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Protium is the main genus of the Burseraceae family and one of the most common genera in South America, with an important species called “breu.” Gum and oil-resins of this species are used as tonic and stimulant and for the treatment of ulcers and inflammation. The present study aims to isolate and investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of trit...
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Healing with traditional herbal remedies is invaluable in avoiding the toxicity of synthetic drugs. The ethanol stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii (Burseraceae) was chosen for the experiment to estimate the phytochemical constitution and their antioxidant activity using ferric reducing power assay (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-piccrylhydrazylhydr...
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... Four terpenoids, including β-amyrone, icariside B5, β-amyrin, and 2-hydroxydiplopterol, which are important for tea aroma, were detected in fermented Tibetan tea. β-Amyrone is a triterpene that exerts anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the expression of COX-2 (De Almeida et al., 2015). After intensive fermentation, these chemical components in Tibetan tea become the characteristic components, enhancing the anti-oxidation, antiinflammation, and other health benefits of the tea. ...
Tibetan tea changes during microorganism fermentation. Research on microorganisms in Tibetan tea has focused on their identification, while studies on the influence of specific microorganisms on the components and health functions of Tibetan tea are lacking. Bacillus licheniformis was inoculated into Tibetan tea for intensive fermentation, and the components of B. licheniformis-fermented tea (BLT) were detected by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS), and then the effects of BLT on intestinal probiotic functions were investigated by experiments on mice. The results revealed the metabolites of BLT include polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, amino acids, and lipids. Intensified fermentation also improved the antioxidant capacity in vivo and the protective effect on the intestinal barrier of Tibetan tea. In addition, the enhanced fermentation of Tibetan tea exerted intestinal probiotic effects by modulating the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in the intestinal flora. Therefore, intensive fermentation with B. licheniformis can improve the health benefits of Tibetan tea.
... The chemical profiling of PTSE was conducted by GC-MS analysis and the GC-MS chromatograms are presented in Figure 1. All data, including the name of the compound, retention time, CAS number, molecular formula, and molecular weight (MW) are shown in Table 3. eicosane, 34 n-hexadecanoic acid, 35 oroxylin A, 36 betaamyrin, 33 beta-amyrone, 37 and lupeol, 38 which may be related to the traditional use of PTS for the treatment of severe fever and inflammation. ...
... Triterpene Anti-inflammatory 37 ...
Pikad Trisukkhati Samutharn (PTS) is a medicinal formula used in Thai traditional medicine for treating severe fever, inflammation, and diarrhea, as well as for general health promotion. This herbal formula was made from the roots of three plants: Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers and Ficus racemosa L. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidation activity and chemical profiling of PTS and its herbal components. The antioxidation activity of the extracts was determined using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, as well as the Folin-Ciocalteu method, to investigate the total phenolic contents. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBAR) assay was used to test lipid peroxidation activity. The chemical profiling of PTS was demonstrated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The results revealed that the total phenolic content of the ethanolic extract (79.57 ± 2.33 mg GAE/g extract) was greater than that of the aqueous extract (12.55 ± 2.83 mg GAE/g extract) of the PTS. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the PTS ethanolic extract (IC50 value 80.69 ± 0.40 mg/mL) was also stronger than that of the PTS aqueous extract (IC50 value 650.10 ± 98.20 mg/mL). Lipid peroxidation of the PTS ethanolic extract was moderate with 32.47 ± 0.71% inhibition. GC-MS revealed the presence of several phenolic compounds contained in the PTS ethanolic extract in which the identified compounds had previously been reported to have several pharmacological activities such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antimicrobial. In conclusion, the antioxidation and chemical constituents of the PTS extract were demonstrated for the first time, and more pharmacological activities of PTS should be explored to confirm its traditional use.
... Triterpenoid has anti-inflammatory actions on macrophages through the NF-κB, Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways [56]. It also decreases TNF-α and IL-6 production [57]. Flavonoids and phenol have been found to be major modulators of pro-inflammatory cytokines [58,59]. ...
... Other compounds such as terpenoids (radicol and cadalene), sesquiterpenoids (germacrene D) and phenolic glycosides (citrusin) were found in the aerial parts and the whole plants of C. odorata [25,28,29,33]. Alpha amyrin, which was previously detected in this plant, is known to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which prevents cancer development [23,34]. The α, β-amyrin is a triterpenoid that functions as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and analgesic. ...
One of the most cancers in women that can be fatal is breast cancer. Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of the two are often used to treat cancer, and these treatments tend to modify the immune system and weaken defences. Using natural compounds from plants has become a research interest to prevent cancer cell development. The aim of this study was to determine the anticancer activities of ethyl acetate extract of Chromolaena odorata (EACO) against breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and T47D). The viability of the cells was determined by the MTT colorimetry assays. The apoptosis test was performed by using flow cytometry. The IC50 value for MCF-7 cells was 218.78 μg/mL and 307.61 μg/mL for T47D. The extract acted selectively against breast cancer cells, with selectivity indexes against MCF-7 and T47D were 12.77 and 9.08, respectively. The viable cells of T47D cells were decreased from 85±36.5% (24 hours) to 54±34% (48 hours) after treatment with IC50 of EACO. Significant decrease of the MCF-7's viable cells were observed between 48 and 72 hours after treatment with IC50 (68.5±17.7% to 51.01±12.1%, respectively). Apoptosis assay showed that T47D and MCF-7 cells were mainly in the necrosis stage (83.35±0.49% and 95.15±1.76%, respectively). This study suggested that ethyl acetate extract of C. odorata is promising to be developed as an anticancer agent.
... Lanosteryl acetate, present in the C. punctatum leaf and callus, plays a role in cataract prevention and treatment [53]. Beta-amyrone, present in the leaf extract, is anti-inflammatory [54], whereas chondrillasterol, found in the leaf and root extract, is antimicrobial in nature [55]. Certain compounds limited to the callus, such as 4H-pyran-4-one and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl, may have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and growth-inhibition properties [52]. ...
An effective and reproducible micropropagation protocol was developed for Centratherum punctatum Cass. Successful in vitro initiation of callus and subsequent plant regeneration were obtained on nodal explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with plant growth regulators (PGRs). The maximum frequency of callus formation (98.3%) was noted on MS containing 4.0 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 3.5 mg/L Kinetin with a maximum callus weight of 2.02 g. The best shoot induction frequency (100%) with an average of 30.2 shoots per explant was achieved when 4.5 mg/L BAP and 4.0 mg/L Kinetin were added to the MS. The same PGR combination resulted in the best callus-mediated shoot formation (8.3 shoots/callus mass). The highest rhizogenic response (95.3%) with an average 26.1 roots per shoot and root length of 6.2 cm was obtained with 1.0 mg/L Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-supplemented MS medium. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was applied in the present study to analyze the methanolic extracts of the leaf, callus, and root of regenerated C. punctatum shoots to detect the different phytochemical constituents. The leaf extract of the regenerated C. punctatum showed 37 phytocompounds; some important bioactive compounds were the Phytol,1,6-Octadien 3,5-Dimethyl-Cis, 4,8-Dimethylnona-3,8-dien-2-one, 2,6-Octadiene, Stigmasterol, Chondrillasterol, Lanosteryl acetate, etc. In the callus, the extract had a total of 57 phytocompounds; among them, the Stigmasterol, Guanosine, and Tri-decanoic acid were the major ones. In the root extract, the GC-MS revealed a low number of 23 phytocompounds, the important compounds of which were Stigmasterol, Trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative, Chrysantenyl 2-methuylbutanoate, 4-tert-Butoxybutan-1-ol, etc. The order in terms of numbers of phytocompounds present in tissue sources are callus > leaf > root.
... Stigmasta-5-en-3-ol (3-beta), also known as stigmasterol possesses antimicrobial activity against number of bacteria and fungi 4,40 whereas beta-amyrone exhibits activities like anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anti-α-glucosidase inhibitory etc. It also inhibits ear edema formation as reported in an in vivo study 16,44 . 19-Cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol (cycloartenol), possesses antibacterial activity, inhibits the oxidation process and promotes cell regeneration 36 . ...
Plants, being effective antioxidant and antimicrobial agents, continue to play a key role in the healthcare. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and the antimicrobial potential of polar (water, methanol and acetone) and non-polar (petroleum ether) extracts of stem bark and aerial root of F. benghalensis L. The total phenol, flavonoid and condensed tannin content exhibited high variation ranging from 75.84 ± 2.70 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g to 6.24 ± 2.34 mg GAE/g, 71.64 ± 03.71 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g to 09.14 ± 2.70 mg QE/g and 19.25 ± 0.58 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g to 2.03 ± 1.2 mg CE/g respectively. Radical scavenging activity (RSA) was quantified by 2,2-dyphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2’-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay where % RSA ranged considerably. Antimicrobial activity was estimated by investigating zone of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli) bacteria and fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus oryzae). The diameter of ZOI ranged from 9.5 ± .88mm to 6.2 ± .88mm for different bacterial strains whereas from 9.2 ± 1.6mm to 6.2 ± .90mm for fungal strains. MIC values ranged between 50μg/μl to 0.024μg/μl against both bacterial and fungal strains. Methanolic extracts were further analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for their phytochemical profile since they showed higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. This study supports the use of Ficus benghalensis L. in microbial infection therapy.
... The effect of resisting oxidative stress and the inflammatory response of the nervous system has also been documented [87,88]. Sakuranin, a flavanone glycosides has also been reported as acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in a computational study [89] while, alpha-amyrin, a triterpenoid has been reported to have anti-acetylcholinesterase activity [90,91]. The presence of these phytocompounds most notably silymarin; that demonstrated dual high binding tendencies to both cholinesterases, may have contributed to the high cholinesterase inhibitory activity of the leaf extract that have been early reported. ...
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are associated with increased activities of the brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and β-secretase enzyme (BACE1). Inhibition of these enzymes affords therapeutic option for managing NDDs such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although, Gongronema latifolium Benth (GL) has been widely documented in ethnopharmacological and scientific reports for the management of NDDs, there is paucity of information on its underlying mechanism and neurotherapeutic constituents. Herein, 152 previously reported Gongronema latifolium derived-phytochemicals (GLDP) were screened against hAChE, hBChE and hBACE-1 using molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, free energy of binding calculations and cluster analysis. The result of the computational analysis identified silymarin, alpha-amyrin and teraxeron with the highest binding energies (-12.3, -11.2, -10.5 Kcal/mol) for hAChE, hBChE and hBACE-1 respectively as compared with those of the reference inhibitors (-12.3, -9.8 and − 9.4 for donepezil, propidium and aminoquinoline compound respectively). These best docked phytochemicals were found to be orientated in the hydrophobic gorge where they interacted with the choline-binding pocket in the A-site and P-site of the cholinesterase and subsites S1, S3, S3’ and flip (67–75) residues of the pocket of the BACE-1. The best docked phytochemicals complexed with the target proteins were stable in a 100 ns molecular dynamic simulation. The interactions with the catalytic residues were preserved during the simulation as observed from the MMGBSA decomposition and cluster analyses. The presence of these phytocompounds most notably silymarin, which demonstrated dual high binding tendencies to both cholinesterases, were identified as potential neurotherapeutics subject to further investigation.
... Beta-Amyrone is reported to have activities like antifungal, antiinflammatory, anti-α-glucosidase inhibitory, etc. It has also been reported to inhibit the formation of ear edema in a dose-related manner in an invivo study(Bourjot et al., 2012;Patrícia et al., 2015) ...
Plants are being looked upon for medications derived mainly from different plant parts. The majority of the population worldwide, especially in underdeveloped nations, relies on herbal formulations for basic medical requirements. Ficus benghalensis L., member of moraceae family is renowned for its ethano-medicinal applications. In this study, polar (aqueous, methanolic, and acetone) and non polar (petroleum ether) extracts of leaves and fruits of F. benghalensis L. were investigated for their antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituency. Antimicrobial activity was estimated by investigating Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli) bacteria; and fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizopus oryzae). The diameter of ZOI ranged from 18.8 ± 1.2mm to 6.2 ± .88mm for various bacterial strains, whereas from 10.2 ± 1.3mm to 6.2 ± 1.6mm for fungal strains. Aqueous and petroleum ether extracts exhibited comparatively lesser or no activity in some cases whereas methanol and acetone extracts exhibited moderate to good activity. MIC values ranged between 50μg/μl to 0.024μg/μl against both bacterial and fungal strains. Methanolic extracts were further analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for their phytochemical profile since they showed higher antimicrobial activity. The major compounds detected in leaf extracts were Lup-20(29)-en-3-one (20.45%), Lupeol (17.40%), Beta amyrone (9.07%), Squalene (5.17), Stigmasta-5-en-3-ol (5.62%), Vitamin-E (3.89%), and n-Hexadecanoic acid (1.32%); and in fruit extract were Octadecatrienoic acid (15.24%), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (14.89%), 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (15.32%), 24-Norursa-3,12-diene (2.79%), and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (z, z)-2-hydroxy-1- (hydroxymethyl) ethyl (2.07%). This study supports using F. benghalensis L. in microbial infection therapy.
... The reason is that extracts of C. fragrans leaves contain beta-amyrin and lupeol. These substances participate in a redox reaction with Ag + ions to convert to beta-amyrone and lupenone, which are active substances with excellent anticancer properties [65,66]. The presence of these substances on the surface of AgNPs has significantly increased the anticancer ability of AgNPs. ...
This article presents a simple, eco-friendly, and green method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from AgNO3 solution utilizing an aqueous extract of Callisia fragrans leaf. The effects of C. fragrans leaf extraction conditions were evaluated. Parameters affecting the synthesis of AgNPs, such as the volume of extract, pH, temperature, and reaction time were investigated and optimized. The obtained AgNPs were analyzed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction pattern, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and FTIR techniques. TEM and DLS analyses have shown that the synthesized AgNPs were predominantly spherical in shape with an average size of 48 nm. The zeta potential of the colloidal solution of AgNPs is −27 mV, indicating the dispersion ability of AgNPs. The results of GC–MS and FTIR analyses show the presence of biomolecules in the aqueous extract of C. fragrans leaf that acts as reducing and capping agents for the biosynthesis of AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs demonstrate anticancer activity against MCF-7, HepG2, KB, LU-1, and MKN-7 cell lines, with inhibitory concentrations at 50% (IC50 values) of 2.41, 2.31, 2.65, 3.26, and 2.40 µg·mL⁻¹, respectively. The obtained results in the study show that the biosynthesized AgNP from C. fragrans leaf extract can be further exploited as a potential candidate for anticancer agents.
... 11 At low concentrations, triterpenes show an immunomodulatory activity by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), IL-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). 12 The aim of this research was to determine the effect of SALME as an anti-inflammatory using carrageenan-induced rat models of inflammation. In this study, S. androgynus leaves were extracted using methanol as a solvent to yield more active compounds, particularly triterpenoids, which cannot be extracted with ethanol in previous studies. ...
... In addition, triterpenoids show no potential cytotoxicity to macrophages. 12 Carrageenan has been known to be a potent inflammatory agent in rodents that induces the production of TNF-α. Inflammation caused by carrageenan upregulates the production of prostaglandins and COX-2, increases vascular permeability, and causes edema. ...
... This is in accordance with the previous studies that flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids have antiinflammatory properties, including reducing edema. 11,12,31 Higher intakes of selected subclasses of flavonoids (flavones and flavanones) is associated with a 20% modestly lower plasma concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers, such as IL-18 9 as well as TNF-α and NO. 35 Several mechanisms have been described regarding the anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids. ...
Background: Inflammation is a response in the human body to survive during infection, injury and tissue damage. Acute inflammation causes edema and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) release. Sauropus androgynus leaves which contain flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids and triterpenoids may have anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds can be extracted with methanol. This research aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of S. androgynus leaves methanol extract (SALME) on carrageenan induced-rats. Materials and methods: True experimental study was conducted using 12 Wistar rats. Rats were induced with carrageenan subcutaneously on the plantar pedis. Carrageenan-induced rats were treated with/without various doses of SALME. Edema volume was measured with a plethysmometer. The plantar pedis tissues were collected and stained with haematoxylin- eosin (HE) staining, then PMNs were observed and counted under a light microscope. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test, Pearson correlation and linear regression. Results: SALME had significant effects on the volume of edema (p=0.000) and the number of PMNs (p=0.000). The most effective dose to reduce the edema volume and decrease the PMNs cell number was 37.80 mg/200 g body weight (BW). SALME doses may affect 91.0% of edema volume and 89.2% of PMNs cell number. Edema volume had a significant, robust correlation (92.3%) with PMNs cell number. Conclusion: SALME is confirmed to have an anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the edema volume and decreasing the PMNs cell number. Keywords: Sauropus androgynus, methanol extract, anti-inflamamatory, carrageenan, plantar pedis, rats
