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Rhizoctonia solani is a widely distributed soilborne plant pathogen, and can cause significant economic losses to crop production. In chemical controls, SYP-14288 is highly effective against plant pathogens, including R. solani. To examine the sensitivity to SYP-14288, 112 R. solani isolates were collected from infected rice plants. An established...
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... is a novel fungicide developed by Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co., Ltd. in China. It belongs to the diarylamine group and shares similar chemical structures and MOA with fluazinam ( Fig. 1), which exhibits a strong fungitoxicity against various phytopathogens (Z. ). The MOA involves interrupting the production of cellular energy of fungi with an uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation ( Hou et al. 2019;Qu et al. 2018; X. H. ). In comparison with fluazinam, SYP-14288 provides better control efficacy on plant ...
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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have known anti-microbial properties and therefore have the potential to be used to control fungal plant pathogens. In this study we investigated the growth of a plant pathogenic fungus, Rhizoctonia solani (AG3-PT) in the presence of AgNPs. The effect of AgNPs at two different levels (20 and 50 mg L-1) on hyphal growth...
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... Mutants were cultured for 5 d at 18 • C in darkness for each transfer, and the EC 50 values were measured on the 1st and 10th transfers. The stability of resistance was represented by the factor of sensitivity change (FSC), where FSC = the ratio of RF values at the 1st to 10th transfers [15]. Each mutant was evaluated in triplicate, and the experiment was conducted twice. ...
... Subsequently, 5 mm mycelial plugs cut from the edge of the colonies were transferred to PDA plates. The cultures were then incubated in the dark at 18 • C. The colony diameter of each strain was measured after 3 d using the cross-intersection method [15]. Each treatment was conducted three times. ...
The necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea infects a broad range of plant hosts and causes substantial economic losses to many crops. Although resistance to procymidone has been observed in the field, it remains uncertain why procymidone is usually involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) together with other fungicides. Nine mutants derived from the B. cinerea strain B05.10 through procymidone domestication exhibited high resistance factors (RFs) against both procymidone and fludioxonil. However, the fitness of the mutants was reduced compared to their parental strain, showing non-sporulation and moderate virulence. Furthermore, the RFs of these mutants to other fungicides, such as azoxystrobin, fluazinam, difenoconazole, and pyrimethanil, ranged from 10 to 151, indicating the occurrence of MDR. Transcriptive expression analysis using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) revealed that the mutants overexpressed ABC transporter genes, ranging from 2 to 93.7-fold. These mutants carried single-point mutations W647X, R96X, and Q751X within BcBos1 by DNA sequencing. These alterations in BcBos1 conferred resistance to procymidone and other fungicides in the mutants. Molecular docking analysis suggested distinct interactions between procymidone and Bos1 in the B. cinerea standard strain B05.10 or the resistant mutants, suggesting a higher affinity of the former towards binding with the fungicide. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the biological characteristics of the resistant mutants and conducts an initial investigation into its fungicide resistance traits, providing a reference for understanding the causes of multidrug resistance of B. cinerea in the field.
... Los estudios se centran en aspectos relacionados con su diversidad y variabilidad genética [1], [13]; caracterización morfológica, patogénica y molecular [2], [14]; grupos de anastomosis (ag) y subgrupos [4], [15]; nuevos hospedantes [16]- [18]; respuestas del hospedante [19]; evaluación de ingredientes activos para el control químico [20], [21]; enmiendas orgánicas [22]; identificación de controladores biológicos [9], [23]; búsqueda de resistencia [3], [24], entre otros. ...
Rhizoctonia solani Kühn es un hongo habitante natural del suelo que, en su estado patogénico, afecta cultivos de importancia económica, arvenses, pastos y forestales, por lo que es un microorganismo de estudio recurrente. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar información actualizada de investigaciones hechas en torno a diferentes aspectos de R. solani. Los documentos científicos revisados correspondieron a artículos publicados entre 2017 y 2022 en revistas especializadas, y el análisis de la información se enfocó en cinco tópicos inherentes al patógeno: biología, genética, epidemiología, diagnóstico y control, que permitirán ampliar la visión que se tiene en los últimos años sobre el comportamiento de R. solani con relación a su variabilidad genética, a los efectos derivados de la interacción hospedante-patógeno-ambiente y a las posibilidades de manejo y control de las patologías que causa. La revisión hizo posible sostener que R. solani continúa siendo un patógeno relevante en todo el mundo, con alta variabilidad genética debida a sus grupos de anastomosis, lo que lo ha llevado a establecer relaciones parasíticas con diferentes hospedantes y en un amplio rango de condiciones ambientales, considerándose aún de difícil manejo. Por otra parte, se reportan avancesen las técnicas de diagnóstico, caracterización biológica y molecular, y en la evaluación de diferentes medidas de control, facilitando la identificación, diseño y aplicación de estrategias adecuadas para el manejo integrado de las enfermedades causadas por R. solani.
... Pineapple is often consumed fresh, while IB is a major problem faced by local growers during distant transportation of fresh pineapple and thereby limits the export potential of fruit [5]. Traditionally, the chemical agents and fungicides are high efficiency in controlling plant disease [6,7], whereas, many of them may lead pathogens to develop fungicide resistance [6,8]. Furthermore, the chemical agents and fungicides may created a significant threat to environment [7,9], animal and human health [9][10][11]. ...
... Pineapple is often consumed fresh, while IB is a major problem faced by local growers during distant transportation of fresh pineapple and thereby limits the export potential of fruit [5]. Traditionally, the chemical agents and fungicides are high efficiency in controlling plant disease [6,7], whereas, many of them may lead pathogens to develop fungicide resistance [6,8]. Furthermore, the chemical agents and fungicides may created a significant threat to environment [7,9], animal and human health [9][10][11]. ...
Pineapple is ranked sixth in terms of global fruit production and the most traded tropical fruit worldwide. Internal browning (IB), a physiological disorder of pineapple fruit after harvest, limits the export and industry development of pineapple. Evidence confirmed that endophyte played a pivotal role in plant disease. This study investigated the relationship between endophyte fungi community structure, population abundance in healthy and IB pineapple fruit; as well as the effect of endophyte Penicillium sp. inoculation on pineapple IB. Intended to explore a new effective measure for controlling IB and reducing postharvest losses in pineapple by an economical and environmentally friendly approach. We found the abundance of endophyte fungi in healthy pineapple fruit was different from that in IB fruit by high-throughput sequencing. The results emphasized that the endophyte Penicillium sp. inoculation dramatically alleviated pineapple IB intensity and severity, delayed crown withering and fruit yellowing, and maintained the exterior quality traits during the postharvest period at 20 °C. Penicillium sp. retarded H2O2 accumulation and increased the total phenols level in pineapple. Application of Penicillium sp. also maintained the higher antioxidant capacity by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and ascorbic acids levels, regulated of the homeostasis of endogenous hormones, and increased the abundance of Penicillium sp. in the fruit. In summary, Penicillium sp. retarded the occurrence of IB and enhanced the storability of pineapple at postharvest, and this economical and environmentally friendly technology is convenient to spread in agriculture.
... However, the relatively lower level of resistance to energy production inhibitors (QoI and QiI) and the absence of resistance to fluazinam, an inhibitor of ATP synthesis, resulted in the hypothesis that an increased energy-dependent efflux pump was the most probable mechanism for the multi-drug resistance in Phytophthora infestans (Ziogas et al. 2006). The fungicide SYP-14288 could induce multi-drug resistance to several other fungicides with or without the same mode of action as SYP-14288 in Rhizoctonia solani, such as chlorothalonil (Cheng et al. 2020). In this study, we speculated that the efflux pump might provide an explanation for the resistance to chlorothalonil in ZJ0712-resistant isolates. ...
Greenhouse-grown cucumbers were monitored over two successive growing seasons to investigate the effects of successive application of ZJ0712, a new quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide, on the development of resistance in cucumber powdery mildew ( Podosphaera xanthii ). Resistant P. xanthii isolates were detected after nine successive applications of ZJ0712, although the control efficacy of this fungicide against cucumber powdery mildew at that time was still higher than 80%. Seven ZJ0712-resistant P . xanthii isolates with resistance factor values greater than 180 were obtained, which exhibited a stable resistance to ZJ0712. These resistant P . xanthii isolates had similar pathogenicity to the wild-type isolate on cucumber plants. The ZJ0712 showed significant cross-resistance with azoxystrobin, enostrobilurin, or chlorothalonil, but not with the azole fungicide triadimefon. Furthermore, the most commonly reported G143A mutation in Cyt b associated with QoI resistance was found in five of the seven resistant isolates. These findings suggest that there is a high risk of resistance development associated with using ZJ0712 for controlling cucumber powdery mildew under greenhouse conditions, and the underlying resistance mechanisms in different P . xanthii isolates are not consistent and need to be further unraveled.
... Although fungicides are effective in reducing the incidence of BLSB, their use has certain limitations. One of such drawbacks includes the build-up of fungicide-resistance, particularly, in an environment with prevalent resistant isolates of R. solani (Bennett 2012;Zhao et al. 2019;Cheng et al. 2020). Moreover, fungicide residues in soil and edible plant products arouse conceivable ecological and health risks (Thind 2017;Yao et al. 2020). ...
Banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) disease, incited by Rhizoctonia solani, is destructive, difficult to manage and gravely threatens maize (Zea mays L.) production across continents. Plant transcription factors (TFs) act as functional nodes that integrate defense signals to activate relevant immune outlets via large-scale transcriptional reprogramming of the expression of massive sets of defense-related genes (DRGs). Recent studies revealed complex changes in the maize transcriptome during BLSB infection. More than 30 TFs belonging to the WRKY, NAC, TCP, bHLH, and bZIP families, among others, have been putatively identified as core genes inducible in maize by the virulence factors of R. solani. Sadly, no progress has been made in characterizing these TFs in maize resistance to BLSB. Having reviewed the progress made so far, we propose future studies to prioritize functional characterization of the potential TFs and their manipulation through genome editing technology as well as the use of synthetic TFs to improve maize resistance to BLSB.
... 9 However, Rhizoctonia solani has developed multidrug resistance to both SYP-14288 and other fungicides with different modes of action under the pressure of SYP-14288 selection. 10 The resistance mechanism of SYP-14288 is difficult to associate with its mode of action, but the multidrug resistance of fungicides is easily associated with efflux proteins. Mutants may increase multidrug resistance by overexpression of transporters to enhance the efflux of fungicides. ...
BACKGROUND
Fungicide resistance has become a serious problem for different mode of action groups except for uncouplers, which makes their resistance mechanism a hot topic, which until now, has not been well clarified. SYP‐14288, a newly developed diarylamine fungicide modeled on fluazinam, has shown good toxicity to both oomycete and fungus by the action of uncoupling. In this research, the resistance of Phytophthora capsici to SYP‐14288 was studied to clarify the resistance mechanism of uncouplers.
RESULTS
The toxicity tests of resistant strains against SYP‐14288 showed multidrug resistance. The high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that resistant strains could efflux the fungicide, and this ability could be inhibited by the efflux pump inhibitor amitriptyline. The target protein of amitriptyline is P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), which was overexpressed in resistant strains. Three products of nitrate reduction of SYP‐14288 were detected and determined by HPLC‐Q‐TOF. Eight cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) proteins were differentially involved in the reduction reaction.
CONCLUSION
Both fungicide efflux and detoxification metabolism were involved in the resistance mechanisms of P. capsici to SYP‐14288. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Fungicides are an effective way to control gray mold of grapes, but the pathogen Botrytis cinerea can develop resistance, overcoming the effectiveness of a fungicide that is repeatedly applied. More importantly, the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in the field, where multiple fungicides with different modes of action simultaneously lose their efficacies, is a significant concern. MDR is associated with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters of the pathogen, and certain plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) stimulate the upregulation of ABC transporters, we hypothesized that the pathogen’s preadaptation to PSMs might contribute to MDR development. To test this in B. cinerea, ten PSMs, namely, resveratrol, reserpine, chalcone, flavanone, eugenol, farnesol, anethene, camptothecin, salicylic acid, and psoralen, were selected based on their association with ABC transporters involved in fungicide resistance. B. cinerea strain B05.10 was continuously transferred for 15 generations on potato dextrose agar amended with a PSM (PDAP), and sensitivities to PSMs and fungicides were examined on the 5th, 10th, and 15th generations. RNA was extracted from B. cinerea from the selected generations. After 15 generations of culture transfers, an up-regulation was observed in the expression of ABC transporter-encoding genes BcatrB, BcatrD, and BcatrK using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This upregulation was found to contribute to MDR of B. cinerea against two or more fungicides, among azoxystrobin, boscalid, fludioxonil, difenoconazole, prochloraz, and pyrimethanil. This finding was confirmed through genetic transformation. The decreased sensitivity of B. cinerea to fungicides was confirmed as a subsequent MDR phenotype after exposure to camptothecin, flavanone, and resveratrol. Besides, transcriptome analysis also revealed the upregulation of transcription factors related to ABC expression following resveratrol exposure. This suggests that PSMs contributed to inducing preadaptation of B. cinerea, leading to subsequent MDR.
IMPORTANCE
The emergence of MDR in plant pathogens is a threat to plant disease management and leads to the use of excessive fungicides. Botrytis cinerea is of particular concern because its MDR has widely emerged in the field. Understanding its genesis is the first step for controlling MDR. In this study, the contribution of PSMs to MDR has been examined. Effective management of this pathogen in agroecosystems relies on a better understanding of how it copes with phytochemicals or fungicides.
Plant pathogens can develop multidrug resistance (MDR) through metabolomic and efflux activities. Although MDR has been observed in the field, its mechanisms are yet to be further studied. MDR in Rhizoctonia solani induced by the uncoupler SYP-14288, which involved efflux transporters including ATP binding cassette (ABC) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) have been reported in our previous study. To confirm this, corresponding genes of the wild-type R. solani X19 and its derived MDR mutant X19-7 were compared through transcriptomics, RNA-Seq data validation, and heterologous expression. Genes encoding six ABC transporters and seven MFS transporters were identified to be associated with MDR and mostly showed a constitutively higher expression in X19-7 than in X19 regardless of SYP-14288 treatment. Eight ABC transporter-encoding genes and eight MFS transporter-encoding genes were further characterized by transferring into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sensitivity of transformants containing either ABC transporter-encoding gene AG1IA_06082 and MFS transporter-encoding gene AG1IA_08645 was significantly decreased in responses to fungicides having various modes of action including SYP-14288, fluazinam, chlorothalonil, and difenoconazole, indicating that these two genes were related to MDR. The roles of two genes were further confirmed by successfully detecting their protein products and high accumulation of SYP-14288 in yeast transformants. Thus, ABC and MFS transporters contributed to the development of MDR in R. solani. The result helps to understand the cause and mechanisms that influence the efficient use of fungicide.
