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![Figure 3. Xyloglucan: a component of hemicelluloses [29].](profile/Namita-Singh-8/publication/336769224/figure/fig1/AS:817392565374978@1571892982838/Xyloglucan-a-component-of-hemicelluloses-29_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 7. Cellulose hydrolysis in acidic media [47].](profile/Namita-Singh-8/publication/336769224/figure/fig3/AS:817392569552897@1571892983358/Cellulose-hydrolysis-in-acidic-media-47_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 9. Mechanism of action of cellulases [54].](profile/Namita-Singh-8/publication/336769224/figure/fig4/AS:817392569565184@1571892983465/Mechanism-of-action-of-cellulases-54_Q320.jpg)
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... microfibrils are found to be surrounded by a complex aromatic heteropolymer known as lignin which provides a tough protective shield to highly energetic cellulose fibers [30]. Lignin comprises of β-aryl ether, biaryl ether, phenylcoumaran, pinoresinol, or diaryl propane linked p-coumaryl, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol units (Figure 4). It is categorized as softwood lignin when the coniferyl alcohol derivatives predominant, hardwood lignin where both coniferyl and synapyl alcohol derivatives exist together and grass lignin where it chiefly consisted of p-coumaryl alcohol derivatives [31]. ...
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Sistem pengering tipe efek rumah kaca (ERK) bekerja dengan memanfaatkan energi panas matahari. Cara kerja tersebut memiliki kekurangan karena sangat bergantung pada cuaca untuk mendapatkan energi panas matahari secara maksimal. Kekurangan tersebut dapat mengganggu proses pengeringan hasil pengolahan produk perkebunan, khususnya gaplek. Oleh karena...
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Citations
... Similarly, recycling of one ton of printing or copying paper saves nearly two tons of wood, [256]. The paper manufacturing industry significantly uses the lignocellulose-containing sources. ...
... Bio-bleaching using enzymes is an important replacement to avoid environmental pollution. The elimination of intransigent lignin is carried out from the pulp, a process known as bleaching used to make the paper brighter and whiter paper [256]. Many paper mills globally use chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) as a bleaching agent for the manufacturing of top-quality white paper. ...
... However, adoption of these alternatives wher requires moderations to the procedure and is regarded a higher cost proposal on a broad scale. Xylanases and laccases are environmentally-sound for the bleaching purposes [256]. ...
Cellulase enzyme complex is comprised of three enzymes namely exo-glucanase, endo-glucanase and β-glucosidase which act synergistically to deconstruct cellulosic biomass in order to produce fermentable sugars. The enzymes are produced naturally by the living organisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae. The majority of microorganisms that live in extreme environments including hot/cold springs, rumen stomach, deep ocean trench, acidic/alkaline pH environment, have been regarded as appealing producers of cellulase. Cellulases produced by microorganisms have enormous applications in different industries such as agriculture, food and feed production, brewing, textile, laundry and biofuel production. Scientists as well as industry researchers consider cellulases as a prospective candidate for further studies due to the intricacy of the enzyme system and massive industrial potential. Scientific belief in its production and further studies challenges are receiving greater attention these days, notably in the intent of decreasing its production cost at the industrial scale. In this review, future possibilities of using cellulase for various industrial applications are also addressed.
... Figure 6 : Exemple de structure d'hémicellulose : xyloglucane. Squelette de β-D-glucanes en bleu, α-D-xylose en rouge, α-D-galactose en noir, α-L-fucose en marron [73] . ...
Les travux de thèse ont été menés dans un contexte de développement et de valorisation de la filière lin au travers de l'élaboration de nouveaux matériaux composites biosourcés à base de mucilage et de fibres de lin. Ces travaux ont conduit dans un premier temps à la synthèse de précurseurs d'isosorbide époxy et polyuréthanes comme alternative aux précurseurs toxiques conventionnels. Pour cela nous avons proposé une voie originale d'optimisation de la synthèse de diglycidyle éther d'isosorbide (DGEI) en utilisant un procédé ultrasonique. Par la suite, la comparaison des méthodes de transformation des époxys en carbonates cycliques par l'inclusion de CO₂ nous a servi de base dans l'élaboration d'un protocole efficace de conversion des DGEI en cyclocarbonates d'isosorbide (CCI) dans des conditions douces de pression et de température. Dans une seconde partie, l'extraction de composés hydrosolubles de la graine de lin a permis d'identifier la structure complexe du mucilage et les effets des paramètres d'extraction sur les propriétés physico-chimiques et thermiques du mucilage. Ensuite, pour la première fois, l'oxydation du mucilage au 2,2,6,6-tétraméthylpipéridine-1-oxyle (TEMPO) a été réalisée avec succès. Puis, nous avons pu mettre en évidence l'efficience de l'oxydation assistée par ultrasons comparée à la méthode classique lors de la montée en échelle du procédé. En vue d'améliorer la compatibilité fibre/matrice des composites à fibres végétales, des traitements appliqués sur des fibres courtes de lin ont été effectués amenant à l'individualisation des fibres et à l'amélioration de l'oxydation appliquée sur des fibres sonifiées. Ces différents matériaux ont permis de formuler un panel de nouveaux biocomposites. Les DGEI ont été valorisés par la confection d'une résine réticulée par une amine renforcée par des fibres longues de lin dont les performances sont identiques aux composites pétro-sourcés. Par la suite, la sonicationdes fibres courtes de lin a mené à l'amélioration des propriétés mécaniques de composite PLA/Lin. L'utilisation de mucilage oxydé a démontré les aspects positifs de l'incorporation du mucilage de lin dans les composites légers et résistants en compression.
Sustainability has been one of the main issues in the world in recent years. The decrease of resources in the world, along with the growing world population, and the resulting environmental waste, present a fairly significant problem. As an alternative solution to this problem, insects are put forward as an ideal resource. Due to the enzymes and microorganisms in their intestinal microbiota, the biotransformation processes of insects are capable of converting wastes, organic materials, and residues into valuable products that can be used for various industrial applications such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, functional food, etc. Some species of insects are in an advantageous position because of the simplicity of their life cycle and the ease of their production and feeding on organic materials to make them valuable products. Considering the sustainability perspective, utilization of the microorganisms or enzymes isolated from these microorganisms available in the microbiota of insects may allow novel insect-based biotransformation processes that promise a more sustainable world and novel green technologies.
