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The possibilities of utilization of biopolymers, the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in particular, are reviewed and discussed. The ways of their functionalization with photoresponsive molecules to get desired properties are described and illustrated on several examples as well as the processing of materials into thin films. Their room-and photo-therma...
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Context 1
... collagen molecule is composed of three associated alpha polypeptide chains, as shown in Figure 4, linked by hydrogen bonds between hydroxylysine and l'hydroxyproline and by covalent bonds. An alpha chain is constituted of 1055 amino acids. ...
Context 2
... length of tropocollagen is of ca 280 nm and the diameter of 1.5 nm, respectively. The already mentioned constituent elements amino acids comprise glycine, proline, hydroxylysine and 4-hydroxyproline (Figure 4). There are several types of molecular chains, which are composed of repetitive sequences of these amino acids. ...
Citations
The chapter considers the structure, organization, and function of two major collagen species, type I and X collagen, and their relationship to the mineralization process of vertebrate tissues. The importance of hole and overlap zones in the COLI molecule is discussed in terms of their chemistry and providing critical sites for nascent mineral formation in bone, dentin, cementum and, in some avians, tendon. At these intramolecular sites, the stereochemistry of charged amino acids comprising COLI is suggested as a principal factor leading to the binding of calcium and phosphate ions as initial events in the nucleation of mineral. At intermolecular sites and along COLI fibril surfaces, nucleation is hypothesized as being mediated again by charged amino acids or by noncollagenous proteins, which may bind calcium and phosphate ions, putative prenucleation clusters, and the COLI surfaces. In comparison with the fibrillar COLI molecule, the non-fibrillar COLX is solely expressed and secreted by hypertrophic chondrocytes and transiently occupies the extracellular matrix of developing endochondral bone. Because of its expression and abundance, COLX has been proposed to play a dominant role in the mineralization of epiphyseal cartilage, and this protein may also enhance structural support of the forming bone, promote vascular invasion of the cartilage, and facilitate stem cell activities. Together with COLII, COLX appears to provide a matrix which accepts calcium phosphate ions and their clusters as well as matrix vesicles. These interactions may foster the formation and subsequent maturation of early mineral foci into mature apatite. However, the precise role of roles of COLX in the mineralization process remains incompletely understood.
In this chapter, the research and recent advances in nucleic acid-based hybrid materials for the application of photoelectronic energy conversion applications were covered. To create novel intelligent materials for sustainable energy, the use of nucleic acid as environmentally friendly bioinspired materials was discussed in detail, with the elucidation of their innate structure and properties, the principles, current synthetic, and manufacturing techniques. The performance improvements of nucleic acid materials based electronic energy device were also summarized, with their innovative functionalization and mechanism, toward the establishment of cutting-edge technologies that are not only extensions of current silicon-based systems. This chapter aims to contribute to the revitalization of hybrid biomaterials with energy conversion devices, in line with the goal of sustainable energy, and contribute to the resolution of various energy issues from daily life to the global environment scale, through the research and development of nucleic acid-based materials and technology currently being conducted in multidisciplinary research fields and industry.
A simple method for measuring the light propagation losses in thin films deposited on an transparent plane parallel substrate is described. It consists on measuring the scattered light intensity from a plane parallel waveguiding substrate on which the optical propagation loss measured thin film is deposited. The method is simple to set up and to operate. It allows to measure relatively large propagation losses. It is illustrated by measuring very large propagation losses in chromophore doped deoxyribonucleic – surfactant complex thin film deposited on a plane parallel glass plate. The method is particularly interesting for measuring large propagation losses.
One of the possibilities to create organic molecular material for
NLO applications are polymers with
dispersed NLO active chromophores. These
molecules must be acentrically ordered by applying an external electric
poling field. The NLO efficiency depends on
dipole moment, molecular hyperpolarizabilities, concentration of the
chromophores and external poling field strength. Calculating, from first
principles, the extent of the alignment and via this
NLO efficiency has proven to be
challenging. One approach to solve this problem is pure analytic
statistical mechanics treatment, what could be enhanced by Monte Carlo
( MC ) statistical mechanical modelling. The
chromophore molecules usually have been treated as point dipoles
embedded in some kind of realistic molecular shape - prolate spheroid.
Another possibility is fully atomistic molecular modelling with
classical force field MD methods. This
method allows obtain extent of alignment and observing kinetics of
poling and relaxation. Unfortunately, in case when host and chromophores
are represented at atomistic level, MD
approach requires huge amount of computations. One of the solutions is
to reproduce the motion of the molecules of interest (chromophores)
using Langevin dynamics ( LD ). This method
simulates the effect of molecular collisions and the resulting
dissipation of energy that occur in real host, without explicitly
including host molecules. In this contribution chromophore load, dipole
moment and poling field impact on extent of alignment and poling /
relaxation dynamics of model system obtained by
LD simulations will be presented. On a
basis of these results we would like to come forward with some
inspirations for EO polymer design.
