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Chemical structures of aldohexose stereoisomers (Fischer projection). Notes: All, allose; Alt, altrose; Glc, glucose; Man, mannose; Gul, gulose; Ido, idose; Gal, galactose; Tal, talose.
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We compared the growth inhibitory effects of all aldohexose stereoisomers against the model animal Caenorhabditis elegans. Among the tested compounds, the rare sugars D-allose (D-All), D-talose (D-Tal), and L-idose (L-Ido) showed considerable growth inhibition under both monoxenic and axenic culture conditions. 6-Deoxy-D-All had no effect on growth...
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... It can also suppress the development of Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) and may avoid osteoporosis by preventing osteoclast differentiation. Furthermore, D-allose can trigger self-resistance in rice plant by controlling the peers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [82][83][84]. Researchers have shown that, Dallose can lower the high blood pressure in rats caused by excessive salt [6]. ...
... Seventy to 80% of orally administered D-psicose will be absorbed from gastrointestinal tracts, but the rest will reside in the large intestine (Whistler et al., 1974;Tsukamoto et al., 2014). Some rare sugars have also been shown to have biological effects; for example, D-allose inhibits growth of human cancer cell lines (Noguchi et al., 2016); other rare sugars affect the growth (Sato et al., 2008;Sakoguchi et al., 2016a;Sakoguchi et al., 2016b) and lifespan (Shintani et al., 2017;Shintani et al., 2019) of Caenorhabditis elegans; and D-allose and D-psicose both inhibit growth of Tritrichomonas foetus and reinforce the action of metronidazole on the parasite (Harada et al., 2012). Therefore, rare sugars may also have anti-amoebic functions. ...
... Therefore, there is a need for further studies of use of rare sugars as anti-amoebic substances. A concern with rare sugars is their growth inhibitory effects, which have been observed for cancer cells and C. elegans (Sato et al., 2008;Sakoguchi et al., 2016a;Sakoguchi et al., 2016b;Noguchi et al., 2016). Adults and children under 5 years old who are malnourished can also be infected by E. histolytica (Fauziah et al., 2022), and there is a need to examine the adverse effects of rare sugars on growth retardation of children, even though some rare sugars are already used in food products (Ahmed et al., 2022;Smith et al., 2022). ...
Entamoeba histolytica is a parasitic protozoan with roles in pathogenicity of intestinal amoebiasis. E. histolytica trophozoites lack functional mitochondria and their energy production depends mostly on glycolysis. D-Glucose has a pivotal role in this process and trophozoites store this sugar as glycogen in glycogen granules. Rare sugars, which are defined as sugars present in nature in limited amounts, are of interest as natural low-calorie sweeteners for improving physical conditions of humans. One such rare sugar, D-allose, can be absorbed by a sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter as a substitute for D-glucose, and some rare sugars are known to inhibit growth of cancer cells, Caenorhabditis elegans and Tritrichomonas foetus . Based on these observations, we examined the effects of rare sugars on growth of E. histolytica trophozoites, together with those of D-galactose and D-fructose. The results indicate that treatment with D-allose or D-psicose (D-allulose) alone inhibits proliferation of E. histolytica trophozoites, but that these sugars enhance proliferation of trophozoites in the presence of D-glucose or D-galactose. The trophozoites could take up D-glucose and D-galactose, but not D-fructose, D-allose or D-psicose. Cell sizes of the trophozoites also differed depending on the culture medium.
... The addition of milk, however, makes CeHR no longer a chemically defined medium in a strict sense. Take CeMM as an example of defined medium, every nutrient added to the medium is quantified and each factor can be individually studied without potential interference of bacteria (Szewczyk, Kozak, and Conley 2003), e.g. in the discovery of novel bioactive monosaccharides (Sakoguchi et al. 2016a(Sakoguchi et al. , 2016b. Furthermore, CeMM has been demonstrated to be better suited than bacterial food for automatic detection and long-term tracking of C. elegans, e.g. in sophisticated worm microfluidics avoiding pipeline blockage caused by bacterial aggregation (Doh et al. 2016), in long-term recordings of locomotor activity using infrared microbeam scattering without frequent worm transfer (Simonetta and Golombek 2007), or in spaceflight-related experiments (Adenle, Johnsen, and Szewczyk 2009;Qiao et al. 2013;Tee et al. 2017). ...
As a model organism that has helped revolutionize life sciences, Caenorhabditis elegans has been increasingly used in nutrition research. Here we explore the tradeoffs between pros and cons of its use as a dietary model based primarily on literature review from the past decade. We first provide an overview of its experimental strengths as an animal model, focusing on lifespan and healthspan, behavioral and physiological phenotypes, and conservation of key nutritional pathways. We then summarize recent advances of its use in nutritional studies, e.g. food preference and feeding behavior, sugar status and metabolic reprogramming, lifetime and transgenerational nutrition tracking, and diet–microbiota–host interactions, highlighting cutting-edge technologies originated from or developed in C. elegans. We further review current challenges of using C. elegans as a nutritional model, followed by in-depth discussions on potential solutions. In particular, growth scales and throughputs, food uptake mode, and axenic culture of C. elegans are appraised in the context of food research. We also provide perspectives for future development of chemically defined nematode food (“NemaFood”) for C. elegans, which is now widely accepted as a versatile and affordable in vivo model and has begun to show transformative potential to pioneer nutrition science.
... Isomers such as D-glucose and D-fructose, the classical examples of natural sugars, are exceptions as they exist in great abundance. However, the vast majority of their stereoisomers are hard to isolate from natural sources or to synthesize chemically owning to their complex structures [1,2]. According to the definition of the International Society of Rare Sugars (ISRS), such carbohydrates represent a group of different monosaccharides and their derivatives that are found in low abundance in nature and they are called rare sugars [3][4][5]. ...
... D-allulose was shown to be able to inhibit the motility, growth and egg bearing rate of Caenorhabditis elegans, probably by interfering with nematode nutrition [66]. It has also been shown that Darabinose, D-allose, D-talose and L-idose inhibited C. elegans growth under the monoxenic and axenic conditions [1,2]. Likewise, 1-Deoxy-D-allulose can drastically reduce the growth of C. elegans [220]. ...
... Growth inhibition was abolished possibly because D-fructose substituted the depleted D-ribose, since D-fructose is preferentially metabolized by the cells for D-ribose synthesis [222]. In the case of D-allulose/1-deoxy-D-alluloseinduced growth inhibition of C. elegans, it is assumed that, following phosphorylation, D-allulose/1-Deoxy-D-allulose-6-phosphate accumulates in the cells instead of being metabolized, impeding glycolysis reactions [2]. Since these rare sugars share the structural similarity with natural substrate D-glucose (for D-allose and L-idose), D-galactose and D-manose (for D-talose), it can be speculated that the growth-inhibitory effect could rely on the antinutritional function in carbohydrate metabolism [2]. ...
Rare sugars are monosaccharides with a limited availability in the nature and almost unknown biological functions. The use of industrial enzymatic and microbial processes greatly reduced their production costs, making research on these molecules more accessible. Since then, the number of studies on their medical/clinical applications grew and rare sugars emerged as potential candidates to replace conventional sugars in human nutrition thanks to their beneficial health effects. More recently, the potential use of rare sugars in agriculture was also highlighted. However, overviews and critical evaluations on this topic are missing. This review aims to provide the current knowledge about the effects of rare sugars on the organisms of the farming ecosystem, with an emphasis on their mode of action and practical use as an innovative tool for sustainable agriculture. Some rare sugars can impact the plant growth and immune responses by affecting metabolic homeostasis and the hormonal signaling pathways. These properties could be used for the development of new herbicides, plant growth regulators and resistance inducers. Other rare sugars also showed antinutritional properties on some phytopathogens and biocidal activity against some plant pests, highlighting their promising potential for the development of new sustainable pesticides. Their low risk for human health also makes them safe and ecofriendly alternatives to agrochemicals.
... D-psicose conferred a significant resistance to rice bacterial blight (Kano et al., 2011). D-idose was reported to have an inhibitory effect on Caenorhabditis elegans growth (Sakoguchi et al., 2016). In addition, the response of carbohydrates accumulation to Psa infection included physical disturbance of the cell wall. ...
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), a bacterial pathogen, causes bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit. To elucidate the local and systemic influences of Psa infection on kiwifruit, comprehensive analyses were conducted by combining metabolomic and physiological approach under Psa‐infected treatment and mock‐inoculated control in leaves, stems, and bleeding saps. Our results show that Psa infection stimulated kiwifruit metabolic reprogramming. Levels of many sugars, fumarate, and malic acid were decreased in Psa‐infected leaves and stems, accompanied by the increased level of amino acids (AAs), which implies the anaplerotic reaction to replenish the TCA cycle generating energy and intermediates for defense‐related metabolic pathways, such as phenylpropanoid metabolism. The inconsistent results were observed in bleeding saps, which may be attributed to the induced phloem transport of carbon (C) out of leaves and such a transport benefits bacterium movement. Arg, Gln, and pyroglutamic acid systematically were accumulated in long‐distance leaves, which probably confers to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and Psa inoculation accelerated the nitrogen (N) cycling in kiwifruit. Moreover, Psa infection specifically affected the content of phenolic compounds and lignin. Phenolic compounds were negatively and lignin was positively related to kiwifruit Psa resistance, respectively. Our results first reveal that Psa enhances infection by manipulating C/N metabolism and sweet immunity, and that host lignin synthesis is a major physical barrier for restricting bacterial infection. This study provides an insight into the complex remodeling of plant metabolic response to Psa stress.
... Another major metabolite, talose, is a rare sugar and has been less explored for its biological activities. However, talose was reported to inhibit the growth of Caenorhabditis elegans [31]. ...
... Another metabolite produced by T. canis that appears to exhibit negative health affects is talose (a major metabolite of ESP). Talose is known to inhibit the growth of Caenorhabditis elegans [31], and given its widespread anti-metabolite role as an "unusuable" sugar analog, it may be involved in causing stunting in their host, which requires further corroboration. Since talose is a major component of the T. canis ESP, this compound could be exploited for developing specific diagnostic biomarkers to detect T. canis infections in humans and pets. ...
Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease affecting humans that is predominantly caused by Toxocara canis and T. cati, primarily parasites of dogs and cats, respectively. Toxocara generally establishes long-term infections by co-opting its host’s physiological processes, while at the same time exploiting the nutritional environment. Adult stage T. canis reside in the gut of the definitive canine host where they employ a suite of strategies to combat intestinal immune responses by actively producing and releasing excretory-secretory products (ESPs). The protein component of T. canis ESPs has been widely studied, but characterisation of the non-protein ESP complement remains neglected. To characterize the secreted metabolome of Toxocara ESPs and to shed light on the parasite’s metabolic processes, we profiled the ESPs of T. canis using both gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) mass spectrometry approaches. We successfully identified 61 small molecules, including 41 polar metabolites, 14 medium-long chain fatty acids (MLCFAs) and six short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). We identified talose, stearic acid and isovalerate as the major compounds belonging to the polar, MLCFA and SCFA chemical classes, respectively. Most of the 61 identified metabolites appear to have been produced by T. canis via three distinct metabolic pathways - fatty acid, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. The majority of the identified ESPs have known biological properties, especially as immunomodulators. However, there is limited/no information on the biological roles or applications of 31 ESP biomolecules, suggesting that these may have novel activities that merit further investigation.
... In contrast, carbohydrates (polymeric and monomeric carbohydrates) are largely ignored because the modern analytical techniques for characterizing secondary metabolites, such as LC-MS, have very limited use for direct analysis of carbohydrates. Recently, TCM carbohydrates have attracted more attention because they are promising agents to treat or ameliorate various diseases or act as functional ingredients in food products [4,7,15,16]. P. cocos has been demonstrated that its polysaccharides exhibit various biological activities, including anti-nephritis [17], immunomodulation [18], antioxidation [19], anti-aging [20], anti-inflammation [21], antitumor [4], antidiabetic [4], and antihepatitis [4] effects. ...
... The result showed P. cocos contains abundant oligosaccharides and monosaccharides in addition to rich polysaccharides. However, unfortunately, oligosaccharides and monosaccharides in P. cocos have hardly been characterized so far, whereas some research indicates that they have various bioactivities [15,16], suggesting that there is an importance to investigate P. cocos oligosaccharides and monosaccharides. Besides, the amount F of most of the non-glucose constituent monosaccharides of three kinds of carbohydrates greatly varied between different parts. ...
... D-All was used at a concentration of 28 mM (0.5%) for the lifespan assay, based on a previous study 16) ; this was also in the range of concentrations added to feed in the mixed feed administration method for rodents. 5) Furthermore, we previously showed that 168 mM (3%) D-All has a weak effect on nematode growth 18) , and our preliminary data showed that 0-56 mM (0-1%) D-All does not affect nematode growth (data not shown); accordingly, 28 mM is sufficiently low concerning growth inhibition. ...
D-Allose (D-All), C-3 epimer of D-glucose, is a rare sugar known to suppress reactive oxygen species generation and prevent hypertension. We previously reported that D-allulose, a structural isomer of D-All, prolongs the lifespan of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Thus, D-All was predicted to affect longevity. In this study, we provide the first empirical evidence that D-All extends the lifespan of C. elegans. Lifespan assays revealed that a lifespan extension was induced by 28 mM D-All. In particular, a lifespan extension of 23.8% was achieved (p < 0.0001). We further revealed that the effects of D-All on lifespan were dependent on the insulin gene daf-16 and the longevity gene sir-2.1, indicating a distinct mechanism from those of other hexoses, such as D-allulose, with previously reported antiaging effects.
... It significantly enhances the effect of metronidazole on trichomonad parasites, which reduces the dosage of metronidazole and prevents the parasite from producing drug resistance (Harada et al. 2012). D-Allose can repress the growth of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Sakoguchi et al. 2016). D-Allose may prevent osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation (Noguchi et al. 2013). ...
d-Allose is a rare monosaccharide, which rarely appears in the natural environment. d-Allose has an 80% sweetness relative to table sugar but is ultra-low calorie and non-toxic and is thus an ideal candidate to take the place of table sugar in food products. It displays unique health benefits and physiological functions in various fields, including food systems, clinical treatment, and the health care fields. However, it is difficult to produce chemically. The biotechnological production of d-allose has become a research hotspot in recent years. Therefore, an overview of recent studies on the physiological functions, applications, and biotechnological production of d-allose is presented. In this review, the physiological functions of d-allose are introduced in detail. In addition, the different types of d-allose-producing enzymes are compared for their enzymatic properties and for the biotechnological production of d-allose. To date, very little information is available on the molecular modification and food-grade expression of d-allose-producing enzymes, representing a very large research space yet to be explored.
... It significantly enhances the effect of metronidazole on trichomonad parasites, which reduces the dosage of metronidazole and prevents the parasite from producing drug resistance (Harada et al. 2012). D-Allose can repress the growth of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Sakoguchi et al. 2016). D-Allose may prevent osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation (Noguchi et al. 2013). ...
