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Antibiotics are the most active chemotherapeutics among drugs; they exert their therapeutic effect by antagonizing the growth of bacteria. Since 1910 many antibiotics have been developed with different mechanisms of action including: (1) inhibition of bacteria’s cell wall synthesis; this class of antibiotics includes vancomycin and β-lactam antibio...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... cephalosporins are produced by modifications on cephalosporin C molecule ( Figure 8). Substitutions on C7 result in providing compounds with more stability against β-lactamases, which caused increase in activity and broader spectrum such as cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and ceftazidime. ...
Context 2
... (Figure 28) was the first antibiotic discovered in 1952 among this group. After its discovery many semisynthetic compounds were developed such as clarithromycin, azithromycin and roxithromycin that are all derivatives of erythromycin with better microbiological and pharmacokinetic properties. ...
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Background
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) changes over time and continuous monitoring provides insight on trends to inform both empirical treatment and public health action.AimsTo survey trends in relative isolation frequency (RIF) and AMR among key bloodstream pathogens using data from the Greek Electronic System for the Surveillance of AMR (WHONE...
Aim:
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Methods:
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Citations
... Antibiotik dengan kelompok kimia sama akan menunjukkan pola efektivitas, toksisitas, dan potensi efek samping alergi yang hampir sama pula (Etebu & Arikekpar, 2016). (Etebu & Arikekpar, 2016;Jumaa & Karaman, 2015) a. Beta-laktam Kelompok antibiotik ini mengandung struktur inti, cincin 3karbon dan 1-nitrogen yang sangat reaktif. Struktur inti ini mengganggu protein yang penting untuk sintesis dinding sel bakteri dan aktif dalam membunuh atau menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. ...
Buku ini berisi tentang aspek umum mikrobiologi farmasi, keragaman prokariot bakteri, isolasi dan kultivasi mikroba, identifikasi mikroba, pertumbuhan mikroba, pengendalian pertumbuhan mikroba, uji sterilitas produk farmasi, antibiotik, uji potensi antibiotik, uji endotoksin bakteri, resistensi mikroba, dan inovasi antimikroba baru
... Antibiotics are the most important weapons in fighting bacterial infections and have greatly benefited the health-related quality of human life since their introduction. They exert their therapeutic effect by antagonizing the growth of bacteria with different mechanisms of action including: inhibition of bacteria's cell wall synthesis; inhibition of protein synthesis and as DNA synthesis inhibitors [1]. In the recent years, using antibiotics has led to resistance. ...
Natural drugs play important and vital role in the modern medicine. They cure ailments which may not be treated by conventional medicine and exhibit many biological activities like antimicrobial. The purpose of our study is to screen phytochemicals and to determine antibacterial activity of hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Tribulus terrestris leaves against five pathogens (Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus). The extracts were prepared by cold maceration and the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using agar well diffusion method. The inhibition zones were measured for five concentrations (10 mg, 5 mg, 2.5 mg, 1.25 mg and 0.625 mg) of the extract. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, carbohydrates, flavones, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, proteins, quinones and tannins. In antibacterial assay, inhibition zones were detected in all extracts and in all concentrations. Large zones were formed in hexane and diethyl ether extracts. As the concentration of extract increased, the diameter of inhibition zones around the well also increased. Hence our results support the use of all the four extracts of Tribulus terrestris as a source of antibiotic substance for the possible treatment of human pathogenic organisms.
A UV-Vis spectrophotometry method was developed for the determination of metoclopramide hydrochloride in pure and several pharmaceutical preparations, such as Permosan tablets, Meclodin syrups, and Plasil ampoules. The method is based on the diazotization reaction of metoclopramide hydrochloride with sodium nitrate and hydrochloric acid to yield the diazonium salt, which is then reacted with 3,5-dimethyl phenol in the presence of sodium hydroxide to form a yellow azo dye. Calibration curves were linear in the range from 0.3 to 6.5 μg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9993. The limits of detection and quantification were determined and found to be 0.18 and 0.61 μg/mL, respectively. Accuracy and precision were also determined by calculating the relative error, relative standard deviation, and recoveries. No interference was found from additive substances in pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed method has been successfully applied to determine metoclopramide hydrochloride concentrations in different pharmaceutical formulation samples.
