Figure 7 - uploaded by Satish Kumar Thandalam
Content may be subject to copyright.
Chemical structures of natural dye pigments (a) chlorophyll, (b) flavonoid, (c) anthocyanin, (d) carotenoid.
Source publication
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have become a topic of significant research in the last two decades because of their scientific importance in the area of energy conversion. Currently, DSSC is using inorganic ruthenium (Ru)-based, metal-free organic dyes, quantum-dot sensitizer, perovskite-based sensitizer, and natural dyes as sensitizer. The use...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... are a large family (over 600 members) of isoprenoids that provide many fruits and flowers with dis- tinctive red, orange, and yellow colors. Carotenoids are Sensitizers for DSSC S. Shalini et al. distinguished by the presence of C 40 hydrocarbon back- bone that induces structural and oxygenic modifications [99]. Figure 7d shows the chemical structure of carotenoid. The light absorption is achieved by a photo-induced trans- formation of 'p' delocalized electrons of carotenoid mole- cules. This in turn transfers the absorbed energy to the chlorophyll molecules to form a singlet chlorophyll state with a slightly higher energy. This transfer of energy from carotenoids to chlorophyll molecules is facilitated by phys- ical structure of chlorophyll [108]. Experimental procedure for synthesis of natural sen- sitizers starts with collection of fresh flowers and extrac- tion of dyes with suitable solvent. Fresh rosella or blue pea flower of 1 g was extracted in 100 ml of water and ethanol at different temperatures for 30 min. Solid resi- dues were filtered out to obtain clear dye solutions [59]. Fresh spinach and ipomoea leaves of 10 g are sep- arately put into 200 ml of alcohol. Through indirect hy- dronic heating in boiling water, they were heated for 20 min to extract their chlorophyll. The solid dregs in the solution were filtered by filter paper to acquire a pure and natural dye solution [61]. Table III summarizes the photoelectrochemical pa- rameters of the different natural dyes extracted from leaves, seeds, flowers, fruits, vegetables, and tree ...
Context 2
... belong to natural photosynthetic pigments [101,102] that give plants green color. The two major types of chlorophylls are chlorophyll 'a' and chlorophyll 'b'. Chlorophylls and their derivatives are employed as sensi- tizers in DSSC because of their tendency to absorb blue and red lights. The most efficient is the derivative of chlo- rophyll 'a' (methyl trans-32-carboxy-pyropheophorbide) [99]. The absorbance spectrum of chlorophyll 'b' shows a characteristic blue tinge and has a red shift when com- pared with chlorophyll 'a'. Chemical structure of chloro- phyll 'a' and chlorophyll 'b' is shown in Figure ...
Context 3
... are the most widespread and physiologi- cally active group of natural constituents with a basic C 6 - C 3 -C 6 skeleton. Flavone consists of two benzene rings, joined together by a γ ring that distinguishes one flavonoid compound from the other [99]. Figure 7b shows the basic chemical structure of commonly occurring ...
Context 4
... are glycoside salts of phenyl-2- benzopyrilium based on a C 15 skeleton with a chromane ring bearing a second aromatic ring B in position 2 (C 6 - C 3 -C 6 ) [104,105]. Basic chemical structure of anthocyanin is shown in Figure ...
Context 5
... are a large family (over 600 members) of isoprenoids that provide many fruits and flowers with dis- tinctive red, orange, and yellow colors. Carotenoids are Sensitizers for DSSC S. Shalini et al. distinguished by the presence of C 40 hydrocarbon back- bone that induces structural and oxygenic modifications [99]. Figure 7d shows the chemical structure of carotenoid. The light absorption is achieved by a photo-induced trans- formation of 'p' delocalized electrons of carotenoid mole- cules. This in turn transfers the absorbed energy to the chlorophyll molecules to form a singlet chlorophyll state with a slightly higher energy. This transfer of energy from carotenoids to chlorophyll molecules is facilitated by phys- ical structure of chlorophyll [108]. Experimental procedure for synthesis of natural sen- sitizers starts with collection of fresh flowers and extrac- tion of dyes with suitable solvent. Fresh rosella or blue pea flower of 1 g was extracted in 100 ml of water and ethanol at different temperatures for 30 min. Solid resi- dues were filtered out to obtain clear dye solutions [59]. Fresh spinach and ipomoea leaves of 10 g are sep- arately put into 200 ml of alcohol. Through indirect hy- dronic heating in boiling water, they were heated for 20 min to extract their chlorophyll. The solid dregs in the solution were filtered by filter paper to acquire a pure and natural dye solution [61]. Table III summarizes the photoelectrochemical pa- rameters of the different natural dyes extracted from leaves, seeds, flowers, fruits, vegetables, and tree ...
Context 6
... belong to natural photosynthetic pigments [101,102] that give plants green color. The two major types of chlorophylls are chlorophyll 'a' and chlorophyll 'b'. Chlorophylls and their derivatives are employed as sensi- tizers in DSSC because of their tendency to absorb blue and red lights. The most efficient is the derivative of chlo- rophyll 'a' (methyl trans-32-carboxy-pyropheophorbide) [99]. The absorbance spectrum of chlorophyll 'b' shows a characteristic blue tinge and has a red shift when com- pared with chlorophyll 'a'. Chemical structure of chloro- phyll 'a' and chlorophyll 'b' is shown in Figure ...
Context 7
... are the most widespread and physiologi- cally active group of natural constituents with a basic C 6 - C 3 -C 6 skeleton. Flavone consists of two benzene rings, joined together by a γ ring that distinguishes one flavonoid compound from the other [99]. Figure 7b shows the basic chemical structure of commonly occurring ...
Similar publications
The ruthenium-based dye and platinum (pt) are the most common materials used as photosensitizer and counter electrode (CE), respectively, in the production of the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), the third generation of photovoltaic technologies. However, their expensive cost, the complexity and toxicity of ruthenium dye, and the scarcity of pt's...
Citations
... The robust investigation into Ru-based dyes for DSSCs continues to be a pivotal research trajectory. The foundational functionalities and fundamental principles have been elucidated by Najm et al., while the expansive spectrum of applications facilitated by amalgamating Ru-based dyes remains an important research theme in the realm of DSSCs [2,12,21,22]. Despite being acknowledged as potent materials for energy harvesting, Ru-based dyes have yet to find direct application in organic solar cells. ...
... The counter electrode includes either a platinum or graphite layer on a conductive glass substrate. Additionally, the cell assembly contains an electrolyte solution with an appropriate redox couple, often involving iodide (I − ) and triiodide (I 3 − ), crucial for regenerating excited dye molecules [5][6][7]. ...
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) employing bioactive materials have emerged as a pivotal solution to the ever-increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly energy generation in the photovoltaic sector. In the present work, we investigate the utilization of Conkerberry (CB) extract as a sensitizer in conjunction with two different electrolytes for DSSCs: CB1 employing potassium iodide and CB2 utilizing lithium iodide as the respective electrolytes. The optical and functional analysis of the CB dye confirmed the presence of anthocyanin. Morphological and compositional analyses assessed the structural characteristics, porosity and uniformity of bare and CB-loaded TiO2 films. The evaluation of current conversion efficiency revealed a significant difference between CB1 and CB2 devices. CB2 achieved a remarkable efficiency of 2.24%, a 1.42-fold enhancement over CB1, with a Jsc of 5.47 mA cm⁻², Voc of 0.729 V, and a FF of 48%. Furthermore, in terms of stability, CB2 exhibited a slower rate of degradation, making it 1.6 times more stable than CB1. This remarkable advancement positions CB2 as a promising candidate for future solar energy conversion applications, surpassing many existing bioactive material-based DSSCs and signifies a notable step forward in the development of efficient and environmentally sustainable solar energy technologies.
... Based on their nature, the sensitizers are broadly classified into three types, namely, natural dyes, metal-based dyes, and metal-free synthetic dyes. [16][17][18][19][20] Natural dyes are the compounds derived from plants or animals. Majorities of the natural dyes utilized in the DSSC applications are obtained from the plant sources and used in the extract form or isolated form. ...
... They offer the best sustainable option for the construction of solar cells, but suffer from instability and poor efficiency. [11,[15][16][17][18] Organic or metal-free synthetic dyes used in the DSSCs are the organic molecules with unique photoelectronic properties synthesized in the laboratory (vide infra). Metal-based dyes used in the DSSC applications are generally the synthetic coordination complexes commonly containing transition metal center and supporting organic ligands with variable denticity. ...
... Metal-based dyes used in the DSSC applications are generally the synthetic coordination complexes commonly containing transition metal center and supporting organic ligands with variable denticity. [15][16][17][18] Among these, the metal-based dyes have proven to be most efficient. The synergy between the organic ligand molecules and the metal center is found to play key role in their success. ...
In recent years, there is a growing interest in the development of sustainable sensitizers for the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications. The earth-abundant transition metal complexes offer a potential alternative option to the problematic ruthenium-based dyes, owing to their interesting photophysical properties and eco-friendly nature. This review accounts in detail the development of sustainable late transition metal-sensitizers in the DSSCs. Attempts are made to comprehensively describe the various strategies involved in the molecular design of the potential dye-molecules as well as the methodologies involved in the cell-fabrication. We hope that this review will serve as a promptuary to the researchers and inspire further developments in this field.
... One such device is a tandem cell between a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), a Gratzel-type solar cell, and a photoelectrochemical cell (PEC). Synthetic ruthenium complex compounds, such as N719, have been reported as suitable sensitizers in DSSC because they are stable and efficient in converting solar energy into electricity [2]. As for the production of hydrogen in PEC cells, which Fujishima and Honda first reported, PEC cells use a TiO2 photoanode which is irradiated by ultraviolet light, and the electrons generated at the anode are transmitted to the Pt cathode where hydrogen production occurs [3]. ...
... It should be noted that for PV recycling to be effective, these aspects must be regulated by law (Shalini et al., 2016). As of today, the legal regulations regarding photovoltaic electro waste are defined by EU directives. ...
The article aims to assess the economic recovery and recycling of silicon PV cells and the non-ferrous metals contained in them, taking into account the analysis of costs, benefits and factors: legal, ecological, technical, technological and social. The research methodology was based on statistical measures related to the analysis of PV structure and changes in individual years of operation. For the designated structures, the current state of knowledge and legal status in the field of recycling methods of exploited PV installations were defined. In addition, an analysis of the Polish market about selected developed countries concerning the recycling sector was performed, and the identification of key factors and barriers to the development of the analysed sector was presented. On this basis, the possibilities and directions of support for the PV recycling sector were indicated, and a SWOT analysis of possible methods of its support was made.
... In general, organic dyes are formed from donor and acceptor fragments bridged either by a saturated conjugated chain or cyclic bridges (D-π-A) (Babu et al., 2015;Chiu et al., 2016;Malapaka et al., 2012;Shalini et al., 2016), this kind of dye is considered to be the most encouraging and successful model for improving the DSSC photovoltaic process because the D-π-A configuration can effectively increase the charge transfer (CT). The characteristics of the organic semiconductor can be modified by applying a few modifications to each part of the basic dye pattern, leading to a change in the photovoltaic properties (Gang et al., 2014;Wan et al., 2012). ...
This investigation aims to elucidate the influence of chemical modifications of the π-bridge on the optoelectronic properties of a newly designed series of five dyes Di (i = 1–5). In this regard, the molecules are designed with 3-(methylthio)-8-phenyl-8H-thieno[2,3-b] indole as electron-donating fragments and cyanoacrylic acid as electron-accepting groups. To attain this goal, the optoelectronic properties of the Di dyes and the reference dye MKZ-39 were theoretically investigated in both the gas phase (GP) and Toluene solvent (TS) using Density Functional Theory (DFT). In addition, to predict the absorption spectrum and excited state properties of theoretical Di molecules, we have resorted to Time-dependent Density Functional theory (TD-DFT). Furthermore, the Monte Carlo approach was employed to theoretically evaluate the process of dye adsorption onto the surface of TiO2 (1 1 0) anatase to determine the most stable TiO2-dye-100 C7H8 complex. The results presented demonstrate that the selected dyes possess auspicious characteristics as potential promoters for solar cells, including a redshift of λMax that can reach 561 nm, a nearly complete Light-Harvesting Efficiency (LHE) of 99 %, and a higher open-circuit voltage (VOC) compared to the reference molecule. Our results could open new perspectives for further experimental research into the chemical-structural modifications of these sensitizers.
... Currently, a lot of research is focused on improving dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) efficiency while reducing their costs. Different photosensitizers, including metal-based, metal-free, and natural photosensitizers, have been investigated [4][5][6][7][8]. Natural photosensitizers have many benefits, such as accessibility, affordability, complete biodegradability, lack of toxicity, and ease of synthesis. ...
... Natural photosensitizers have many benefits, such as accessibility, affordability, complete biodegradability, lack of toxicity, and ease of synthesis. Natural dyes obtained from various types of plants, roots, fruits, leaves, flowers, etc., comprise various pigments including betalains, carotenoid, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, etc. [4,9,10]. Curcumin, a yellow pigment derived from the root of the turmeric plant, is a natural dye that is cost-effective and eco-friendly [11][12][13][14]. ...
DSSCs have garnered significant attention as a promising technology for renewable energy generation. The
carrier kinetics, or the dynamics of charge carriers, play a vital role in the efficiency of DSSC. However,
numerous of its optoelectronics characteristics at low frequencies are highly contested. Here, we thoroughly
investigated the carrier dynamics of curcumin-based sensitized cell using impedance spectroscopy and modulus
spectroscopy under illumination and dark condition. It is revealed that the dielectric relaxation in curcuminbased DSSC follows the interfacial (Maxwell-Wagner type) polarization probably ascribed to the grain boundary effect. Moreover, the comparative evaluation of impedance and modulus spectra at lower frequencies
demonstrates the localized type of charge-carrier relaxation in this curcumin-based sensitized cell, which has
been related with the conductivity hopping phenomena. These results illustrate the potential of curcumin as a
promising new sensitizer for DSSCs and highlight the importance of continued research into new and innovative
materials for sustainable energy technology.
... Along these lines, this review aims at performing an in-depth exploration of the role played by the different architectural motifs of porphyrins in photocatalytic systems stemming from the combination of these photosynthetic pigments with TiO 2 -based nanostructures. While many advances have been achieved in the field of porphyrin-sensitized solar cells [22,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47], a structural optimization of these chromophores as sensitizers for DSPs clearly demands a different approach considering the different Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 1097 5 of 38 working conditions in which these dyes must operate. Examining the recent literature, the following analysis intends to find the similarities and the differences between photovoltaic and photocatalytic porphyrin-TiO 2 hybrid systems to identify the critical factors to take into account in the synthetic design of these pigments. ...
Over the years, porphyrins have arisen as exceptional photosensitizers given their ability to act as chlorophyll-mimicking dyes, thus, transferring energy from the light-collecting areas to the reaction centers, as it happens in natural photosynthesis. For this reason, porphyrin-sensitized TiO2-based nanocomposites have been widely exploited in the field of photovoltaics and photocatalysis in order to overcome the well-known limitations of these semiconductors. However, even though both areas of application share some common working principles, the development of solar cells has led the way in what is referred to the continuous improvement of these architectures, particularly regarding the molecular design of these photosynthetic pigments. Yet, those innovations have not been efficiently translated to the field of dye-sensitized photocatalysis. This review aims at filling this gap by performing an in-depth exploration of the most recent advances in the understanding of the role played by the different structural motifs of porphyrins as sensitizers in light-driven TiO2-mediated catalysis. With this goal in mind, the chemical transformations, as well as the reaction conditions under which these dyes must operate, are taken in consideration. The conclusions drawn from this comprehensive analysis offer valuable hints for the implementation of novel porphyrin–TiO2 composites, which may pave the way toward the fabrication of more efficient photocatalysts.
... The main role of the photosensitizer is to absorb light and inject the photoexcited electrons into the conduction band (CB) of the semiconductor (usually TiO 2 ). The photosensitisers in DSSCs are of three types [2]: (i) metal complexes [3], (ii) organic dyes [4], and (iii) natural dyes [5]. These materials can be molecular-engineered to act more efficiently as photosensitizers in DSSCs. ...
... The development of novel dyes can play the vital role in DSSC for efficient light harvesting and stability. The dye sensitizers are mainly characterized e.g., metal complexes based sensitizer, metal-free sensitizer, porphyrin-based dye, natural dyes etc. [16]. Metal complexes dyes (ruthenium based dyes) have demonstrated efficient light harvesting and conversion efficiency [17]. ...
... Organic metal-free sensitizers have several advantages over metal complexes dyes such as less expansive, broad spectral absorption coefficient, durability, chemical stability, and effective electron transfer mechanisms [16]. Natural dyes are also metalfree sensitizers, found in plants, fruits, and leaves including pig- ments such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin etc., having advantages of environmentally friendly, low-cost, ease of extraction. ...
The present solar cell technologies, viz. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells have been arisen as forefront photovoltaic cells because of their ability to function under weak-light conditions, low internal temperature, and broader absorption. Additionally, these solar cells are cost-effective and have a simple fabrication process compared to inorganic Si solar cells. The DSSC contains the sensitization of a semiconducting layer (dye) as the main component in its structure, which plays a vital role in determining its photovoltaic performance. Metal-free organic dyes among various types of dyes have been used widely because of their functionality, low-cost processing, and non-toxicity in nature. Therefore, the development of different metal-free organic sensitizer has gained considerable attention over the past years. This short review report incorporates the recent advancements on various metal-free organic sensitizers and their photovoltaic characteristics for Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
