Figure 2 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
The use of hybridisation strategy in biomaterials technology provides a powerful synergistic effect as a functional matrix. Silk fibroin (SF) has been widely used for drug delivery, and collagen (Col) resembles the extracellular matrix (ECM). This systematic review was performed to scrutinise the outcome of hybrid Col and SF for cutaneous wound hea...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... composed of both light and heavy chains. The heavy chain complements the repeated units of six different amino acid residues to the total average of 5507 amino acids [25], and the chemical structure of SF is shown in Figure 2 to represent the repeated units in heavy chain. There are two variations of SF known as Silk I and Silk II, differentiated by the modification of the crystalline structure in the solid state [26]. ...
Similar publications
Rosmarinic acid (RA), one of the most important polyphenol-based antioxidants, has drawn increasing attention because of its remarkable bioactive properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antibacterial activities. The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize RA-loaded silk fibroin nanoparticles (RA-SFNs) in terms of their...
Citations
... Col sponges possess the ability to absorb growth factors, expediting the periodontal tissue regeneration process. The malleability, low immunogenicity, and hemostatic properties of Col enable its integration into the oral tissue, enabling cells with regenerative potential to populate defected regions [146][147][148]. ...
Despite significant advancements in dental tissue restoration and the use of prostheses for addressing tooth loss, the prevailing clinical approaches remain somewhat inadequate for replicating native dental tissue characteristics. The emergence of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers a promising innovation within the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This technology offers notable precision and efficiency, thereby introducing a fresh avenue for tissue regeneration. Unlike the traditional framework encompassing scaffolds, cells, and signaling factors, 3D bioprinting constitutes a contemporary addition to the arsenal of tissue engineering tools. The ongoing shift from conventional dentistry to a more personalized paradigm, principally under the guidance of bioprinting, is poised to exert a significant influence in the foreseeable future. This systematic review undertakes the task of aggregating and analyzing insights related to the application of bioprinting in the context of regenerative dentistry. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, an exhaustive literature survey spanning the years 2019 to 2023 was performed across prominent databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The landscape of regenerative dentistry has ushered in novel prospects for dentoalveolar treatments and personalized interventions. This review expounds on contemporary accomplishments and avenues for the regeneration of pulp—dentin, bone, periodontal tissues, and gingival tissues. The progressive strides achieved in the realm of bioprinting hold the potential to not only enhance the quality of life but also to catalyze transformative shifts within the domains of medical and dental practices.
... Wang et al. prepared silk/BDDE hydrogel balls using oil/water (o/w) emulsification and evaluated their biocompatibility and biodegradability in vivo. The silk/BDDE hydrogel ball was demonstrated to be biocompatible and can be used as a lubricant for the treatment of OA, as well as for pain relief and the sustained release of drugs for future OA treatment [155]. In clinical trials, Sharafat-Vaziri et al. evaluated an autologous chondrocyte and collagen/silk heart protein scaffold consisting of newly engineered tissues to repair osteochondral defects, showing great coverage and integration of the grafts in patients without effusion, edema, and reduced cartilage formation signals [156]. ...
... Moreover, an SF scaffold can promote the attachment and growth of bone cells and accelerate the process of bone regeneration and repair. SF has wide application prospects in regenerative medicine, which can promote tissue regeneration and repair and provide new treatments and means for disease treatment and rehabilitation [155,177,178]. In terms of applications, most are concentrated in the fields of wound repair dressings [179,180] and orthopedic repair materials [31]; in terms of morphology, SF membranes [181] and SF scaffolds [182] are the materials with more applications. ...
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease characterized by cartilage damage and degeneration. Traditional treatments such as NSAIDs and joint replacement surgery only relieve pain and do not achieve complete cartilage regeneration. Silk fibroin (SF) biomaterials are novel materials that have been widely studied and applied to cartilage regeneration. By mimicking the fibrous structure and biological activity of collagen, SF biomaterials can promote the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and contribute to the formation of new cartilage tissue. In addition, SF biomaterials have good biocompatibility and biodegradability and can be gradually absorbed and metabolized by the human body. Studies in recent years have shown that SF biomaterials have great potential in treating OA and show good clinical efficacy. Therefore, SF biomaterials are expected to be an effective treatment option for promoting cartilage regeneration and repair in patients with OA. This article provides an overview of the biological characteristics of SF, its role in bone and cartilage injuries, and its prospects in clinical applications to provide new perspectives and references for the field of bone and cartilage repair.
... Numerous antibacterial substances, including antibiotics, metallic nanoparticles, and proteins have been fabricated, to be contained within or on the surface of nanofibers [10,17]. Previous research have demonstrated the potent antibacterial activity of electrospun membranes fabricated with natural and synthetic polymers such as gelatin [18], cellulose [19], chitosan [20], collagen [21], poly (methyl methacrylate) [10], polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) [22,23], and polycaprolactone (PCL) [24] against a wide range of bacteria with strong biocompatibility for wound healing applications [10]. Therefore, this review paper aimed to provide information on the techniques to produce nanofibers, intended to the basic exploration of electrospinning. ...
The arrangement of fibers into three-dimensional (3D) complex structure is constructing a sheet of membrane, depending on the fabrication technique. The fiber mats and scaffolds have been used in various applications including tissue engineering which involve the integration of cells and tissues within the pores between the fibers. There are several techniques that have been opted to produce specifically nanofibers as its efficacy in tissue healing is prominent compared to microfibers. Among the fabrication techniques (drawing, template synthesis, temperature-induced phase separation, molecular self-assembly, and electrospinning), electrospinning method has drawn attention due to their easy handling, inexpensive, and ability for membrane scale-up with the production of fibers ranging from few nanometers to several microns. Researchers have employed a variety of electrospinning methods, including blended/co-electrospinning, emulsion, coaxial, side-by-side, and triaxial electrospinning. In electrospinning smooth formation of nanofibers for tissue healing with less appearance of spray and beads, several parameters such as humidity, temperature, voltage, flow rate, viscosity, concentration, molecular weight, surface tension, conductivity, and solvent volatile need to be tailored. The morphology of nanofibers formation should support the size and structure of the surrounded cells and tissues. Besides, the types of degradable polymeric materials also play a role in the formation of stable nanofibers. This review paper aimed to provide information on the techniques to produce nanofibers, intended to the basic exploration of electrospinning.
... For example, chitosan contains abundant amino groups which carry positive charges that attract negatively charged red blood cells and proteins, thereby exhibiting a procoagulant effect [10]. Silk fibroin contains a great number of (Gly-Ala-Gly-Ser) amino acid repeat sequences in the crystalline region which may both play a role in biorecognition signaling and promote cell adhesion [11]. Also, HA can bind to the CD44 receptor on keratinocytes and activate a cascade of reactions to promote cell differentiation [12]. ...
The treatment of skin wounds caused by trauma and pathophysiological disorders has been a growing healthcare challenge, posing a great economic burden worldwide. The use of appropriate wound dressings can help to facilitate the repair and healing rate of defective skin. Natural polymer biomaterials such as collagen and hyaluronic acid with excellent biocompatibility have been shown to promote wound healing and the restoration of skin. However, the low mechanical properties and fast degradation rate have limited their applications. Skin wound dressings based on biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymers can not only overcome the shortcomings of natural polymer biomaterials but also possess favorable properties for applications in the treatment of skin wounds. Herein, we listed several biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymers used as wound dressing materials, such as PVA, PCL, PLA, PLGA, PU, and PEO/PEG, focusing on their composition, fabrication techniques, and functions promoting wound healing. Additionally, the future development prospects of synthetic biodegradable polymer-based wound dressings are put forward. Our review aims to provide new insights for the further development of wound dressings using synthetic biodegradable polymers.
... Recently, the significant demand for biomaterials has shown a gradual increase in the clinical industry to support the current standard treatment regarding cutaneous wound healing. Contributing to the high demand for therapeutic implants biomaterial usage has reached an annual growth rate of 16%, creating an estimated global market for biomaterials worth USD$ 207 billion by 2024 (Naomi et al., 2020). In addition, Smandri et al. reported the importance of many natural materials that could be introduced as bioinks for a better therapeutic approach in wound healing (Smandri et al., 2020). ...
Skin tissue engineering possesses great promise in providing successful wound injury and tissue loss treatments that current methods cannot treat or achieve a satisfactory clinical outcome. A major field direction is exploring bioscaffolds with multifunctional properties to enhance biological performance and expedite complex skin tissue regeneration. Multifunctional bioscaffolds are three-dimensional (3D) constructs manufactured from natural and synthetic biomaterials using cutting-edge tissue fabrication techniques incorporated with cells, growth factors, secretomes, antibacterial compounds, and bioactive molecules. It offers a physical, chemical, and biological environment with a biomimetic framework to direct cells toward higher-order tissue regeneration during wound healing. Multifunctional bioscaffolds are a promising possibility for skin regeneration because of the variety of structures they provide and the capacity to customise the chemistry of their surfaces, which allows for the regulated distribution of bioactive chemicals or cells. Meanwhile, the current gap is through advanced fabrication techniques such as computational designing, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting to fabricate multifunctional scaffolds with long-term safety. This review stipulates the wound healing processes used by commercially available engineered skin replacements (ESS), highlighting the demand for a multifunctional, and next-generation ESS replacement as the goals and significance study in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). This work also scrutinise the use of multifunctional bioscaffolds in wound healing applications, demonstrating successful biological performance in the in vitro and in vivo animal models. Further, we also provided a comprehensive review in requiring new viewpoints and technological innovations for the clinical application of multifunctional bioscaffolds for wound healing that have been found in the literature in the last 5 years.
... The way split-skin graft works is epidermal, with a superficial part of the dermis being harvested with dermatome from an undamaged skin donor site and then applied to a full-thickness wound. In the wound site, the split-skin graft (SSG) capillaries form anastomoses into the existing capillary network to provide nutrients for graft survival [13]. Nevertheless, it has major drawbacks as the procedure is limited to donor skin, exposed to microbial infection and has no resemblance to tissue regeneration [14]. ...
Wound care management is incredibly challenging for chronic injuries, despite the availability of various types of wound care products in the market. However, most current wound-healing products do not attempt to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) and simply provide a barrier function or wound covering. Collagen is a natural polymer that involves a major constituent of the ECM protein, thus making it attractive to be used in skin tissue regeneration during wound healing. This study aimed to validate the biological safety assessments of ovine tendon collagen type-I (OTC-I) in the accredited laboratory under ISO and GLP settings. It is important to ensure that the biomatrix will not stimulate the immune system to produce any adverse reaction. Therefore, we successfully extracted collagen type-I from the ovine tendon (OTC- I) using a method of low-concentration acetic acid. The three-dimensional (3D) skin patch of spongy OTC-I was a soft and white colour, being tested for safety and biocompatibility evaluations based on ISO 10993-5, ISO 10993-10, ISO 10993-11, ISO 10993-23, USP 40 <151>, and OECD 471. For the dermal sensitisation and acute irritation test, none of the tested animals displayed any erythema or oedema effects (p > 0.005). In addition, there were no abnormalities detected in the organ of the mice after being exposed to OTC-I; additionally, no morbidity and mortality were observed in the acute systemic test under the guideline of ISO 10993-11:2017. The grade 0 (non-reactive) based on ISO 10993-5:2009 was graded for the OTC-I at 100% concentration and the mean number of the revertant colonies did not exceed 2-fold of the 0.9% w/v sodium chloride compared to the tester strains of S. typhimurium (TA100, TA1535, TA98, TA1537), and E. coli (WP2 trp uvrA). Our study revealed that OTC-I biomatrix does not present any adverse effects or abnormalities in the present study’s condition of induced skin sensitization effect, mutagenic and cytotoxic towards cells and animals. This biocompatibility assessment demonstrated a good agreement between in vitro and in vivo results regarding the absence of skin irritation and sensitization potential. Therefore, OTC-I biomatrix is a potential medical device candidate for future clinical trials focusing on wound care management.
... The hybrid between collagen and silk fibroin might improve both the physical and biological characteristics of the scaffold for both tissue engineering and biomedical applications. This result may be due to the hybrid's resemblance to the ECM skin, which promotes cell adhesion and proliferation [82]. ...
... This significant decrease in IL-6 gene expression can be attributed to the potent anti-inflammatory and immune-enhancing properties of the SF/COL nanofibrous scaffold. A hybrid SF/COL nanofibrous scaffold has been reported to hasten wound closure and tissue restoration in vivo [82,87]. Moreover, the level of IL-6 gene expression was lower in wounds treated with SF/PEO/5%AMX/PHB/COL/PEO nanofibrous scaffolds compared to wounds treated with blank SF/PEO/PHB/COL/PEO nanofibrous scaffolds. ...
... The hybrid between collagen and silk fibroin might improve both the physical and biological characteristics of the scaffold for both tissue engineering and biomedical applications. This result may be due to the hybrid's resemblance to the ECM skin, which promotes cell adhesion and proliferation [82]. ...
... This significant decrease in IL-6 gene expression can be attributed to the potent anti-inflammatory and immune-enhancing properties of the SF/COL nanofibrous scaffold. A hybrid SF/COL nanofibrous scaffold has been reported to hasten wound closure and tissue restoration in vivo [82,87]. Moreover, the level of IL-6 gene expression was lower in wounds treated with SF/PEO/5%AMX/PHB/COL/PEO nanofibrous scaffolds compared to wounds treated with blank SF/PEO/PHB/COL/PEO nanofibrous scaffolds. ...
Wound healing has grown to be a significant problem at a global scale. The lack of multifunctionality in most wound dressing-based biopolymers prevents them from meeting all clinical requirements. Therefore, a multifunctional biopolymer-based tri-layered hierarchically nanofibrous scaffold in wound dressing can contribute to skin regeneration. In this study, a multifunctional antibacterial biopolymer-based tri-layered hierarchically nanofibrous scaffold comprising three layers was constructed. The bottom and the top layers contain hydrophilic silk fibroin (SF) and fish skin
collagen (COL), respectively, for accelerated healing, interspersed with a middle layer of hydrophobic poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) containing amoxicillin (AMX) as an antibacterial drug. The advantageous physicochemical properties of the nanofibrous scaffold were estimated by SEM, FTIR, fluid uptake, contact angle, porosity, and mechanical properties. Moreover, the in vitro cytotoxicity and
cell healing were assessed by MTT assay and the cell scratching method, respectively, and revealed excellent biocompatibility. The nanofibrous scaffold exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against multiple pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, the in vivo wound healing and histological studies demonstrated complete wound healing in wounded rats on day 14, along with an increase in the
expression level of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and a decrease in the expression level of interleukin-6 (IL-6). The results revealed that the fabricated nanofibrous scaffold is a potent wound dressing scaffold, and significantly accelerates full-thickness wound healing in a rat model.
... Collagen's function in wound healing is to recruit fibroblasts and promote collagen deposition in the wound bed [106,107]. New tissue growth is stimulated by collagen dressing technology, which also promotes autolytic debridement, angiogenesis, neovascularization and re-epithelialization [108][109][110][111]. Collagen, a fundamental component of the ECM, regulates the stages of wound healing [108]. ...
... Collagen's function in wound healing is to recruit fibroblasts and promote collagen deposition in the wound bed [106,107]. New tissue growth is stimulated by collagen dressing technology, which also promotes autolytic debridement, angiogenesis, neovascularization and re-epithelialization [108][109][110][111]. Collagen, a fundamental component of the ECM, regulates the stages of wound healing [108]. Collagen I and IV fragments can be inflammatory mediators by serving as effective neutrophil chemoattractants, increasing phagocytosis and immunological responses and altering gene expression [112,113]. ...
Background
Biomaterials are vital products used in clinical sectors as alternatives to several biological macromolecules for tissue engineering techniques owing to their numerous beneficial properties, including wound healing. The healing pattern generally depends upon the type of wounds, and restoration of the skin on damaged areas is greatly dependent on the depth and severity of the injury. The rate of wound healing relies on the type of biomaterials being incorporated for the fabrication of skin substitutes and their stability in in vivo conditions. In this review, a systematic literature search was performed on several databases to identify the most frequently used biomaterials for the development of successful wound healing agents against skin damage, along with their mechanisms of action.
Method
The relevant research articles of the last 5 years were identified, analysed and reviewed in this paper. The meta-analysis was carried out using PRISMA and the search was conducted in major scientific databases. The research of the most recent 5 years, from 2017–2021 was taken into consideration. The collected research papers were inspected thoroughly for further analysis. Recent advances in the utilization of natural and synthetic biomaterials (alone/in combination) to speed up the regeneration rate of injured cells in skin wounds were summarised. Finally, 23 papers were critically reviewed and discussed.
Results
In total, 2022 scholarly articles were retrieved from databases utilizing the aforementioned input methods. After eliminating duplicates and articles published before 2017, ~520 articles remained that were relevant to the topic at hand (biomaterials for wound healing) and could be evaluated for quality. Following different procedures, 23 publications were selected as best fitting for data extraction. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for this review illustrates the selection criteria, such as exclusion and inclusion parameters. The 23 recent publications pointed to the use of both natural and synthetic polymers in wound healing applications. Information related to wound type and the mechanism of action has also been reviewed carefully. The selected publication showed that composites of natural and synthetic polymers were used extensively for both surgical and burn wounds. Extensive research revealed the effects of polymer-based biomaterials in wound healing and their recent advancement.
Conclusions
The effects of biomaterials in wound healing are critically examined in this review. Different biomaterials have been tried to speed up the healing process, however, their success varies with the severity of the wound. However, some of the biomaterials raise questions when applied on a wide scale because of their scarcity, high transportation costs and processing challenges. Therefore, even if a biomaterial has good wound healing qualities, it may be technically unsuitable for use in actual medical scenarios. All of these restrictions have been examined closely in this review.
... Silk fibroin (SF) is widely available in the textile industry. It is a biocompatible natural polymer with flexibility, and it has therefore emerged as an attractive material for cartilage tissue engineering [167][168][169]. The advantages of SF-based scaffolds are their controllable porosity [71] and tunable mechanical properties [170]. ...
Osteochondral (OC) repair is an extremely challenging topic due to the complex biphasic structure and poor intrinsic regenerative capability of natural osteochondral tissue. In contrast to the current surgical approaches which yield only short-term relief of symptoms, tissue engineering strategy has been shown more promising outcomes in treating OC defects since its emergence in the 1990s. In particular, the use of multizonal scaffolds (MZSs) that mimic the gradient transitions, from cartilage surface to the subchondral bone with either continuous or discontinuous compositions, structures, and properties of natural OC tissue, has been gaining momentum in recent years. Scrutinizing the latest developments in the field, this review offers a comprehensive summary of recent advances, current hurdles, and future perspectives of OC repair, particularly the use of MZSs including bilayered, trilayered, multilayered, and gradient scaffolds, by bringing together onerous demands of architecture designs, material selections, manufacturing techniques as well as the choices of growth factors and cells, each of which possesses its unique challenges and opportunities.
