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Eco-friendly stannic oxide nanoparticles functionalized with gallic acid (SnO 2 /GA NP) were synthesized and employed as a novel photocatalyst for the degradation of citalopram, a commonly prescribed antidepressant drug. SnO 2 /GA NP were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,...
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Metal doping is an effective method to tune the optical and chemical properties of nanoparticles. Herein, a comparative study was conducted to assess the effect of metal dopant (Mg, Cu and Sn) on ZnO nanoparticles for visible LED photocatalysis. The photocatalysts were synthesized via a facile co-precipitation method. Doped ZnO nanoparticles were e...
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... Typically, finding the right combination of decellularization methods is a time-consuming task that could be significantly shortened by carrying out an optimization study that uses factorial design of experiments (DOE), which offers a mathematical tool to develop a multi-factor experimental strategy where all factors and their interactions are systematically investigated (Levin et al., 2018;Kubit et al., 2022). This mathematical tool is routinely utilized to optimize and develop processes in a broad range of industries and scientific fields, such as biopharmaceutical manufacturing, drug discovery, or environmental science (Aldawsari et al., 2022;Hassan et al., 2022;Kubit et al., 2022;Nazim et al., 2022). However, its application in tissue engineering is still limited, although some examples can be seen in the literature (Levin et al., 2018;Malekpour et al., 2021;Sampson et al., 2021;Kulkarni et al., 2022). ...
... In addition, the photodegaradation of CIT had been previously reported. Although relatively high degradation was obtained, either UV light sources [31] or gamma radiation [32] or expensive NPs have been used. Thus, the synthesized doped ZnO NPs could spare the need of high energy UV lamps. ...
Metal doping is an effective method to tune the optical and chemical properties of nanoparticles. Herein, a comparative study was conducted to assess the effect of metal dopant (Mg, Cu and Sn) on ZnO nanoparticles for visible LED photocatalysis. The photocatalysts were synthesized via a facile co-precipitation method. Doped ZnO nanoparticles were employed for photodegradation of citalopram; a commonly used antidepressant drug. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the nanoparticles were analyzed using high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurements and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. A decrease in band gap energy was obtained for Mg (3.21 eV), Cu (3.15 eV) and Sn (3.05 eV) compared to undoped ZnO (3.34 eV). Results showed that the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles towards citalopram degradation under visible light was enhanced by doping with Sn which showed superior photocatalytic performance compared to Cu. Whereas, Mg doped ZnO demonstrated the lowest photocatalytic activity. Full factorial design (2 ⁴ ) was conducted to investigate the effect of dopant, pH, catalyst loading and initial citalopram concentration on the efficiency of the treatment process. The interaction between the metal dopant and pH had significant impact on photodegradation efficiency. At optimum conditions, 80% degradation of 25 µg mL ⁻¹ citalopram was obtained in 2 h using commercially available LED light using 0.5 mg mL ⁻¹ Sn doped ZnO. Kinetics of citalopram degradation was also investigated and was found to follow pseudo-first order kinetics. The optimized photocatalytic protocol was successfully applied for treatment of water samples obtained from production lines during the cleaning validation cycles of citalopram. Sn and Cu doped ZnO nanoparticles had great sustainability for wastewater treatment as it kept its catalytic behavior up to three cycles without significant decrease in photocatalytic activity. The integration of such an approach into the currently employed cleaning validation protocols would offer an economical advantage for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.
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... Various chemicals are used as potential absorbents in adsorption processes, including activated carbon (Shukla et al., 2023), clays (Azizpourian et al., 2023), silica (Subaihi & Shahat, 2023), zeolites (Grela et al., 2023), biochar (Akintola & Ayankunle, 2023), and most notably, natural polymers including cellulose (Valadez-Renteria et al., 2023), lignin (Agustin et al., 2023), chitosan (Nordin et al., 2023a), alginate (Silva et al., 2023a), and gelatin (Njaramba et al., 2023a). Besides, there is currently great interest in studies on environmentally friendly strategies for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants such as photocatalytic degradation (Nazim et al., 2023). Thus, eco-friendly technologies utilize reusable and recyclable materials, as well as greatly reduce waste production; as a result, they reduce their impact on the environment and help reduce water, air, and soil pollution (Omer, 2008;Ayalew & Jeevan, 2022). ...
A wide variety of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals have been frequently found in the aquatic environment around the world. Among those, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, anti-hypertensives, and anti-depressants are the pharmaceuticals that are most frequently detected in aquatic systems. According to many research, the indirect exposure of living organisms to pharmaceuticals through aquatic systems could cause severe ecological and toxicological effects. Various conventional treatments, such as physical, chemical, and biological treatments, have been investigated for the removal of pharmaceuticals from water. However, the efficiency of these processes is often low, indicating the necessity of developing new and more modern ones. The use of polymeric composite materials in processes such as adsorption and photocatalysis has lately attracted significant attention due to their unique features and capacity to degrade and remove a variety of organic contaminants, including pharmaceuticals. Therefore, this review article summarizes the occurrence of commonly used pharmaceuticals in water reservoirs and their removal by adsorption and photodegradation using eco-friendly polymer-based composites, such as alginate-based, chitosan-based, cellulose-based, gelatin-based, and lignin-based composites. Along this line, the impact of adsorbent/photocatalyst amount, pH, pharmaceutical concentration, removal efficiency, etc. is also briefly discussed.
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... [14] Strategies such as doping and functionalization with organic groups have attracted considerable attention to overcome these challenges and improve the photocatalytic performance of SnO2 NPs in oxidation and reduction processes. [15][16][17][18] Recently, Chen and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 4 co-workers synthesized Ni-doped SnO2 microspheres with potential for the photodegradation of RhB dye [16] Borker and co-workers investigated the photocatalytic performance of Sn1-xMnxO2 solid solutions synthesized via the co-precipitation method. [16] They observed that the addition of Mn ions significantly enhanced the photocatalytic performance of the material since the Mn-doped SnO2 samples exhibited better photoresponse for the degradation of naphthol blue-black dye than the pristine sample. ...
We report herein a detailed study on the influence of hydrothermal treatment temperature on both long- and short-range structures of SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) applied as photocatalysts for the discoloration of organic pollutants and as photoanodes for water splitting. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy measurements confirmed the enhancement of the structural order of SnO2 NPs as a function of hydrothermal temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the hydrothermal treatment increased the amount of hydroxyl groups on the SnO2 NPs surface. Regarding the photocatalytic activity, the NPs were able to promote the discoloration of different dyes that can act as potential organic pollutants. The photoelectrocatalytic performance of the samples depended on the hydrothermal treatment temperature, with the degree of crystallinity and surface hydroxyl groups playing a significant role in their performance as photoanodes. In particular, the NPs treated at a higher temperature presented a better degree of crystallinity, in addition to many hydroxyls on their surface, leading to increased mobility of the photogenerated charge carriers and improving the interaction between the molecules degraded and the material surface. The results demonstrated that the hydroxyls adsorbed on the SnO2 surface favor the formation of hydroxyl radicals, a species that indirectly participate in the photocatalytic oxidation of rhodamine B dye. The photoelectrocatalytic tests showed that the NPs treated at 200 °C increased oxygen evolution reaction performance.
... The RhB degraded at a rate of 92.9% in 25 min following a 5-hour solvent heat treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG) surfactant and F-doped SnO2. Nazim et al. [123] have synthesised SnO2 NPs functionalized with gallic acid (SnO2/GA). Under ideal circumstances, the SnO2/GA was able to degrade citalopram by 88.4% in 1 hour under UV light. ...
Tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) have received a lot of interest because of their interesting features. SnO2 NPs have proven productive in a range of fields, including water purification, supercapacitors, batteries, antibacterial and antioxidant agents, and others. SnO2-based nanoparticles found a wide range of applications after incorporating materials with varying chemical compositions. SnO2 NPs and their nanocomposites have been used effectively as antibacterial agents against various pathogenic bacteria, photocatalysts for dye degradation, and electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs). This article covers the characteristics of SnO2 NPs, SnO2 nanocomposite materials, applications of SnO2 NPs and their composite materials, including antibacterial, energy storage, and photocatalysis, as well as some significant recent studies.
In this study, SnO2 semiconductors codoped with both (Bi, Cu) and (Bi, Zn) were synthesized using the simple, easy and facile coprecipitation technique. The resulting samples exhibited high efficiency as visible light photocatalysis, enabling the effective elimination of various organic contaminants. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of all samples proved the formation of a tetragonal SnO2 structure with a mean crystallite size of 17–23 nm. Based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, extremely fine spherical particles were seen for pure, (Bi, Cu), and (Bi, Zn) codoped SnO2 powders. The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental mapping of (Bi, Cu) codoped SnO2 powder confirmed the uniform spatial distribution of Bi and Cu dopants. The band gap energy of pure SnO2 powder was found to be 3.45 eV. For (Bi, Cu) and (Bi, Zn) codoped SnO2 samples, the band gap energy was estimated to be 2.88 and 3.06 eV, respectively. Furthermore, (Bi, Cu) and (Bi, Zn) codoped SnO2 samples have strong absorption tails that extend to 1.2 eV and 2.6 eV, respectively. The additive of (Bi, Cu) dopants intensely amplified the dielectric constant of the SnO2 sample principally at low frequencies with a maximum estimated value of 3234 at 50 Hz. The photocatalytic measurements showed that (Bi, Cu) codoped SnO2 catalyst has a photo-removal efficiency of 97, 93 and 98% for 25 mg/L Congo red, Imidacloprid, and Malachite green after 40 min of visible irradiation. For the Sn0.94Bi0.03Cu0.03O2 catalyst, the impact of adsorption and photocatalysis leads to strong de-pollution properties.
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Antidepressant drugs play a crucial role in the treatment of mental health disorders, but their efficacy and safety can be compromised by drug degradation. Recent reports point to several drugs found in concentrations ranging from the limit of detection (LOD) to hundreds of ng/L in wastewater plants around the globe; hence, antidepressants can be considered emerging pollutants with potential consequences for human health and wellbeing. Understanding and implementing effective degradation strategies are essential not only to ensure the stability and potency of these medications but also for their safe disposal in line with current environment remediation goals. This review provides an overview of degradation pathways for amitriptyline, a typical tricyclic antidepressant drug, by exploring chemical routes such as oxidation, hydrolysis, and photodegradation. Connex issues such as stability-enhancing approaches through formulation and packaging considerations, regulatory guidelines, and quality control measures are also briefly noted. Specific case studies of amitriptyline degradation pathways forecast the future perspectives and challenges in this field, helping researchers and pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide guidelines for the most effective degradation pathways employed for minimal environmental impact.
Chiral high performance liquid chromatographic technique usually employs polysaccharide-based stationary phases in a normal phase mode. This frequently generates large waste of organic solvents. Using shorter columns of 50 mm length as well as a mobile phase with a high water percentage are common approaches for greening this analytical technique. In this context, a new chiral chromatographic technique was developed for simultaneous enantio-separation of phenylephrine HCl and guaifenesin racemates. Four 50 mm cellulose-based columns were experimented to separate the four enantiomers in a reversed phase mode. A face centered design was then employed to optimize the mobile phase acetonitrile% and flow rate on Lux Cellulose-1 (50 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The simultaneous resolution of the cited drugs enantiomers was achieved using acetonitrile-water (30:70, by volume), with a flow rate of 0.5 ml min-1 . These optimized chromatographic conditions separate the enantiomers in 7 min running time, generating about 1.0 ml acetonitrile per run. The proposed method was favorably compared with other reported chiral ones in terms of waste volume generated and analysis time required.
