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Objective:
Soap has been used by humankind since ancient times and was probably already known to the Sumerians. It is a fatty acid salt obtained from the reaction of a strong base with a fatty substance of animal (tallow) or plant origin (oil). This reaction is called saponification. Syndets, on the other hand, are much more recent and have been i...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... this family of alkyl sulfates is sodium lauryl sulfate (or dodecyl sulfate) (Figure 3), a molecule that includes 12 carbon atoms that is synthesized from lauryl alcohol and sulfur trioxide 43 . ...
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Since the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) causing novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP), over 45 million affected cases have been reported worldwide. Many patients with COVID-19 have involvement of their respiratory system. According to studies in the radiology literature, chest computed tomography (CT) is recommen...
Citations
... Camphor has also found use as an ingredient in various types of soaps. As early as the 19th century, the so-called "medicinal soap" was used, which included camphor, and was used for the therapy of frostbite [71]. Nowadays, many types of camphor soap are available on the market. ...
The aim of this review is to present the potential application of camphor—a bicyclic monoterpene ketone—in the prevention of skin infections. Skin diseases represent a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by prolonged symptoms that significantly diminish the quality of life. They affect the dermis, the epidermis, and even subcutaneous tissue. They very often have a bacterial or fungal background. Therapy for dermatological skin disorders is difficult and long-term. Therefore, it is important to find a compound, preferably of natural origin, that (i) prevents the initiation of this infection and (ii) supports the skin’s repair process. Based on its documented anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-acne, anesthetic, strengthening, and warming properties, camphor can be used as a preventative measure in dermatological infectious diseases and as a component in medical and cosmetic products. This work discusses the structure and physicochemical properties of camphor, its occurrence, and methods of obtaining it from natural sources as well as through chemical synthesis. The use of camphor in industrial preparations is also presented. Additionally, after a detailed review of the literature, the metabolism of camphor, its interactions with other medicinal substances, and its antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi involved in skin diseases are discussed with regard to their resistance.
... These characteristics facilitate the interaction of soap with polar and nonpolar environments through the formation of micelles, which favors cleaning. [1][2][3] Currently, there are a wide variety of soaps and powder detergents for various uses: hydration, antiseptic, medicinal, deodorant, and cleaning, among others. ...
Dry decomposition, wet digestion, and dissolution in aqueous medium for direct analysis were evaluated for the preparation of eight samples of liquid and bar soap and one powder detergent for later determination of Cd, Mg, Pb, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES). The evaluation of the best conditions for digestion of the samples were chosen from a set of tests where conventional heating using 1 mol L-1 HNO3 with addition of 30% H2O2 proved to be the most efficient method. The average hydrodynamic diameter of 525 nm was determined using dynamic light scattering measurements. The concentrations found were: Cd and Pb (< limit of detection (LOD)), Mg (50.89 to 1119 μg g-1), and Zn (280.25 to 537.54 μg g-1). After evaluating the sample preparation methods, the accuracy of the methodology was verified through recovery tests of analytes, obtaining values between 83 and 119% and a relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 4.30% (n = 6; 4 mg L-1). The LOD ranged from 0.015 to 0.5 µg g-1 and the limits of quantification (LOQ) from 0.045 to 2 µg g-1. The soaps and powder detergent samples studied here may be used without any harm to health as the contents were within the limits established by the legislation.
... [4,5] Soap-based handwash products Soap-based handwash products are made through the process of saponification of a strong alkali with long-chain fatty acid-producing salt of fatty acid. [6] These soaps typically have a high pH ranging from nine to ten, far from the skin's physiological pH. [5,7] Synthetic detergents On the other hand, synthetic detergents contain synthetic surfactants, which, unlike soaps, their production does not involve a strong base. ...
A BSTRACT
Background
The human skin, with a pH of 4 to 6, serves as a barrier against external pathogens. Alkaline handwash products (HWPs) can compromise this barrier and are widely used following the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aims to determine the pH of a sample of HWPs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and assess the effect of environmental factors on their pH.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study carried out in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study involved a convenience sample of 33 liquid soaps, soap bars, and synthetic detergents (Syndets) from various brands. The pH of the handwash products was measured using laboratory-validated techniques. Data analysis was conducted using RStudio 2022 software.
Results
Of the HWPs, 16 (48.5%) had a highly alkaline pH (≥10), while 14 (42.4%) had an acidic pH (4.0-6.9). Most liquid soaps were acidic (84.6%), with a mean pH of 5.9, whereas soap bars had a mean pH of 10.3. Syndets had a mean pH of 6.0.
Conclusions
On average, liquid soaps and syndets offered a more physiological pH than soap bars. Liquid soaps were more affordable than synthetic detergents, making them a better value option among the three types of HWPs. Environmental factors such as exposure to hot weather did not have a significant impact on HWPs.
... Sabun merupakan garam fatty acid yang berasal dari hasil reaksi saponifikasi basa kuat dengan lemak nabati maupun hewani [5]. Di samping itu, syndet atau yang biasa disebut sebagai surfactant-based, memiliki sifat detergen [6]. Kedua tipe cleanser ini memiliki surfaktan yang berfungsi sebagai cleaning agent dengan cara menurunkan tegangan permukaan antara air dan kotoran sehingga kotoran dapat terangkat [7]. ...
Kosmetik merupakan kebutuhan penting untuk saat ini, salah satunya adalah cleanser. Cleanser semakin dikembangkan dengan cara pemberian fungsi lain, seperti mencerahkan, menghilangkan kerutan, dan lainnya di samping fungsi utamanya sebagai pembersih, yaitu dengan cara pemberian bahan aktif, seperti asam aktif. Sifat asam aktif yang memiliki pH rendah berbanding terbalik dengan pH umum dari produk cleanser yang mengandung bahan utama berupa surfaktan. Perbedaan pH ini dapat mengakibatkan ketidakseimbangan pH dan dapat berbahaya untuk kulit manusia, sehingga perlu diteliti surfaktan yang memiliki pH stabil setelah diinkorporasikan dengan asam aktif. Pada penelitian ini, digunakan 5 jenis surfaktan berupa cocamidopropyl betainee, sodium olefin sulfonate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, dan sodium lauroyl methyl isethionate. Sedangkan asam aktif yang digunakan adalah lactic acid, salisylic acid, glycolic acid, gluconolactone, citric acid, mandelic acid, succinic acid, dan kojic acid. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan tes stabilitas sediaan di dalam kondisi suhu ruang dan suhu oven 50°C selama 7 hari. Dari hasil pengamatan, diketahui bahwa surfaktan yang memiliki pH stabil setelah diinkorporasi dengan asam aktif adalah sodium methyl cocoyl taurate.
... Hal ini dapat ditangani dengan senyawa antibakteri yang menghambat dan membunuh bakteri tersebut. Fenomena tersebut menyebabkan adanya pengembangan sabun, tidak hanya sebagai pembersih kulit, namun juga sebagai penghantar obat dalam rangka menjaga kesehatan kulit (Coiffard & Couteau, 2020). ...
Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pembuatan sabun mandi transparan berbahan dasar Virgin Coconut Oil dengan penambahan ekstrak biji alpukat sebagai bahan aktif dalam sabun. Mutu sabun yang dihasilkan dianalisis berdasarkan SNI 3532:2021 tentang Sabun Mandi Padat. Aktivitas antioksidan ditentukan menggunakan metode penangkapan radikal bebas DPPH dan aktivitas antibakteri diuji dengan metode difusi cakram kertas (Kirby-Bauer). Sabun yang dibuat dengan penambahan ekstrak biji alpukat tidak memenuhi SNI untuk parameter total lemak dan kadar klorida. Sabun tanpa penambahan ekstrak biji alpukat tidak memenuhi kriteria SNI untuk parameter total lemak, kadar klorida dan lemak tak tersabunkan. Sabun dengan penambahan ekstrak biji alpukat memiliki aktivitas penangkal radikal bebas dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 17,17 μg/mL yang tergolong sangat kuat. Aktivitas antibakteri dari sabun dengan penambahan ekstrak biji alpukat memberikan hasil zona hambat yang tergolong sedang terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A research was conducted on the manufacture of transparent bath soap made from Virgin Coconut Oil with the addition of avocado seed extract as an active ingredient. The quality of the soap produced was analyzed based on SNI 3532:2021 concerning Solid Bath Soap. Antioxidant activity was examined using the DPPH free radical scavenging method and the antibacterial activity was tested using the paper disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). Soap made with the addition of avocado seed extract did not meet the conditions required by SNI for total fat and chloride content. Soap without the addition of avocado seed extract did not qualify by SNI for the parameters of total fat, chloride content, and unsaponifiable fat. Soap with the addition of avocado seed extract has very strong free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 17,17 μg/mL. The soap with the addition of avocado seed extract showed antibacterial activity resulted in a moderate inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
... The diversity of surfactant applications is astonishing. Soap has been used by humankind since ancient times and was probably already known by the Sumerians (Wu et al. 2021, Coiffard, Couteau 2020. Today, during the COVID-19 pandemic, thorough and frequent handwashing with surfactants (soap) is one of the main protective measures at the core of the contamination prevention strategy (Wu et al. 2021). ...
Surface-active compounds constitute a group of important and widespread environmental pollutants. Among different methods used for their treatment, photocatalytic degradation is a promising and efficient solution. Nevertheless, the exact outcome of photodegradation of surfactants may be difficult to predict in case of concentrations used at the industrial scale and considering that the associated mechanism involves radicals which may potentially result in the formation of toxic by-products. In consequence, the aim of this study was to analyze the catalytic photodegradation of three groups of surfactants (three structurally diverse representatives of cationic, anionic, and non-ionic surfactants). Nanoparticles of zinc oxide were synthesized and used as a photocatalyst. The efficiency of photodegradation ranged from 93 to 100% at 10 mg/L, from 38 to 94% at 100 mg/L, and from 15 to 66% when the surfactants were supplied at 1000 mg/L, and the results depended on the structure of the compound subjected to treatment. Subsequent investigation of kinetics revealed that Freundlich, Langmuir or Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms may be used to describe the adsorption of surfactants (1–65%) and allowed to establish the following order of reactivity: cationic > non-ionic > anionic. Subsequent LC–MS/MS studies of the residues were the basis for identification of photodegradation products for each respective compound. Ultimately, due to the fact that treated graywater is often used as potable water, the phytotoxicity of the degradation products was tested toward sorghum. It was established that in the majority of cases the treatment was efficient (in some cases stimulation of plant growth compared to control samples was observed), whereas an increase in toxicity was observed in case of two cationic surfactants (CTAB and benzalkonium chloride). Overall, the results presented in this study support the application of photocatalytic degradation as an efficient solution for treatment of surfactant-rich effluents.
... Prior studies with similar compounds have shown that surfactants and emulsifying agents are highly capable of disrupting bacterial cell membranes, leading to either bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects [39][40][41]. For instance, many common hand soaps rely on the surfactant effects of fatty acids for their antibacterial properties [42]. Surfactant effects are also attributed to the antimicrobial activity of quaternary ammonium compounds, which have been gaining popularity due to their broad activity spectrum [43]. ...
Current treatments for deep tissue burns are limited, and most serve only to enhance hydration or prevent bacterial growth. This leaves burn healing dependent on slow natural processes to debride the wound and reestablish the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin. Infections are well known to destabilize this process through a variety of mechanisms, most notably through increased inflammation and the resulting oxidative stress. In this study, we show that ARAG (an antioxidant-rich antimicrobial gel) can suppress the growth of multiple bacteria commonly found to infect burns (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus). This inhibition is comparable to that conferred by silver ion release from burn dressings such as Mepilex-Ag. We further show, using a porcine model for deep partial-thickness burns, that ARAG allows for enhanced wound healing over Mepilex-Ag, the current standard of care. Histological findings indicate this is likely due to increased wound debridement and dampening of late inflammatory processes, leading to more balanced physiologic healing. Taken together, these findings show promise for ARAG as a superior alternative to the current standard of care.
... Gambar 2. Reaksi saponifikasi dalam pembuatan sabun (diadaptasi dari Maotsela et al., 2019) Minyak nabati, saat ini lebih banyak digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan sabun (Félix et al., 2017). Beberapa minyak nabati seperti minyak zaitun, canola, marula dan kelapa (Coiffard & Couteau, 2020; Maotsela et al., 2019). Sifat dan kualitas sabun akan dipengaruhi oleh minyak nabati yang digunakan (Fanani et al., 2020;Rasidah & Sumarna, 2018). ...
ABSTRAK Masyarakat Desa Utaurano menghasilkan produk usaha mikro berupa minyak kelapa. Proses pembuatan minyak kelapa secara tradisional menghasilkan produk sampingan berupa ampas kelapa dengan nilai ekonomis rendah. Oleh karena itu perlu upaya untuk memanfaatkan sumber daya lokal. Kegiatan PkM ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahun dan keterampilan masyarakat dalam menfaatkan sumber daya lokal untuk pembuatan sabun berbahan minyak dan ampas kelapa serta tata cara perijinan produksi dan pemasaran kosmetik produk usaha mikro. Solusi pemecahan permasalahan yang ditawarkan adalah participatory approach dengan metode penyuluhan dan pelatihan. Indikator target capaian dari kegiatan ini adalah peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat serta tersedianya produk sabun homemade. Hasil kegiatan ini bahwa melalui kegiatan pelatihan dapat meningkatkan pengetahun dan keterampilan masyarakat Desa Utaurano dalam menfaatkan sumber daya lokal untuk pembuatan sabun berbahan minyak dan ampas kelapa serta tata cara perijinan produksi dan pemasaran kosmetik produk usaha mikro. Kata Kunci: Sabun Dari Minyak dan Ampas Kelapa, Pelatihan, Sumber Daya Lokal, Desa Utaurano ABSTRACT The Utaurano Village community produced coconut oil from micro-enterprise products. Coconut oil which was produced traditionally produces a by-product of coconut dregs with low economic value. Therefore it was necessary to make efforts to utilize local resources. This community service activity was aimed to increase the knowledge and skills of the community in utilizing local resources for the production of handmade soap made from oil and coconut dregs as well as procedures for licensing and marketing of cosmetics for micro-enterprise products. The problem-solving offered was a participatory approach with counselling and training methods. The target achievement indicators for this activity were increased community knowledge and skills as well as the availability of homemade soap products. The results of this activity are that through training, the knowledge and skills of the people of Utaurano Village could be increased in utilizing local resources for the production of soap made from oil and coconut dregs as well as procedures for license and marketing of cosmetics for micro-enterprise products Keywords: Soap From Coconut Oil and Coconut Dregs, Training, Local Resources, Utaurano Village
... Soap's chemical properties explain its antimicrobial action. Due to its amphiphilic structure, it is able to interact with the lipid membranes of microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, etc.) and inactivate them [42]. However, it is known that bacteria of Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus species are able to use soap as the only source of carbon and energy [43]. ...
The use of fossil fuels (methane, oil, etc.) is undergoing an unprecedented crisis now. There is the urgent need to search for alternative energy sources. A wide range of degraded organic materials can be effectively used to provide energy together with environmental protection. Soapstock is a hazardous waste containing a high concentration of toxic organic compounds of man-made origin (fatty acids, surfactants, dyes, etc.). To prevent environmental contamination such substances require an effective treatment approach. The goal of the study was to isolate the adapted-to-fatty-acids methanogenic microbiome and investigate the patterns of sodium acetate and soapstock degradation with simultaneous biomethane synthesis. The effectiveness of the degradation of sodium acetate and soapstock by non-adapted and adapted microbiomes was evaluated by decreasing the concentration of dissolved organic compounds. The effectiveness of the fermentation process was determined by the biogas (mixture of CH4 and CO2) yield. The most effective degradation occurred in the variant with sodium acetate and adapted methanogens and amounted to 77.9%. In other variants, the patterns and the efficiency of purification were similar ranging from 60.6 to 68.0%. The biomethane was mostly synthesized by adapted methanogens on the soapstock and sodium acetate as substrates. Thus, the CH4 yield was 368.4 L/kg of dissolved organic compounds or 127.5 L/kg of soapstock. The results of this study demonstrated the potential of methanogenic microorganisms in the biodegradation of soapstock with simultaneous biogas synthesis. The results can serve as a basis to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels by generating biomethane via the fermentation of toxic organics.
... 4 The resulting soap is a detergent (defined as a surfactant or mixture of surfactants that have cleaning properties in dilute solutions, 5 such as the ability to remove dirt from a solid surface) that also has foaming properties. 6 Additionally, soaps belong to a class of surfactants called emulsifiers, which are substances that help the formation and stability of emulsions. 6 In essence, soap has amphiphilic properties as it can form chemical bonds with both water (hydrophilic) and fats (lipophilic). ...
... 6 Additionally, soaps belong to a class of surfactants called emulsifiers, which are substances that help the formation and stability of emulsions. 6 In essence, soap has amphiphilic properties as it can form chemical bonds with both water (hydrophilic) and fats (lipophilic). Synthetic detergents, commonly referred to as syndets, are an alternative to traditional fatty acid-based soaps. ...
... Synthetic detergents, commonly referred to as syndets, are an alternative to traditional fatty acid-based soaps. 4,6 They also are based on fats, but they are produced synthetically through a series of chemical reactions rather than a single saponification process. 7 As suggested by their name, syndets are also detergents as well as wetting and foaming agents; thus, their primary use is as cleansing bars, although they are also used in laundry products. ...
Soap bars offer a valuable alternative to liquid soaps and their market is flourishing in response to commitment to The Green Economy and sustainable products. The advent of synthetic detergent ( syndet) "soap" formulations has opened markets for products such as shampoo, conditioner and facial bars. However, their processability has revealed to be less controllable than conventional fatty acid-based soaps. In this work, we present a rheological characterization of a set of syndet formulations as a function of both their moisture content and of a compressional axial stress applied perpendicularly to the shear deformation, as experienced by the materials within extruders during the production process. The main outcome of our investigation reveals that syndet shows a significant stiffening when subjected to a compressional stress and a slight reduction of the yield stress as function of the moisture content. In particular, we report that, within the instrumental limits of applicable normal stresses (i.e. from ~1kPa to 300kPa), both the linear viscoelastic moduli of syndets and their yield stress increase by two orders of magnitude; thus, potentially explaining the difficulties encountered during their production.
