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![Chemical structures of some MUFA, PUFA, and SFA molecules found in the skin mucus of gilthead sea bream and flathead grey mullet [118,119].](profile/Mikolaj-Adamek/publication/371350093/figure/fig1/AS:11431281165942828@1686128643254/Chemical-structures-of-some-MUFA-PUFA-and-SFA-molecules-found-in-the-skin-mucus-of.png)
Chemical structures of some MUFA, PUFA, and SFA molecules found in the skin mucus of gilthead sea bream and flathead grey mullet [118,119].
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The slow discovery of new antibiotics combined with the alarming emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria underscores the need for alternative treatments. In this regard, fish skin mucus has been demonstrated to contain a diverse array of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties, including peptides, proteins, and other metabolites. This...
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Context 1
... are thought to be involved in maintaining the internal structure of the mucus through interactions with glycoproteins [120]. Figure 1 shows the chemical structures of the compounds mentioned in this paragraph. [113]. ...
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... are thought to be involved in maintaining the internal structure of the mucus through interactions with glycoproteins [120]. Figure 1 shows the chemical structures of the compounds mentioned in this paragraph. Regarding other types of molecules, Ekman et al. (2015) [121] described the metabolite profile of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) skin mucus with the aim of providing a tool for environmental monitoring and surveillance. ...
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Citations
... In the search for new antibiotics, prompted by the increasing prevalence of bacteria resistant to current treatments, fish skin mucus emerges as a promising source of diverse bioactive molecules, such as peptides and proteins, with antimicrobial properties [95]. Fish skin contains gelatin and collagen, which, when hydrolyzed, produce bioactive peptides with various beneficial properties [63]. ...
The leather industry, grounded in ancient practices, utilizes animal skins composed of collagen protein polymer as materials. This versatile animal-based material is crucial for crafting items like shoes, clothing, and car interiors. While animal-based leather has faced criticisms for environmental challenges in the production process, including wastewater and solid waste generation, as well as concerns about animal ethics, it holds numerous merits compared to synthetic leather and plant-based vegan leather. This paper reviews the advantages of animal-based leather and its potential medical application. The widespread use of animal leather reveals that, despite the passage of time, it remains an important material for humans. The benefits of animal-based leather, in comparison to synthetic leather and plant-based vegan leather, encompass biodegradability, biocompatibility, natural feel and aesthetics, breathability, durability, and longevity. Animal-based leather has been utilized in various medical applications, including pharmaceuticals, sensors, and medical implants.
These advantages could make animal-based leather more suitable for manufacturing medical implants compared to alternatives. Therefore, this paper suggests further development of medical equipment and materials based on animal-based leather to promote human health.
... Seeds and fruits are Fig. 1. Typical procedures for isolation and purification of antimicrobial peptides [47,[62][63][64][65] particularly valuable sources of diverse AMPs in plants. Cysteine-rich AMPs exhibit persistent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, enabling plants to effectively defend against a wide array of pathogens [44,45]. ...
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute a group of small molecular peptides that exhibit a wide range of antimicrobial activity. These peptides are abundantly present in the innate immune system of various organisms. Given the rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria, microbiological studies have identified AMPs as potential natural antibiotics. In the context of antimicrobial resistance across various human pathogens, AMPs hold considerable promise for clinical applications. However, numerous challenges exist in the detection of AMPs, particularly by immunological and molecular biological methods, especially when studying of newly discovered AMPs in proteomics. This review outlines the current status of AMPs research and the strategies employed in their development, considering resent discoveries and methodologies. Subsequently, we focus on the advanced techniques of mass spectrometry for the quantification of AMPs in diverse samples, and analyzes their application, advantages, and limitations. Additionally, we propose suggestions for the future development of tandem mass spectrometry for the detection of AMPs.
... The diversity of AMPs in fish is extensive, encompassing not only AMP families present in other animal groups-like cathelicidins, defensins, hepcidins, and histone-derived peptides-but also exclusive fish AMP families such as piscidins and pleurocidins. Given the abundance of information on this subject and the existence of some recent reviews on fish AMPs derived from skin mucus [e.g., [13,14]], AMPs were also excluded from this review. ...
... To cope with the increasing antibiotic resistance crisis, the extension of backup antibiotic pipelines is urgent. Antimicrobial agents come from a variety of sources, such as microbes, insects, plants, fishes, mollusks, etc. [20][21][22][23][24]. Recently, the discovery of cyclic peptide antibiotics derived from microorganisms has become a new research hotspot, attracting the attention of many researchers. ...
In the post-antibiotic era, the rapid development of antibiotic resistance and the shortage of available antibiotics are triggering a new health-care crisis. The discovery of novel and potent antibiotics to extend the antibiotic pipeline is urgent. Small-molecule antimicrobial peptides have a wide variety of antimicrobial spectra and multiple innovative antimicrobial mechanisms due to their rich structural diversity. Consequently, they have become a new research hotspot and are considered to be promising candidates for next-generation antibiotics. Therefore, we have compiled a collection of small-molecule antimicrobial peptides derived from marine microorganisms from the last fifteen years to show the recent advances in this field. We categorize these compounds into three classes—cyclic oligopeptides, cyclic depsipeptides, and cyclic lipopeptides—according to their structural features, and present their sources, structures, and antimicrobial spectrums, with a discussion of the structure activity relationships and mechanisms of action of some compounds.
... Pseudomonas is considered an opportunistic pathogen whose infections in S. aurata occur under environmental stress (87). The results observed herein suggest that feeding the fish with D. hansenii not only could increase mucus production but also could increase its enzymatic and antibacterial defense components, thus protecting the host from potential pathogenic bacteria (88). ...
The present study explores the effects of two supplementation levels of Debaryomyces hansenii (1.1% and 2.2%) as a probiotic in a reference low fish meal-based diet on the skin mucosal tissue in Sparus aurata. This study includes the evaluation of fish performance coupled with a holistic study of the skin mucosa: i) a transcriptomic study of the skin tissue, and ii) the evaluation of its secreted mucus both in terms of skin mucosal-associated biomarkers and its defensive capacity by means of co-culture analysis with two pathogenic bacteria. Results showed that after 70 days of diet administration, fish fed the diet supplemented with D. hansenii at 1.1% presented increased somatic growth and a better feed conversion ratio, compared to fish fed the control diet. In contrast, fish fed the diet including 2.2% of the probiotic presented intermediate values. Regarding gene regulation, the probiotic administration at 1.1% resulted in 712 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 53.4% and 46.6% were up- and down-regulated, respectively. In particular, D. hansenii modulated some skin biological processes related to immunity and metabolism. Specifically, D. hansenii administration induced a strong modulation of some immune biological-related processes (61 DEGs), mainly involved in B- and T-cell regulatory pathways. Furthermore, dietary D. hansenii promoted the skin barrier function by the upregulation of anchoring junction genes (23 DEGs), which reinforces the physical defense against potential skin damage. In contrast, the skin showed modulated genes related to extracellular exosome and membrane organization (50 DEGs). This modulated functioning is of great interest, particularly in relation to the increased skin mucus defensive capacity observed in the bacterial co-culture in vitro trials, which could be related to the increased modulation and exudation of the innate immune components from the skin cells into the mucus. In summary, the modulation of innate immune parameters coupled with increased skin barrier function and cell trafficking potentiates the skin’s physical barrier and mucus defensive capacity, while maintaining the skin mucosa’s homeostatic immune and metabolic status. These findings confirmed the advantages of D. hansenii supplementation in low fish meal-based diets, demonstrating the probiotic benefits on cultured marine species.
The parr-smolt transformation in salmonids involves a critical period characterized by systemic changes associated with the fish's immune response. In this context, as a dietary ingredient in functional diets, microalgae offer an alternative due to their nutritional and bioactive compounds that could strengthen the immune status. This study evaluated the effect of a diet supplemented with Schizochytrium spp and Nannochloropsis gaditana on the expression of genes associated with the antibacterial response. Additionally, the study assessed the effect on the leukocyte population and erythrocyte maturity in Salmo salar blood. Fish were fed for 30 days with a microalgal mixture (1:1) at a 10% inclusion. Each diet was randomly assigned to a tank using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Each tank was stocked with 70 Atlantic salmon fingerlings with an initial mean weight of 78.87 ± 0.84. Transcription levels were quantified and analyzed by qRT-PCR from cell isolates and mucus tissue. Furthermore, cell count and identification of leukocytes and classification of cellular maturity of erythrocytes using a neural network with a multilayer perceptron (MLP) were performed. Our results showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in fold change expression of C3 (2.54 ± 0.65) and NK-Lysine (6.84 ± 0.94) in erythrocytes of microalgae-supplemented fish. Moreover, a significant increase of 1.59 and 2.35 times in monocytes and immature erythrocytes, respectively, was observed in the same group of fish (p < 0.05). This study's results indicate that dual microalgae (Schizochytrium spp and N. gaditana) supplementation can increase innate humoral antibacterial components, particularly in erythrocyte tissue, and increase phagocytic cells and immature erythrocytes in S. salar blood.
