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The antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Heterotheca inuloides have been reported before, nevertheless its use as a possible chemopreventive agent has not been documented. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of H. inuloides extracts using the Ames test. Both, the methanolic and acetonic extracts,...
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... et al. 28 , has reported that a flavonoid structure with a free hydroxyl group at position 3, a double bond linking positions 2 and 3, and a keto-group at position 4, allowing the proton of the hydroxyl group at 3 to tautomerise to a 3-keto moiety, favors mutagenic activity. Among the compounds that are present in H. inuloides extracts, quercetin (Figure 1) and kaempferol, display these structural features. Furthermore, the mutagenic activity of these flavonoids was previously reported by Aparecida et al. 29 , sup- porting our results for quercetin. ...
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... The methanolic extract of HI reduced the mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene, norfloxacin, and 2-aminoanthracene. The antigenotoxic properties could be due to the antioxidant properties of component into extract such as catenanes, sterols, polyacetylenes, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, and flavonoid glycosides [29]. ...
Mutation is the process leading to heritable changes in DNA caused mainly by internal and external factors. Recently, studies on mutagenic agents have been increased due to increasing in mutation-related disease. The antimutagenic effect is desired to prevent mutation on genes or to inactivate the mutagenic agent. It seems that the interest in antimutagenic substances displaying multiple mechanisms of action will be an important trend in the research and development of new antimutagenic compounds in the near future. Therefore, this chapter displays various possible mechanisms of action for antimutagenic agent and introduces different types of antimutagens, natural and synthetic, that are considered very important.
... Quercetin (QCN) (Fig. 10a) can promote metabolism of fatty acid, inhibit lipid peroxidation, affect mitochondrial functions, and specifically increase gene expression associated with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, but its bioavailability is poor [179][180][181]. Nanomaterial improved the bioavailability of QCN. ...
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... mechanisms, including scavenging bacterial mutagens, interacting with mutagenic reactive intermediates and affecting microsomal enzymes [67]. However, flavonoids may also show dual concentration-dependent effects, either mutagenic or antimutagenic [68]. Thus, the antimutagenic activity of the extract and rutin could be related to the antioxidant activity because other studies have reported that antioxidant compounds are related to the antimutagenic activity [69,70]. ...
Hancornia speciosa Gomes is a fruit tree, commonly known as the mangaba tree, which is widespread throughout Brazil. The leaves of this plant are used in traditional medicine for medicinal purposes. Thus, the objective of this study was to perform a physicochemical characterization, identify the lipophilic antioxidants and fatty acids, and determine the microbiological quality and safety of H. speciosa leaves. In addition, the antioxidant, antimutagenic, and inhibitory activities of the ethanolic extract of H. speciosa leaves (EEHS) against enzymes related to neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, obesity, and diabetes were investigated. Furthermore, this study aimed at assessing the in vivo effects of the EEHS on the glycemia of normoglycemic and diabetic Wistar rats. Physicochemical characterization was performed by colorimetry and gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The total number of colonies of aerobic mesophiles, molds, and yeasts was determined. The total coliforms and Escherichia coli were counted using the SimPlates kit, and sulphite-reducing Clostridium spores were quantified using the sulphite-polymyxin-sulfadiazine agar method. Salmonella spp. were detected using the 1-2 Test. The antioxidant activity of the EEHS was measured by its inhibition of 2,2 ′ -azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride- (AAPH-) induced oxidative hemolysis of human erythrocytes. The antimutagenic activity was determined using the Ames test. The acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, hyaluronidase, lipase, α -amylase, and α -glycosidase enzyme-inhibiting activities were assessed and compared with commercial controls. The in vivo effects of the EEHS were assessed using the oral glucose tolerance test in normoglycemic Wistar rats and measuring the blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. The results demonstrated physical-chemical parameters of microbiological quality and safety in the leaves of H. speciosa , as well as antioxidant and antimutagenic activities and inhibition of enzymes related to neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, obesity, and diabetes. In in vivo assays, it was shown that the normoglycemic rats challenged with glucose overload show significantly decreased blood glucose levels when treated with the EEHS. Taken together, the results ensure the microbiological quality and safety as well as showing the contents of carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids of H. speciosa leaves. Additionally, the antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer’s disease, anti-Parkinson’s disease, antiobesity, and antihyperglycemic activities of the EEHS were demonstrated.
... The antimutagenic properties of flavonoids and other phenolics are largely ascribed to their ability to inhibit the mitochondrial enzymes P450, critically responsible for the physiological activation of indirect mutagens and carcinogens. 48 Neutralization of the oxidative intermediates that are responsible for DNA damage is also considered as one of the protection mechanism based on the free radical scavenging feature of flavonoids. 49 Additionally, the complexation of DNA and protective molecules (flavonoids) via covalent/noncovalent interactions is also considered responsible for the protection against DNA damage. ...
Spices and herbs are recognized as sources of natural antioxidants and thus play an important role in the chemoprevention of diseases and aging. Piper cubeba is one among them and known for its medicinal properties for decades. Various biological activities are associated with its extract and phytocompounds. However, the anti-mutagenic activity of antioxidant rich extract is less explored. In this study, we performed the fraction-based antioxidant activity of P. cubeba using four different assays and evaluated the anti-mutagenic activity of most potent antioxidant fraction using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains against four mutagens (methyl methanesulfonate [MMS], sodium azide [SA], benzo(a)pyrene, and 2-aminoflourene) respectively. Among all tested fractions at 25–200 µg/ml, ethanolic extract revealed highest antioxidant activity and significant anti-mutagenicity against both direct and indirect acting mutagens at least one tester strain. Phytochemical analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed the presence of various phytocompounds including copaene, isocaryophyllene, α-cubebene, etc. Molecular docking studies on DNA binding interactions of GC/MS detected phytocompounds highlight the possible mode of binding. In summary, these in vitro studies have provided the scientific basis for validation of using this plant in the traditional system of medicine and highlighted the need for exploring the role of various compounds for therapeutic efficacy. On the other hand, synergistic interaction among phytocompounds is to be explored to optimize or standardize the extracts for the exploitation in modern phytomedicine.
... The antimutagenic properties of flavonoids and other phenolics are largely ascribed to their ability to inhibit the mitochondrial enzymes P450, critically responsible for the physiological activation of indirect mutagens and carcinogens. 48 Neutralization of the oxidative intermediates that are responsible for DNA damage is also considered as one of the protection mechanism based on the free radical scavenging feature of flavonoids. 49 Additionally, the complexation of DNA and protective molecules (flavonoids) via covalent/noncovalent interactions is also considered responsible for the protection against DNA damage. ...
Considering the ethnopharmacological importance of Syzygium cumini’s seed and lack of information on antimutagenic and DNA protecting mechanisms, a fraction based study was conducted. Four different (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous) fractions were obtained from sequential extraction of methanolic extract of the seed. Most active antioxidant fraction (Ethyl acetate) contains significant amount of phenolics and flavonoids. The LC-qTOF-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate revealed the presence of rutin, myricetin, naringin, cuscohygrin and epoxycarryophyllone as constituent phytocompounds. The ethyl acetate fraction (100 µg/ml) and its selected compound (rutin, 40 µg/ml) showed remarkable percent decrease in revertants frequency range from 74-77% and 66-84% respectively, against both the mutagens (Sodium azide, NaN3 and methyl methane sulfonate, MMS) in Salmonella typhimurium tester strains. All statistical analysis were at significance level of 0.05 between different treatment groups. Moreover, the underlying mechanism of antimutagenicity using different treatment regime for rutin was explored. MMS mediated DNA fragmentation and oxidation in lymphocytes were also shown to be decreased significantly when treated with ethyl acetate fraction and rutin respectively. Oxidative damage to PBR322 plasmid DNA was also reduced significantly when incubated with different concentration of the ethyl acetate fraction and rutin. Biophysical (UV, fluorescence, ITC etc.) and computational methods were employed to obtain close look of DNA-rutin interaction. The data obtained has clearly revealed that ethyl acetate fraction exhibited promising antimutagenic and DNA protective activity and its flavonoid constituent including rutin contribute significantly for the observed activity.
... Quercetin can bind directly to DNA and this contact may be one of the mechanism of in vitro mutagenicity and also strong mutagen in bacteria [24,25]. Quercetin is a pro-oxidant can oxidise nuclear envelope lipids and cause DNA strand breaks [26]. Based on these study results non-cytotoxic and non-mutagenic concentrations of quercetin was applied in the antimutagenicity and adaptive response assays. ...
Quercetin is a ubiquitous plant flavoniod with significant pharmacological and clinical activity. In this study we determined to demonstrate the protective role of quercetin against range of mutagens and carcinogens in a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies via different mechanisms. Quercetin demonstrated significant protective role against sodium azide, benzo(a)pyrene, cyclophosphamide monohydrate, methyl methane sulphonate and etoposide compared to other mutagens. Quercetin is effective in both in vitro and in vivo test conditions and also in the presence as well as in the absence of metabolic activation system (Rat liver S9). Auto oxidation, antioxidant properties, inhibition of pro-mutagens metabolism by CYP1A activity and multiple antimutagenic and adaptive response, mechanisms of quercetin may account for its protective role in cancer prevention. In conclusion, the results clearly indicate that quercetin plays a significant role against mutagens that act by direct DNA binding (form DNA adducts), pro-mutagens and alkylating agents with free radical generation; which could be the rationale for its potent anticancer activity against particular cancer types.
... This finding affirms that, TXER exhibits significant antimutagenic activity against chemical carcinogen induced mutation on Salmonella strains. The anti-mutagenic potential of TXER on 2-AA induced mutagenesis may be due to its ability to inhibit the metabolism of procarcinogen 2-AA [39]. This result also agrees with the previous report Snijman et al. [40] that the presence of carbonyl group and 2, 3 double bonds in the C ring of the flavonoid plays a substantial role in the antimutagenic properties. ...
... polychromatic erythrocytes as PCEs and norm chromatic erythrocytes as NCEs). About 2000 PCEs and corresponding NCEs per animals were scanned for the presence of MN [14,15,6] . ...
Cancer is not a single disease, but rather a group of diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth. Present study was taken up to evaluate antimutagenic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Momordica charantia (MC) by bone marrow micronucleus assay (MNT) and chromosomal aberration Assay (CAA) in mice. Cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg,) was used as a genotoxic challenge and bone marrow of control and MC treated mice was collected after. In MNT, the bone marrow smears were stained with May-Grunwald's followed by Giemsa stain. Polychromatic and Normochromatic erythrocytes were counted and P/N ratio was calculated. In CAA, Colchicine (0.250gm /100 ml DDW), i.p, was administered 90 min before sacrifice, bone marrow smears were prepared, stained with Giemsa stain and observed under 100X for different types of chromosomal aberrations. Mitotic index was calculated. The MC has significantly decreased the formation of micronuclei, increased the P/N ratio, inhibited the formation of chromosomal aberrations and increased the mitotic index. The micronucleus study showed that. Momordica charantia has significant antimutagenic activity.
... Quercetin is a natural flavonoid compound that is widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. It exerts numerous beneficial effects on neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-ischaemic, antimutagenic, antiviral and cardiovascular protection processes [15][16][17][18][19][20] . Many studies have shown that quercetin acts as a novel protectant by mitigating the increased levels of TNF-α and ROS [21][22][23][24] . ...
Quercetin is an important dietary flavonoid present in fruits and vegetables and has attracted attention because of its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Inflammation and oxidative stress play important roles in posttraumatic cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which contributes to secondary cardiac dysfunction. This study investigates the protective effect of quercetin on trauma-induced secondary cardiac injury and the mechanisms involved. Widely accepted nonlethal mechanical trauma models were established. In vivo, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction in rats were assessed using TUNEL staining and a biological mechanic experiment system. In vitro, cell viability, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and [Ca2+]i of H9c2 cells were detected using an MTT assay, ELISA, and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate and fluo-4 acetoxymethyl ester assays respectively. Quercetin pretreatment (20 mg/kg i.p.; 0.5 h before trauma) significantly improved posttraumatic cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction. Pretreatment with quercetin (20 μM; 24 h before trauma plasma addition) significantly attenuated trauma-induced viability decreases, TNF-α increases, ROS overproduction and [Ca2+]i overload in H9c2 cells. In conclusion, quercetin may reverse posttraumatic cardiac dysfunction by reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis through the suppression of TNF-α increases, ROS overproduction and Ca2+ overload in cardiomyocytes, representing a potential preventive approach for the treatment of secondary cardiac injury after mechanical trauma.
... Haraguchi et al (1997) lado, los pretratamientos sobre tejidos de ratas con extractos de Heterotheca inuloides y de quercetina atenuaron el incremento en la actividad del suero sanguíneo de la fosfatasa alcalina (ALP), la bilirrubina total (BB), creatinina (CRE), y la creatina quinasa (CK) e impidieron el decrecimiento de la gamma globulina (γ-GLOB) y albúmina (ALB), que se observan en el daño (oxidativo) inducido con el cloruro de carbono (CCl 4 ) (Coballase, 2013). De manera similar, la quercetina encontrada en la planta presentó un efecto antimutagénico, aunque también un efecto mutagénico (Ruiz et al., 2014). Rodríguez (2015) encontró que algunos compuestos flavonoides incrementaron la vida del nemátodo Caenorhabditis elegans, mientras que la quercetina fue el compuesto con mayor actividad para este efecto. ...
El hombre, a lo largo de su historia, ha utilizado a las plantas medicinales para su
bienestar y el de sus comunidades. En México se presenta una recolección excesiva
de plantas medicinales silvestres, provocada principalmente por el crecimiento
demográfico. Una solución a este problema, es el cultivo de aquellas especies con
mayor presión de recolección, sin embargo, poco se sabe de los efectos sobre los
principios activos que ocurren cuando se alteran los factores ambientales a los que en
condiciones naturales está sometida la planta.
Esta investigación se realizó sobre una planta medicinal nativa de México, conocida
como árnica (Heterotheca inuloides Cass.) con el objetivo de identificar el efecto del
sustrato, la fertilización y la humedad del suelo en el desarrollo y la concentración de
flavonoides en esta especie.
Para conocer la situación de recolección del árnica y otras plantas medicinales
silvestres se realizó una encuesta en distintas localidades de Texcoco, además de una
entrevista para la localización de árnica silvestre. Se cultivaron plantas de árnica a
partir de material reproductivo de este origen y se les aplicaron distintos tratamientos
de riego, sustrato y fertilización. Para conocer el desarrollo de las plantas se
cuantificaron la materia seca, y como principio activo del árnica, se midió la
concentración de flavonoides. Ambos datos se utilizaron para estimar la cantidad de
los mismos, en la parte vegetativa y las inflorescencias.
Se determinó que riegos semanales o más espaciados reducen drásticamente el
desarrollo y la floración de la planta. Si bien la concentración de flavonoides
incrementa con el estrés hídrico, este incremento no compensa la reducción del
desarrollo y la floración. El tipo de sustrato modificó de manera estadísticamente
significativa la cantidad de flavonoides por inflorescencia, debido a que la
concentración de flavonoides en inflorescencias fue mayor en las plantas cultivadas en
tierra de las minas de arena.
In the world they have been used medicinal plants throughout history and have been of
great importance to the welfare of the population. In Mexico at the present time
population growth and other factors have led to over-harvesting of wild medicinal
plants. One solution to this problem may be its cultivation, however, little is known
about the effects on the active ingredients that occur when environmental factors to
which the plant is subjected are altered.
This document reflects the research on the Mexican native medicinal plant known as
arnica (Heterotheca inuloides Cass.) in order to know some possible alterations in the
development of the plant and its active ingredients caused by important factors such as
substrate, fertilization and irrigation.
In order to explore about the status of arnica and other wild medicinal plants in
different locations a survey was conducted in Texcoco, in addition to an interview that
was necessary for locating wild arnica. Arnica plants were grown from reproductive
material of this origin and different treatments of irrigation, fertilization and substrate
were applied. To quantify plant development it was measured dry matter and as arnica
active ingredient flavonoid concentration was measured. Both data were used to
estimate it's amount. The vegetative part and inflorescences were studied.
We found that a week or more spaced irrigation frequencies drastically reduce the
development and flowering of the plant. While the concentration of flavonoids increased
with water stress, this increase did not offset the reduction of development and
flowering. The type of substrate modified statistically significantly the amount of
flavonoids per inflorescence, because the concentration of flavonoids in plants
cultivated in sandpit soil.
