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To improve cell attachment and to understand the effects of positive charge on the behavior of osteoblasts, 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-trimethylammonium chloride (MAETAC), a positively charged monomer, was incorporated into poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel. The physicochemical properties of the resultant polymers, including the degre...
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... Cells were seeded onto the hydrogels at a density of 3 × 10 4 cells/well on the hydrogel surface in Alpha-Minimal Essential Medium (αMEM, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, USA). To facilitate cellular adaptation to the hydrogel, αMEM was carefully and gradually added to the 48-well plate containing cells treated with the hydrogel [55]. The cells were then cultured for 7 days in a 37 ºC incubator with 5 % CO 2 . ...
In this study, a double network (DN) hydrogel was synthesized using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and sodium alginate (SA), incorporating copper-doped mesoporous silica nanospheres (Cu-MSNs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The blending of PEGDA and SA (PS) facilitates the double network and improves the less porous microstructure of pure PEGDA hydrogel. Furthermore, the incorporation of ZnO NPs and Cu-MSNs into the hydrogel network (PS@ZnO/Cu-MSNs) improved the mechanical properties of the hydrogel (Compressive strength = ⁓153 kPa and Young's modulus = ⁓ 1.66 kPa) when compared to PS hydrogel alone (Compressive strength = ⁓ 103 kPa and Young's modulus = ⁓ 0.95 kPa). In addition, the PS@ZnO/Cu-MSNs composite hydrogel showed antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Importantly, the PS@ZnO/Cu-MSNs hydrogel demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, enhanced MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion, proliferation, and significant early-stage osteoblastic differentiation, as evidenced by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and improved calcium mineralization, as evidenced by increased alizarin red staining (ARS) activities. These findings point to the possible use of the PS@ZnO/Cu-MSNs composite hydrogel in bone tissue regeneration.
... Among various types of curable hydrogels, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogels possess desirable biocompatibility and adhesion to wet tissues and can be cured by light at physiological conditions with no heat or toxic chemicals (Liu et al., 2018). Viscoelastic behaviour, ranging from soft to hard tissues such as heart and articular cartilage, of poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels is tuned by adding functional groups, such as an acrylate end group (Tan et al., 2012). By combining long-and short-chain PEGDA monomers, a high degree of crosslinking provides the desired strength and elasticity to withstand compressive loads and maintains desirable cell viability (Mazzoccoli et al., 2010). ...
Multifunctional bio-adhesives with tunable mechanical properties are obtained by controlling the orientation of anisotropic particles in a blend of fast-curing hydrogel with an imposed capillary flow. The suspensions' microstructural evolution was monitored by the small-angle light scattering (SALS) method during flow up to the critical Péclet number (Pe=1) necessary for particle orientation. and hydrogel crosslinking. The multifunctional bio-adhesives were obtained by combining flow and UV light exposure for rapid photo-curing of PEGDA medium and freezing titania rods' ordered microstructures. Blending the low- and high-molecular weight of PEGDA polymer improved the mechanical properties of the final hydrogel. All the hydrogel samples were non-cytotoxic up to 72 h after cell culturing. The system shows rapid blood hemostasis and promotes adhesive and cohesive strength matching targeted tissue properties with an applicating methodology compatible with surgical conditions. The developed SALS approach to optimize nanoparticles’ microstructures in bio-adhesive applies to virtually any optically transparent nanocomposite and any type of anisotropic nanoparticles. As such, this method enables rational design of bio-adhesives with enhanced anisotropic mechanical properties which can be tailored to potentially any type of tissue.
... PEGDA hydrogelsF I G U R E 3The main usage of bioprinted PEGDA-based bioinks for tissue engineering applications.have been extensively studied for the fabrication of scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.72 Although synthetic polymers are not completely biocompatible compared to natural polymers, they have great mechanical properties, and also to tailor the physicochemical properties, they can be functionalized and modified, PEG polymer and its derivatives are mostly used in tissue engineering to provide toughening of biomaterials and their reinforcement.73 ...
Three‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a promising method for the fabrication of tissue engineering constructs. The bioprintable materials with cells or other biological parts, which are called bioinks, are arranged layer by layer and make multicellular structures. Not all materials can be printed, and a set of requirements should be met to formulate the appropriate bioink. Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEGDA), as a synthetic polymer, is a promising choice for regenerative medicine applications due to its biocompatibility, ease of crosslinking, and adjustability of its mechanical and chemical properties depending on the application. This review aims to guide and familiarize the reader with the PEGDA‐based bioink as a raw material of the 3D‐bioprinting method, its properties, and applications in soft and hard tissue engineering.
... Additionally, a functionalization of PEG-based hydrogels can be achieved by adding other molecules or monomers to the hydrogel precursor solutions. This was done successfully before, for example by including monomers generating a polyelectrolyte hydrogel 15,16,24 . The positively charged monomer 2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl trimethylammonium chloride (MAETAC) was incorporated into PEGDA hydrogels by copolymerization 15 . ...
... Figure 1c shows It is interesting to note that the introduction of the charged monomer AUITB did not alter the swelling properties significantly, in contrast to our expectations and to previous studies with monomers carrying ionic groups. For example, Tan et al. prepared PEGDA (M n = 4000 g mol −1 ) hydrogels with the monomer 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (MAETAC) having a quaternary ammonium group 15 . Their solutions before curing contained 20% w/v PEGDA leading to an EDS of 9.3 without MAETAC and to an EDS of 15.6 with approx. ...
Hydrogels can be equipped with functional groups for specific purposes. Isothiouronium groups can enhance adsorptivity, or allow coupling of other functional groups through mild reactions after transformation to thiol groups. Here we present a method to prepare multifunctional hydrogels by introducing isothiouronium groups into poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels, and convert them into thiol-functionalized hydrogels by the reduction of the isothiouronium groups. For this purpose, the amphiphilic monomer 2-(11-(acryloyloxy)-undecyl)isothiouronium bromide (AUITB), containing an isothiouronium group, was synthesized and copolymerized with PEGDA. In this convenient way, it was possible to incorporate up to 3 wt% AUITB into the hydrogels without changing their equilibrium swelling degree. The successful functionalization was demonstrated by surface analysis of the hydrogels with water contact angle measurements and increased isoelectric points of the hydrogel surfaces from 4.5 to 9.0 due to the presence of the isothiouronium groups. The hydrogels showed a suitability as an adsorbent, as exemplified by the pronounced adsorption of the anionic drug diclofenac. The potential of the functionalization for (bio)conjugation reactions was demonstrated by the reduction of isothiouronium groups to thiols and subsequent immobilization of the functional enzyme horseradish peroxidase on the hydrogels. The results show that fully accessible isothiouronium groups can be introduced into radically cross-linked hydrogels.
... [37] These additional charges could create an osmotic effect and therefore attract more water. [38][39][40] The photo-crosslinking of GelMA was also influenced by the addition of these ionic functionalities to the GelMA network, as there was a significant increase detected in the cross-linking rate. This can be explained by the higher concentration of unsaturated bonds available due to the addition of AETA or SPA to GelMA. ...
For tissue engineering of skeletal muscles, there is a need for biomaterials which do not only allow cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation, but also support the physiological conditions of the tissue. Next to the chemical nature and structure of the biomaterial, its response to the application of biophysical stimuli, such as mechanical deformation or application of electrical pulses, can impact in vitro tissue culture. In this study, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) was modified with hydrophilic 2-acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (AETA) and 3-sulfopropyl acrylate potassium (SPA) ionic comonomers to obtain a piezoionic hydrogel. Rheology, mass swelling, gel fraction and mechanical characteristics were determined. The piezoionic properties of the SPA and AETA-modified GelMA were confirmed by a significant increase in ionic conductivity and an electrical response as a function of mechanical stress. Murine myoblasts displayed a viability of > 95% after one week on the piezoionic hydrogels, confirming their biocompatibility. The GelMA modifications did not influence the fusion capacity of the seeded myoblasts or myotube width after myotube formation. These results describe a novel functionalization providing new possibilities to exploit piezo-effects in the tissue engineering field. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... The first approach evaluated was the modulation of the chemical composition of the PHMPs in order to change the particle charge and potentially increase electrostatic interactions with a given protein. One strategy to do this on telechelic PEG hydrogels was reported by Tan et al., 44 who integrated the positively charged monomer MAETAC into a PEG-diacrylate hydrogel and reported increased adsorption of plasma proteins. The modulation of hydrogel charge to a positive zeta potential could increase protein adsorption at physiological pH for proteins with an isoelectric point below that pH. ...
Hydrogels have been extensively researched for over 60 years for their limitless applications in biomedical research. In this study, porous hydrogel microparticles (PHMPs) made of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylamide were investigated for their potential as a delivery platform for therapeutic proteins. These particles are made using hard calcium carbonate (CaCO3) templates, which can easily be dissolved under acidic conditions. After optimization of the synthesis processes, both CaCO3 templates and PHMPs were characterized using a wide range of techniques. Then, using an array of proteins with different physicochemical properties, the encapsulation efficiency of proteins in PHMPs was evaluated under different conditions. Strategies to enhance protein encapsulation via modulation of particle surface charge to increase electrostatic interactions and conjugation using EDC/NHS chemistry were also investigated. Conjugation of bovine serum albumin to PHMPs showed increased encapsulation and diminished release over time, highlighting the potential of PHMPs as a versatile delivery platform for therapeutic proteins such as enzymes or antibodies.
... Surface properties such as wettability [28], a charge of the contact surface [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36], and other factors can influence cell-matrix interactions. Because of the presence of phospholipids, proteins, and polysaccharide-coupling substances [37] with net negative charges on both the cell membrane surface and the ECM, the two repel each other and cannot come into direct contact but bind indirectly through cell membrane transmembrane receptors [38]. ...
Tensins are a family of cellular-adhesion constituents that have been extensively studied. They have instrumental roles in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. The mammalian tensin family comprises four members: tensin1 (TNS1), tensin2, tensin3, and tensin4. Among them, TNS1 has recently received attention from researchers because of its structural properties. TNS1 engages in various biological processes, such as cell adhesion, polarization, migration, invasion, proliferation, apoptosis, and mechano-transduction, by interacting with various partner proteins. Moreover, the abnormal expression of TNS1 in vivo is associated with the development of various diseases, especially tumors. Interestingly, the role of TNS1 in different tumors is still controversial. Here, we systematically summarize three aspects of TNS1: the gene structure, the biological processes underlying its action, and the dual regulatory role of TNS1 in different tumors through different mechanisms, of which we provide the first overview.
... Furthermore, cells prefer to adhere to neutral or cationic interfaces. Sodium alginate-based hydrogels have poor cell adhesion in mammals as a result of the formation of a hydrated surface layer that lacks substances useful for cell growth and adhesion [36]. To address these problems, researchers modified sodium alginate-based hydrogels by incorporating other components or improving crosslinking methods in recent studies. ...
Hydrogel, a functional polymer material, has emerged as a promising technology for therapies for periodontal diseases. It has the potential to mimic the extracellular matrix and provide suitable attachment sites and growth environments for periodontal cells, with high biocompatibility, water retention, and slow release. In this paper, we have summarized the main components of hydrogel in periodontal tissue regeneration and have discussed the primary construction strategies of hydrogels as a reference for future work. Hydrogels provide an ideal microenvironment for cells and play a significant role in periodontal tissue engineering. The development of intelligent and multifunctional hydrogels for periodontal tissue regeneration is essential for future research.
... Zeta potential test was performed according to the previous report. [49] Briefly, the hydrogel samples were grinded and freeze-dried, and then diluted in deionized water. The zeta potential of samples was measured using a Malvern Zetasizer. ...
Bacterial infection and excessive inflammation following abdominal injury can cause life‐threatening complications that lead to multiple organ failure and death. Removing bacteria and proinflammatory factors—which are predominantly negatively charged—from the wound site with a cationic, antibiotic‐containing hydrogel wound dressing is therefore a promising treatment approach for severe abdominal trauma. Here an injectable, self‐healing hydrogel composed of the gel‐forming glycosaminoglycan oxidized chondroitin sulfate (OCS), cationic polyethylenimine (PEI), and the antibiotic tobramycin (Tob) via a Schiff's base reaction is developed. Compared with hydrogels lacking either PEI or Tob, only the Tob/PEI/OCS hydrogels exhibit a large binding capacity for negatively‐charged proinflammatory factors including cell‐free DNA, lipopolysaccharides, TNF‐α, and high mobility group box 1 protein, and a large reduction in bacterial populations in vitro. In a murine model of severe abdominal trauma, the Tob/PEI/OCS hydrogel exhibits good biodegradability and biosafety, reduced local and systemic inflammation and infection, and prevents multiple organ failure, resulting in 100% survival. This hydrogel dressing is thus a promising biomaterial for preventing complications and improving outcomes following severe abdominal trauma. An injectable, self‐healing, and cationic hydrogel exhibiting a large binding capacity for negatively charged proinflammatory factors including cell‐free DNA, lipopolysaccharides, TNF‐α, and high mobility group box 1 protein is developed. Such a bioactive hydrogel reduces local and systemic inflammation and infection, and prevents multiple organ failure, resulting in 100% survival in a murine model of severe abdominal trauma model with good biodegradability and biosafety.
... surface energy) and surface charge are the two most critical parameters in initiating and maintaining cell proliferation by favoring interactions between the scaffold surface molecules and the cells and ECM proteins (Bartis and Pongrácz 2011;Katti et al. 2008;Schaap-Oziemlak et al. 2014;Dhowre et al. 2015). It has been reported that while an increased surface charge promotes cell attachment (de Rosa et al. 2004;Schneider et al. 2004;Chang et al. 2016;Tan et al. 2017;Schulz et al. 2018), positively charged surfaces induce differentiation processes of stem cells Tan et al. 2012;Zhang et al. 2015;de Luca et al. 2016). The charge of some common marine-based scaffold materials may show significant variations. ...
Tissue engineering is a promising approach in replacing or improving tissues lost or has become nonviable due to disease or trauma by the use of scaffold materials by combining engineering and biochemical/physicochemical methods. Its purpose is to create suitable matrices that support cell differentiation and proliferation toward the formation of new and functional tissue. Marine-based natural compounds are potential scaffold feedstock material in tissue engineering owing to their biocompatibility and biodegradability while providing excellent biochemical/physicochemical properties. Numerous application areas and various fabrication routes techniques described in the literature attest to the importance of these materials in tissue regeneration. This review has been carried to merge the information from a large number of studies on the marine-based scaffold materials in tissue engineering into a coherent summary.
