Fig 1 - uploaded by Arshad Javaid
Content may be subject to copyright.
Chenopodium album plant infected with blight caused by Alternaria alternata .
Source publication
Chenopodium album L. of the family Chenopodiaceae is an annual weed of cultivated fields, especially on rich soils and old manure heaps (Clapham, 1962; Grieve, 1984). It is often one of the first weeds to appear on newly cultivated soils (Stuart, 1979). The species was introduced from Europe (Densmore et al., 2001; Parker, 1990). It is considered t...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... album L. of the family Chenopodiaceae is an annual weed of cultivated fields, especially on rich soils and old manure heaps (Clapham, 1962; Grieve, 1984). It is often one of the first weeds to appear on newly cultivated soils (Stuart, 1979). The species was introduced from Europe (Densmore et al . , 2001; Parker, 1990). It is considered to be a very serious weed in many parts of the world (Randall, 2003). In Pakistan, C. album is the most common and problematic weed in the wheat fields (Siddiqui & Bajwa, 2001). It significantly reduces yield of wheat by 23-65% (Siddiqui, 2005). During surveys of wheat fields of Punjab, Pakistan leaf blight on Chenopodium album caused by Alternaria alternata ( Fig. 1) showing, 10-60% mortality due to this disease in different wheat fields was observed. The disease starts to appear in the middle of February and remains throughout summer. Mortality rate is high in the rainy season. Symptoms of this disease starts with brown necrotic spots which develop concentric rings. These spots then coalesce to form large irregular blotches. Infected leaves wilt, die and drop off quickly. Alternaria alternata isolated from diseased plants, grows rapidly and the colony size reaches a diameter of 3 to 6 cm following incubation at 25°C for 7 days on potato dextrose agar. The colony surface is grayish white at the beginning, which later darkens and becomes greenish black or olive brown with a light border. The backside of the leaf is typically brown to black. The fungus produces abundant branched septate, brownish mycelium, conidiophores simple, olive-brown, septate, variable in length with terminal conidia, which are solitary or in short chains. Conidia mostly obclavate to obpyriform with a short conical or cylindrical apical beak not exceeding one third of the conidial length, or beakless, smooth walled or verruculose, slightly constricted with 3-8 transverse septa, the lower part each portion has one or two longitudinal septa. The identification of the fungus on the basis of morphological characters was confirmed by the First Fungal Culture Bank of Pakistan. For pathogenicity tests plastic pots of 7 cm diameter and 10 cm deep were filled with sandy loam soil collected from a cultivated field of Punjab University, Lahore. Plants of C. album at 10-12 leaf stage were transplanted from field into the pots. There were two plants per pot. Pots were prepared in triplicate. After transplantation, pots were kept in a wire netting house for 7 days for the establishment of plants and were irrigated with tap water when required. After the establishment of plants, leaves were sprayed with A. alternata spore suspension of 1×10 9 conidia per ml and incubated at 30 ± 1°C. Plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain 100% humidity for 24 hours then bags were removed and plants were kept under observation for 21 days. Control plants were sprayed with sterile water. The pathogenicity tests were repeated three times. The first lesion appeared after a period of 15 days. The pathogen was consistently re-isolated from the lesions. A survey of the literature reports the occurrence of fungal pathogens vz., Cercospora dubia (Riess.) Wint., Dothiorella chenopodii Ahmad., Eutypella russodes Berk. & Br. Berl., Leptosphaeria gallicola Sacc., Metasphaeria ambigua (Dur. & Mont.) Sacc., Peronospora effusa (Grev.) Rabenhorst., Peronospora variabilis (Gaeumann) Mitteil., Phoma chenopodii Ahmad.,and Phoma herbarum West. (Ahmad et al ., 1997) on C. album . This is the first report of A. alternata on C. album in ...
Citations
... Then, these dots combine to create huge, erratic blotches. Infected leaves immediately droop, die, and fall off (Siddiqui et al., 2009). Under greenhouse and outdoor circumstances, it has been discovered that a formulation of A. alternata in a 20% canola oil emulsion may seriously infect C. album. ...
The weed Chenopodium album can infest a number of agricultural systems due to its high reproductive capacity, seed dormancy, high persistence in the soil, ability to sprout and develop under adverse environmental circumstances, and other peculiar biological traits. This weed prevents the germination and/or growth of plants as well as native vegetation because of its allelopathic characteristics. Since they have the potential to reduce agricultural productivity by more than 90% and infest a wide variety of horticultural and agronomic crops, this weed poses a potential threat to food security worldwide. In consideration of these consequences, effective control measures are required. Various cultural, mechanical, and biological methods have been used to control C. album with variable degrees of success, depending on cropping systems and weed infestation levels. Since C. album's widespread herbicide tolerance has decreased the efficiency of chemical management, biological control could be a potential management strategy. In this review, we have investigated and analyzed the up-to-date information regarding the biology, current status and possibilities of biological control of C. album.
... and Alternaria spp. In plants belonging to the Chenopodiaceae family, the mortality of the foliage is estimated to be between 10 and 60 percent [4]. South America's traditional crop is quinoa. ...
In order to assess the impact of an eco-friendly approach on plant development and yield of the quinoa crop, a Randomized Block Design (RBD) field experiment was carried out in Central Research Farm (CRF) at Department of Plant Pathology, SHUATS, Prayagraj, U.P. during the Rabi season of 2019-2020. Alternaria are extremely difficult to control, result in significant yield losses, and lower the economic value of the crop plants in traditional production systems. Chemical fungicides including antrocol, captan, difolaton, dithane M-45, and blitox-50 provided effective control but are harmful to the environment. Other potential management strategies for Alternaria diseases include the use of bio-control agents, therapeutic plants, other plant-based products, etc. Cow dung, goat manure, and microalgae were the organic amendments employed as treatment. The Alternaria spp. that cause Quinoa leaf spot were shown to be most susceptible to the treatment T6, which contained cow dung at a rate of 6 tons per hectare, microalgae at a rate of 2.5 kilograms per hectare, and goat manure at a rate of 3 tons per hectare. The maximum plant height (cm) at 40, 80, and 120 DAS is 62.29, 90.48, and 117.31, respectively. At 120 DAS, the same treatment produced a maximum yield of (23.45 q/ha). The same treatment yielded the highest gross return, net return, and cost- benefit ratio, which were, respectively, Rs. 70350/ha, 41326/ha, and 1:1.42. Based on the results, it was determined that cow dung at 6 tons per hectare, microalgae at 2.5 kg per hectare, and goat manure at 3 tons per hectare were the most effective pesticides against Alternaria spp. of Quinoa in Prayagraj.
... Alternaria mycotoxins have been identified in quinoa seeds (Ramos-Diaz et al. 2021). Furthermore, A. alternata has previously been reported as a foliar disease of Chenopodium album L., which is closely related to quinoa (Siddiqui et al. 2009). However, it has remained unknown whether Alternaria spp. ...
... However, to consider it as a leaf pathogen of quinoa is new. We speculate on whether isolates have evolved to become quinoa plants' pathogens from adjacent fields (i.e., potatoes), as Denmark grows a considerable amount of potatoes or via closely related weed species (Pedersen et al. 2005;Siddiqui et al. 2009). In addition, these three crops have in common that the wild plants have their center of origin in the Andes of South America. ...
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a native American crop mainly grown in the Andes of Bolivia and Peru. During the last decades, the cultivation of quinoa has expanded to more than 125 countries. Since then, several diseases of quinoa have been characterized. A leaf disease was observed on quinoa plants growing in an experimental plot in Eastern Denmark in 2018. The symptoms produced by the associated fungi consisted of small yellow blotches on the upper surface of leaves with a pale chlorotic halo surrounding the lesion. These studies used a combination of morphology, molecular diagnostics, and pathogenicity test to identify two different Alternaria species belonging to Alternaria section Infectoriae and alternata as the causal agent of observed disease symptoms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Alternaria spp. as foliar pathogens of quinoa. Our findings indicate the need for additional studies to determine potential risks to quinoa production.
... A. alternata and Fusarium equiseti were isolated from weeds species in rice Echinochloa sp., barnyard grass, and jungle rice (Motlagh, 2010). A. alternata species were caused leaf blight disease on Chenopodium album plant in Punjab and fields of Pakistan (Siddiqui et al., 2009 ...
Plant infections cause many kinds of microbial pathogens at seedling stage to post-harvest time, as almost all plants are naturally contaminated with fungi in the field, during drying, processing, transportation, and later storage. The study of associated fungal pathogens on infected edible parts of wild edible plants of Bidar district selected six plants materials, namely, Rumex vesicarius (leaves), Coccinia grandis (fruits), Portulaca oleracea (leaves), Portulaca quadrifida (leaves), Limonia acidissima (fruit pulp), and Momordica cymbalaria (fruits). During the study, the total 27 isolates are identified from the infected parts of edible wild plants. It shows that Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Mucor sp., Rhizopus stolonifer, and Penicillium notatum are the highest attacked pathogens with 6, 5, and 4 host plants when compared to other host plants with 3, 2, and 1, respectively. However, the plants reported here to associate with a great fungal diversity in fruits, fruit pulp, and leaves. Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., F. oxysporum, and R. stolonifer, are dominant over these plants parts. These fungal pathogens cause the many diseases in plants and human beings. Hence, there is a need of study and explore the possibilities of control to prevent the infections of diseases from fungal pathogens.
... The antibacterial potential of two significant weeds from the Chenopodiaceae family, Chenopodium album L. and Chenopodium botrys L., was investigated in this research. Fat-hen, bathua, vastukah, and chakvit are all names for Chenopodium album L. It is a polymorphous, common weed that grows in waste locations and in wheat, barley, mustard, and gram fields through the summer and winter, reducing yield [12,13]. This plant is a neglected wild herb with antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antiseptic, and immunomodulating characteristics [14]. ...
... The antibacterial potential of two significant weeds from the Chenopodiaceae family, Chenopodium album L. and Chenopodium botrys L., was investigated in this research. Fat-hen, bathua, vastukah, and chakvit are all names for Chenopodium album L. It is a polymorphous, common weed that grows in waste locations and in wheat, barley, mustard, and gram fields through the summer and winter, reducing yield [12,13]. This plant is a neglected wild herb with antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antiseptic, and immunomodulating characteristics [14]. ...
Medicinal plants are considered as new resources for producing novel antibacterial agents that
could act as alternatives to antibiotics. The purpose of present research was to evaluate the
antibacterial profile of important medicinal plants i.e. Chenopodium botrys L. and Chenopodium
album L. against two strains of rhizobacteria (Pantoea agglomerans and Acinetobacter
baumannii). The antibacterial activity was evaluated by a modified agar well-diffusion method.
Significant inhibitory effects were shown by crude extract and aqueous fraction on tested soil
bacteria. The aqueous fraction revealed strongest antibacterial activity on Pantoea agglomerans
followed by crude extract on Pantoea agglomerans on other hand n-hexane and chloroform
exhibits mild to moderates activity on both strains. However, mild to moderate inhibitory effect
was observed against Acinetobacter baumannii in response to all the extracts. Current findings
revealed that Chenopodium botrys L. and Chenopodium album L. are rich source of natural
antibacterial bioactive compounds, and the extracts/fractions of the plants possess potential as an
antibacterial agent which could be useful in the search and development of new pharmaceutical
agents.
... Rabenhorst., Peronospora variabilis (Gaeumann) Mitteil., Phoma chenopodii Ahmad., and Phoma herbarum West. (Ahmad et al., 1997), Peronospora variabilis (Frinking and Linders, 1986), Ascochyta caulina (Evidente, 2000;Vurro et al., 20 01;Pacciolla et al., 2016), Alternaria alternata Nees (Siddiqui, 2009), Alternaria japónica Groves and Skolko (Dutta, 2015), Drechslera rostrata Leonard (Akbar et al., 2017) Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Saccardo (Jiang, 2019). Due to the previously mentioned, the objective this research was identify the fungi associated with the C. album leaf spot. ...
The objective this research was identify the fungi associated with the Chenopodium album leaf spot. Samplings were carried out at Universidad Autonoma Agrarian Antonio Narro in a manner directed towards the weeds (10 plants) that showed signs and symptoms of this disease (pycnidia and a yellow halo on the leaves) and were later taken to the phytopathology laboratory for isolation and identification. The weed identified by morphological criteria. Pathogen was identified by morphocultural of 100 conidia criteria using AxioVision Release 4.5 software. The purification of the isolates was performed by hypha tip in PDA. Macrophoma sp. was identified damaging the weed C. album whit conidia ellipsoidal to subglobose, of 18.21 µm length and 2.56 µm width. Therefore a future investigation of this pathogen and host is recommended.
... The first lesion appeared after a period of 15 days. The pathogen was consistently re-isolated from the lesions (Siddiqui et al., 2009). ...
... Dr Thus. this is an annual weed of cultivated fields, especially on rich soils and old manure heaps [7]. Methanol extract of C.album leaves exhibited maximum antibreast cancer activity. ...
Recent years have instance that there is a invigoration of interest in drug discovery from medicinal plants for the support of health in all parts of the world. This study was designed to examine the in vitro antimicrobial activities of the flowers and leaves methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Chenopodium album L. Chenopodium album Linn. flowers and leaves were collected from East Esfahan, Iran. The effects of methanolic and ethanolic extracts were tested against 4 bacterial strains by using disc,well-diffusion method. Results showed that flowers and leaves methanolic and ethanolic extracts of C.album don't have any activity against the selected bacterial strains. Our study has indicated that ,there are effective different factors on antimicrobial properties of plant extracts
... Chenopodium album L. (lamb's quarters, fathen, pigweed, white goosefoot) is an annual weed of cultivated fields, especially on rich soils and old manure heaps [7]. It is often one of the first weeds to appear on newly cultivated soils. ...
Air pollution is harm and discomfort to human or other living organisms, it also causes damage to the environment. The aim of this project was to study the effect of air pollutions on structure and pollen grains development in Chenopodium album. Anthers of Chenopodium album L. were collected at different stages of development from control (less polluted) and polluted areas (mainly SO 2 , NO 2 , CO and APM). Structure and development of pollen grains were studied and compared. The effects of pollution on pollen structure was investigated under Light and Scanning electron microscopy and the results showed that when pollen grains were exposed to polluted air they became abnormality in form and covered with large amounts of pollutants compared to control ones. Pollen abnormalities were seen as irregularity, shrinkage, thinning and breakage of the exine. Cellular material release was induced also. The data presented suggest that prolonged exposures of plants to air pollution may cause different biological effects at the cellular tissue and organ levels.
