modification of fatty acids by way of desaturation, elongation, and oxidation processes [1]. Several studies have reported that it is possible to enrich poultry products (meat and egg) via omega-3 PUFA supplementation of animal feed [3,4]. ...
... The effect of LO supplementation on the expression of genes involved in the PUFA metabolism is not clear [3]. The delta-6 fatty acid desaturase enzyme encoded by FADS2 gene takes part in the biosynthesis of PUFAs. ...
... Delta-6 desaturase puts double bonds in the fatty acids 18:3, n-3 (ALA), 24:5, n-3 (tetracosapentaenoic acid), 18:2, n-6 (LA), and 24:4, n-6 (tetracosatetraenoic acid). The enzyme is regulated by dietary and hormonal factors in mammals [3], as well as by genotype [9]. Research related to the FADS2 gene in poultry is limited; it is currently not known whether FADS2 plays a role in poultry growth and development [10]. ...
Objective:
Effects of linseed oil (LO) supplementation on the fat content and fatty acid profile of breast meat, and the expression of three genes in the liver, breast muscle and fat tissues of commercial 154-day-old hybrid male turkeys were investigated.
Methods:
The animals in the control group were fed a commercially available feed and received no LO supplementation (n = 70), whereas animals in the LO group (n = 70) were fed the same basic diet supplemented with LO (day 15 to 21, 0.5%; day 22 to 112, 1%). The effect of dietary LO supplementation on fatty acid composition of breast muscle was examined by gas chromatography, and the expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) genes was analysed by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
Results:
The LO supplementation affected the fatty acid composition of breast muscle. Hepatic FADS2 levels were considerably lower (p<0.001), while adipose tissue expression was higher (p<0.05) in the control compared to the LO group. The PPARγ expression was lower (p<0.05), whereas IGF1 was higher (p<0.05) in the fat of control animals. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in FADS2, PPARγ, and IGF1 gene expressions of breast muscle; however, omega-6/omega-3 ratio of breast muscle substantially decreased (p<0.001) in the LO group compared to control.
Conclusion:
Fatty acid composition of breast meat was positively influenced by LO supplementation without deterioration of fattening parameters. Remarkably, increased FADS2 expression in the liver of LO supplemented animals was associated with a significantly decreased omega-6/omega-3 ratio, providing a potentially healthier meat product for human consumption. Increased PPARγ expression in fat tissue of the LO group was not associated with fat content of muscle, whereas a decreased IGF1 expression in fat tissue was associated with a trend of decreasing fat content in muscle of the experimental LO group.
... The fatty acid composition of an ingredient has a direct effect on fat utilization or deposition in poultry. 32 Longer chain fatty acids including omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA are almost exclusively deposited for storage in the form of phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylethanolamine in egg yolk. 33 Taking advantage of dietary omega-3 fatty acid deposition into yolk, producers are able to create value-added ALA, EPA, and DHA enriched eggs. ...
... Therefore, the consumption of Plukenetia Volubilis residue from DHAenriched egg could be beneficial to eyes, brain, and heart of the consumers. 1,[5][6][7][8]11,32,[35][36] ...
Background: Omega-3 DHA-enriched eggs provide the consumer with a value-added product that delivers a clear, functional benefit for an increasingly health conscious population. Human requires an omega-6: omega-3 ratio of 4:1. The typical Thai diet which use a lot of vegetable oil for cooking provides a dramatically high 20:1 ratio. Lowering this ratio may reduce the risk of many chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, Alzheimer's disease and some cancers. A healthy omega-6:omega-3 ratio promotes the health benefits. The increased levels of DHA provides much needed nutrient essential to human brain functions e.g. brain activities.
Aims and Objective: The purpose of this study was to study the Omega-3,6,9 concentration in raw and boiled eggs feeding with Plukenetia Volubilis residue.
Materials and Methods: A sample was selected from raw and boiled eggs feeding with Plukenetia Volubilis residue.
Results: The result showed that total level of Omega-3 with 37869.65 mg/100mL and Omega-6 with 38490.67 mg/100mL which was not much different in Plukenetia Volubilis oil. However total Omega-9 is only 8394.74 mg/100mL compared to 37869.65 (Omega-3) and 38490.67 (Omega-6) which is almost 5 times lower than Omega-3,6.In addition, the comparison of Omega-3,6,9 concentration between raw and boiled eggs from hen feeding by Plukenetia Volubilis Oil. The total level of Omega-3,6,9 in boiled eggs was higher than in raw eggs (Omega-3: 122.85 mg/100g (raw egg), 158.12 mg/100g (boiled eggs); Omega-6: 1479.18 mg/100g (raw egg), 1766.53 mg/100g (boiled eggs); Omega-9: 3009.16 mg/100g (raw egg), 3375.23 mg/100g (boiled eggs)).
Conclusion: There is constantly growing demand from consumers for food products of superior health quality. We can increase the omega-3 content of eggs through the enrichment of the layers’ diet with Plukenetia Volubilis. However, the relationship of Plukenetia Volubilis residue in chicken egg is still needed for further study.
... To the best of our knowledge, no information is available on dietary intervention influencing muscle PUFA concentration and resultant altered activity and gene expression of GPX1 and SOD2 antioxidant enzymes in muscle tissues of sheep or humans. There have been several studies conducted in humans, rats, chicken and cattle investigating the effect of dietary PUFA on mRNA abundance of lipogenic enzymes of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT-1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), delta-6 (∆-6) desaturase, delta-5 (∆-5) desaturase, fatty acid synthase in relation to fat metabolism (deposition, energy expenditure, oxidation), obesity, insulin resistance and other autoimmune responses [1,8,11,[36][37][38][39]. It was summarised [39] that dietary manipulation of fatty acid composition in ruminants is mediated, at least partially, through the regulation of lipogenic enzymes expression; and that the regulation is tissue specific as observed in longissimus muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of bulls. ...
... It was summarised [39] that dietary manipulation of fatty acid composition in ruminants is mediated, at least partially, through the regulation of lipogenic enzymes expression; and that the regulation is tissue specific as observed in longissimus muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of bulls. It was found that the mRNA abundance of fads1, fads2, acox1 and cpt1 were not affected in breast muscle of chickens when flax oil (2.5% linseed oil in the diet) rich in ALA was fed to chickens [38] compared with those fed a control diet having 4% soybean oil. In the meantime, when grass rich in ALA was fed to cattle [36], the mRNA abundance of fads1, fads2, acox1 and pparγ was not changed compared with their counterparts fed a control diet of maize silage, even though grass feeding significantly increased muscle ALA concentration. ...
This study investigated the effect of dietary manipulations on muscle fatty acid composition, the activities and relative mRNA expressions of antioxidant enzymes and the relationship between muscle enzyme activity or mRNA expression and alpha linolenic acid (ALA) concentration in sheep. Eighty-four lambs blocked on liveweight were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments, lucerne pasture (Lucerne), annual ryegrass pasture (Ryegrass), feedlot pellets (Feedlot) or annual ryegrass plus feedlot pellets (RyeFeedlot). After six weeks of feeding, lambs were slaughtered and within 30 min post-mortem, samples collected from the longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle for RNA isolation and measurement of antioxidant enzyme activities. At 24 h post-mortem, LL samples were collected for determination of fatty acid concentrations. Feedlot treatment decreased ALA, eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) concentrations compared with other treatments and increased linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) compared with Lucerne and Ryegrass (p < 0.001). The activity of Glutathione peroxidase (GPX1, p < 0.001) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD2, p < 0.001) enzymes in the muscle increased with Lucerne compared to other treatments. Lucerne increased muscle gpx1 mRNA expression by 1.74-fold (p = 0.01) and 1.68-fold (p = 0.05) compared with Feedlot and other diets, respectively. The GPX1 (r2 = 0.319, p = 0.002) and SOD2 (r2 = 0.244, p = 0.009) enzyme activities were positively related to ALA. There was a positive linear relationship between muscle gpx1 (r2 = 0.102, p = 0.017) or sod2 (r2 = 0.049, p = 0.09) mRNA expressions and ALA concentration. This study demonstrates that diet can affect concentrations of ALA and other fatty acids as well as change activities and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in muscle. Increased antioxidant activity may, in turn, have beneficial effects on the performance, health and wellbeing of animals and humans.
... The indices can be an alternate determinant of actual enzyme activities. The enzymes SCD16 and SCD18, D5D and D6D are prime in the synthesis of MUFA and PUFA, respectively, as they insert double bonds into saturated FA (Haug et al., 2014). The SCD16 and SCD18 indices were higher for the breast meat from EPCM than soybean meal fed spent laying hens. ...
... The lower D5D could be ascribed to the lower n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of the diet containing EPCM. Haug et al. (2014) also observed a decrease in desaturase enzymes when broiler chickens were fed diets with low n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios. Elongase and thiosterase are responsible for synthesis and termination/release of FA (del Puerto et al., 2017). ...
This study evaluated the effects of feeding an expeller press canola meal (EPCM) supplement (20%) on the carcass, meat, and sensory quality characteristics of spent laying hens. Thirty EPCM-based and thirty conventionally (soybean based) fed Lohmann Brown-Elite spent laying hens were obtained from a commercial egg farm. Carcass, portions, physical quality, proximate composition, fatty acids, and sensory quality were determined. EPCM-fed hens had higher (P ≤ 0.05) drum yield, breast bone weights and percentages, but lower (P ≤ 0.05) thigh and breast meat yields. Conventionally fed hens had higher (P ≤ 0.05) thaw losses, skin yellowness (b*), Chroma values and breast fat content with lower (P ≤ 0.05) cooking losses, skin redness (a*) and hue angle values, as well as breast Warner-Bratzler shear force values (N) (15.43 ± 0.600 vs. 12.37 ± 0.411). Palmitic acid, stearic acid, heneicosanoic acid, palmitoleic acid, saturated fatty acids (SFA) (34.0 ± 0.56 vs. 38.7 ± 0.71), n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio (5.5 ± 0.13 vs. 7.2 ± 0.28), atherogenic index, thrombogenic index, delta-5 desaturase, elongase index, and thiosterase index were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for EPCM-fed hen breast meat. Myristic acid, lignoceric acid, nervonic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), PUFA:SFA ratio (0.7 ± 0.05 vs. 0.9 ± 0.02), n-3 PUFA (3.4 ± 0.31 vs. 5.1 ± 0.17), hypocholesterolemic:Hypercholesterolaemic, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 16, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 18 were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for EPCM-fed hen breast meat. Metallic flavor was decreased (P ≤ 0.05) for EPCM-fed hen breast meat. Generally, effects of EPCM supplementation were observed to have an effect on the carcass, physical quality, proximate composition, fatty acids, and health indices. The sensory profiles did not differ between EPCM and conventionally fed spent laying hen breast meat (except for metallic flavor). The EPCM improved the nutritional profile of spent laying hen meat with low intramuscular fat, low n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, and favorable lipid health indices.
