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A research about Citrus medica L. var sarcodactylis had been conducted and it showed a significant antimicrobial activity, thus drive our curiosity to investigate the other variety from the same species, Citrus medica L. var proper. This research focuses in chemical compound study and antimicrobial activity screening against Staphylococcus aureus,...
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Recently, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has attracted much curiosity in the field of life science research. In the present study, we have reported a green method for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous seed extract of Phoenix sylvestris L. The green synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by aids of dynamic light...
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... C. medica leaves are rich in essential oils have huge demand in market and also the usage of these compounds increasing day by day. The C. medica plant is widely used in Chinese traditional medicine (Aliyah et al. 2017). This current study investigated the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer properties of C. medica leaf extract. ...
... The linolenic acid and alpha linolenic acids have been reported to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins leads to reduced inflammation in various chronic disorders (Glick & Fischer 2013). In recent study, Aliyah et al. (2017) found the presence of citral, limonene, linalool, citronella, geranyl acetate, 2-hexadecen-1-ol,3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-[R[R*R*-(E]] (cas) phytol in leaf essential oils. The variation of the compounds present in the plant leaves is due to changes in geographical, physiological and environmental factors. ...
... The antimicrobial activity was studied against the selected food borne pathogens. In support of the findings of this study, the inhibition of microbial growth by C. medica extract has previously been demonstrated for S. aureus (Aliyah et al. 2017;Sah et al. 2011;Li et al. 2019), E. coli (Li et al. 2019), B. subtilis (Li et al. 2019) and C. albicans (Aliyah et al. 2017). However, Sah et al. (2011) also failed to detect any inhibition of growth of P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, P. vulgaris, A. niger, A. flavus and C. albicans when exposed to C. medica extract. ...
Citrus medica is a horticultural crop grown in different parts of the world. The plant leaves have medicinal importance in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The leaves are an underutilised part of the plant, despite having various bioactive compounds with health benefits, with phytochemical analysis having revealed the presence of flavonoids, fatty acids, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates and phytosterols. The biochemical constituents were identified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which confirmed the presence of terpenoids, alcohols, alkanes, phytosterols and fatty acids. Among these, methyl 8, 11, 14-heptadecatrienoate is a linolenic acid, and ?-linolenic acid, trimethylsilyl ester and levulinic acid are the predominant compounds belonging to the omega-3 fatty acid group, which has known health benefits. Further, the antimicrobial activity of C. medica plant leaves were tested against certain food-borne pathogens and showed significant results. The minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 6.09 mg/mL to 390 mg/mL for bacterial organisms and 48.75 mg/mL to 390 mg/mL for fungal organisms. The antioxidant activity values were 300 ?g/mL and 450 ?g/mL by 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay, respectively. The methanolic extract from the C. medica leaves also showed anticancer activity against MCF7 breast cancer cell lines, with an IC50 value of material for developing a healthy processed food such as nutraceuticals and functional foods.
... Conversely, EOs can directly damage the cell membrane of Gram-positive bacteria, with listeria breakdown of the cell membrane, blocking of enzymatic systems, and the progressivity of ionic permeability [49]. A diameter of inhibition of 9.15 mm, 11.15 mm and 8.02 mm was found for Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acne, and Candida albicans after listeria addition of 20 mL to listeria agar surface [50]. ...
Citrus is an important genus in the Rutaceae family, with high medicinal and economic value, and includes important crops such as lemons, orange, grapefruits, limes, etc. The Citrus species is rich sources of carbohydrates, vitamins, dietary fibre, and phytochemicals, mainly including limonoids, flavonoids, terpenes, and carotenoids. Citrus essential oils (EOs) consist of several biologically active compounds mainly belonging to the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes classes. These compounds have demonstrated several health-promoting properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Citrus EOs are obtained mainly from peels, but also from leaves and flowers, and are widely used as flavouring ingredients in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. This review focused on the composition and biological properties of the EOs of Citrus medica L. and Citrus clementina Hort. Ex Tan and their main constituents, limonene, γ-terpinene, myrcene, linalool, and sabinene. The potential applications in the food industry have been also described. All the articles available in English or with an abstract in English were extracted from different databases such as PubMed, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct.
... Fruit [32] C. reticulata Peel [34] C. sinensis Juices [35] C. limon C. mitis Peel [37] C. junos Juices [28] C. medica Fruit [38] C. junos Fruit [17] ( C. aurantium Juices [40] C. medica Fruit [38] C. junos Fruit [17] C. maxima Peel [29] C. mitis Peel [37] C. paradisi Juices [24] C. reticulata C. aurantium Leaves [65] C. australasica Peel [68] ( C. medica Peel [64] C. australasica Peel [67] C. aurantium Peel [66] C. medica Leaves [68] ( ...
... Fruit [32] C. reticulata Peel [34] C. sinensis Juices [35] C. limon C. mitis Peel [37] C. junos Juices [28] C. medica Fruit [38] C. junos Fruit [17] ( C. aurantium Juices [40] C. medica Fruit [38] C. junos Fruit [17] C. maxima Peel [29] C. mitis Peel [37] C. paradisi Juices [24] C. reticulata C. aurantium Leaves [65] C. australasica Peel [68] ( C. medica Peel [64] C. australasica Peel [67] C. aurantium Peel [66] C. medica Leaves [68] ( ...
The Citrus species from family Rutaceae have worldwide applications such as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal problems. Phytochemical investigations have showed that these plants have constituents including flavonoids, limonoids and carotenoids. There are many reports on a wide range of activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, metabolic, cardiovascular and neuroprotective effects. In the current review, we discuss information regarding botany, phytochemistry, ethnobotany uses, traditional knowledge and pharmacological aspects of the Citrus species.
Acne is a chronic, common disease that poses a significant therapeutic, psychological and social problem. The etiopathogenesis of this disease is not fully understood. Drugs used in general and external therapy should have anti-seborrhoeic, anticomadogenic, bactericidal, bacteriostatic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Acne treatment is often associated with the long-term use of antibiotics, contributing to the global antibiotic resistance crisis. In order to solve this problem, attention has been paid to essential oils and their terpene components with potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Research shows that certain essential oils effectively reduce inflammatory acne lesions through mechanisms related to the sebaceous glands, colonization of Cutibacterium acnes, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). An example is tea tree oil (TTO), a more commonly used topical agent for treating acne. TTO has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. The paper presents the latest scientific information on the activity and potential use of specific essential oils in treating acne. Evidence of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity of several essential oils and their main components was presented, indicating the possibility of using them in the treatment of acne.
Mosquitoes are the most significant insect vectors and are known for their community health prominences, which causes economic and social disturbances. Almost currently implemented strategies for mosquito control are based on synthetic insecticides, which have several toxic exposures to humans, animals and other non-targets as well as multiplied various environmental pollution. Hence, the mosquito larvicidal impact of essential oils of Citrus limetta (Musambi), C. limon (Lemon) and C. reticulata (Kinnow) was evaluated. The essential oils obtained through hydrodistillation and further characterized by phytochemical and GC-MS examinations. The larvicidal bioassay was performed according to the standard protocol of WHO, 2005 with slide modifications. The results indicated that alkaloids, terpenes, terpenoids, anthraquinones, flavonoids and tannins were present in the leaves and peels. d‒Limonene, β‒Terpinene, Linalool, Citral, α‒Pinene β‒Caryophyllene, Terpinen‒4‒ol, γ‒Terpinene, 3‒Carene, Sylvestrene, β‒Ocimene, β‒Thujene, Citronellal, Sabinene and β‒Pinene were determined as major phytocompounds. Moreover, C. limetta was found as the most potent larvicide. The essential oil of leaves having LC50 and LC90 values 23.77 ± 3.45 and 81.07 ± 15.24 ppm and 35.12 ± 3.55 and 81.30 ± 10.79 ppm and in the case of peels 16.31 ± 3.50 and 77.60 ± 18.17 ppm and 29.20 ± 3.11 and 68.62 ± 9.03 ppm against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus after 24 h, respectively. Therefore, they can be used as environmental friendly and cheap botanical mosquitocides.
Injudicious consumption of antibiotics in the past few decades has arisen the problem of resistance in pathogenic organisms against most antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. Scenarios of treatment failure are becoming more common in hospitals. This situation demands the frequent need for new antimicrobial compounds which may have other mechanisms of action from those which are in current use. Limonene can be utilized as one of the solutions to the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Limonene is a naturally occurring monoterpene with a lemon-like odor, which mainly present in the peels of citrus plants like lemon, orange, grapefruit, etc. The study aimed to enlighten the antimicrobial properties of limonene as per previous literature. Advantageous contributions have been made by various research groups in the study of the antimicrobial properties of limonene. Previous studies have shown that limonene not only inhibits disease-causing pathogenic microbes, however, it also protects various food products from potential contaminants. This review article contains information about the effectiveness of limonene as an antimicrobial agent. Apart from antimicrobial property, some other uses of limonene are also discussed such as its role as fragrance and flavor additive, as in the formation of nonalcoholic beverages, as solvent and cleaner in the petroleum industry, and as a pesticide. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-biofilm properties of limonene may help it to be used in the future as a potential antimicrobial agent with minimal adverse effects. Some of the recent studies also showed the action of limonene against COVID-19 (Coronavirus). However, additional studies are requisite to scrutinize the possible mechanism of antimicrobial action of limonene.
The North-eastern region of India is the citrus depository of our country and is reported to be the centre of origin of many Citrus species. The genus Citrus L., the sole source of the citrus fruits of commerce, includes some of the most commercially important fruits. As many as 17 Citrus species, their 52 cultivars and 7 probable natural hybrids are reported to have originated in the North-eastern region of India. Northeast India falls under the “Indo-Burma Region” of hot spot of biodiversity, which is the richest and one of the most threatened places for plant life on the earth. Several Citrus species and their natural hybrids have been reported to originate and exist in this area. However, this vast indigenous Citrus diversity of India has not been used to its full potential for Citrus improvement programs. Sustainable in situ and on farm conservation is possible with active synergies with farmers, communities and national institutions. Role of farmers as active partners, conservator, promoter and custodian of local Citrus diversity are needed to be recognized. The proposed seminar will provide a platform for the scientists, researchers, policy maker, entrepreneurs and other stakeholders like state government officials and farmers for cross learning with an approach towards Citrus biodiversity conservation and its commercialization so that it enable the farmers to reap more economic gain or profit from the Citrus farming.
