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Starting with a short summary about chemical and physical fundamentals of different interlayer materials, this article gives an overview about the thermal stability of these analyzed materials. Interlayer of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) as well as ionomers like SentryGlas (SG) are subjects of this investigation. Due to the chemical structure, the materi...
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![Fig. 3. The deformations in [mm] of the laminated glass for various...](profile/Jan-Jaskowiec/publication/282539261/figure/fig3/AS:321963382853634@1453773460293/The-deformations-in-mm-of-the-laminated-glass-for-various-values-of-the-external-force_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 4. The deformations in [mm] of the laminated glass for various...](profile/Jan-Jaskowiec/publication/282539261/figure/fig4/AS:321963382853635@1453773460322/The-deformations-in-mm-of-the-laminated-glass-for-various-values-of-the-external-force_Q320.jpg)
This paper deals with the three-dimensional modeling of laminated glass failure due to delamination of the glass. The extended finite element method is used here (XFEM) to input discontinuity to the approximation field. The regarded glass consists of two outer glass plies and thin inner layer of the polyvinyl butyral (PVB). The PVB inner layer is v...
Laminated glass and laminated safety glass are used in a wide range of applications,
for example in construction, automotive and photovoltaic industry. High demands on security
properties are made, especially to laminated safety glass. These properties, such as binding
glass fragments in case of breakage and the residual bearing capacity, will be r...
![Figure 8 Full pane test setup completed by Hooper [1]](profile/Jon-Farley/publication/336891317/figure/fig2/AS:819618432184321@1572423670267/Full-pane-test-setup-completed-by-Hooper-1_Q320.jpg)
The significant benefits of using laminated glazing for increased resilience against blast loads have been well documented in research studies and industry design guidance. Upon fracture under blast loads, monolithic glazing forms sharp edged fragments that have the potential to form hazardous projectiles under high velocities. This has been found...
Local Electrochemical Impedance Mapping (LEIM) methodology was adopted to quantify the propagation of electrochemically active regions with a micrometric precision. The method consisted in the use of the gradient modulus of the admittance map as a parameter for the spatial quantification. Numerical simulations were used to optimize the experimental...
Citations
... For the numerical analysis of laminated glass and interlayer material in particular, elastic, hyperelastic, plastic, and viscoelastic models have been adopted for the deformation modelling [17]. Interlayer materials for laminated glass have been extensively characterized in experimental studies, mainly regarding ageing resistance [28,29,44,[51][52][53][54][55][56], mechanical properties [57][58][59][60][61][62] and recyclability [63][64][65][66]. The action of weather: moisture, temperature cycles, and solar radiation have been identified as key factors on physical and mechanical properties during the lifetime of the interlayer materials. ...
... In this case crosslinking is not obtained through the addition of sulphur (vulcanization) but with metal ions which act as physical crosslinking points (Fig. 5). Therefore, this material can be classified in the group of thermoplastics [54]. ...
... Temperature affects the viscoelastic response of the interlayer, but in order to simulate thermal ageing, most authors choose dynamic methods rather than isothermal tests. Dynamic methods, which include cycles between at least two temperatures, simulate better the ageing effects of temperature and are the most widespread methods in this field [28,51,[53][54][55] and in other fields such as polymer matrix composites [98]. Table 8 shows temperature test studies, along with analysed materials, temperature program followed, test duration, evaluation method and year of publication. ...
... In conjunction with the results of the thermal stability of the interlayer materials [20], conclusions about the ageing behaviour and resistance of laminated glass with alternative interlayers can be taken. ...
Different polymeric interlayer materials, such as polyvinyl butyrale, ethylene vinylacetate, thermoplastic polyurethanes or ionomers can be used to produce laminated glass and laminated safety glass. The ageing behaviour of polymeric interlayer materials is a crucial criterion for the durability of the laminate and thus the construction.
Starting with a short summary about the chemical and physical fundamentals of different interlayer materials, this article gives an overview about various accelerated aging tests. These tests of laminates with different interlayer materials, such as OSRAM test, alternating climate test, temperature test and corrosion test, are carried out to investigate the stability and degradation behavior of the materials. Also, the influence of these harmful environmental conditions on the compound effect and the emergence of defects are investigated.
... In conjunction with the results of the thermal stability of the interlayer materials [19], conclusions about the ageing behaviour and resistance of laminated glass with alternative interlayer can be taken. ...
Different polymeric interlayer materials, such as polyvinyl butyrale, ethylene vinylacetete, thermoplastic polyurethanes or ionomers can be used to produce laminated glass and laminated safety glass. The ageing behaviour of polymeric interlayer materials is a crucial criterion for the durability of the laminate and thus the construction. Effects such as blistering or delamination are undesirable and may decrease the adhesion between glass and interlayer, thus leading to dissolve the laminate over a long period. However, haze and discolouration lead to visual impairments and thus reduce the required durability of the laminated glass.Various accelerated aging tests of laminates with different interlayer materials are carried out, such as OSRAM test, alternating climate test, temperature test and corrosion test. The infl uence of these harmful environmental conditions on the compound effect and the emergence of defects are investigated.
Thermoplastic softening is one of the most desirable de-stiffening methods because of its reversibility, scalability, and applicability in many of current multi-layered structures without compromising structural performance. Despite the advantages, long activation times and high activation power requirements are generally considered as the main drawbacks for this method which can potentially limit its application in scenarios where fast de-stiffening is required. The aim of this study is to identify the key design requirements of heating element to minimise the de-stiffening response time using thermoplastic softening while maximising transparency. The focus of this study is on multilayer transparent structures, with low heating element content. A systematic investigation, including experimental and numerical investigation, is performed to study the effect of the fill factor and the heating element’s length scale on the response time of de-stiffening. Melting of the polymer and melting or electrical breakdown of the heating element are observed as practical limitations and are introduced as constraints to the design maps. The fill factor is found to have considerable influence on improving the response time, especially at low fill factors (i.e. below 10%). For the material combinations investigated here, the design maps show that heating elements with wire diameters up to 7 μm, at maximum transparency of 2% fill factor and up to 12 μm at 20% fill factor can achieve sub-second response times for temperature increase of 30⁰C. This new understanding will accelerate the technology readiness level of active structural control technology to be used in the future multi-functional and smart structures with a wide range of application in robotics, shape morphing, active damping, and active impact protection.
