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Characterization of surface roughness and wettability. a) Average surface roughness of the coated surfaces and Ti control surface (n = 9; *p < 0.05). b) Contact angle measurements of the different coated surfaces and Ti control surface (n = 4; **p < 0.01).
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Metallic implants are widely used in diverse clinical applications to aid in recovery from lesions or to replace native hard tissues. However, the lack of integration of metallic surfaces with soft tissue interfaces causes the occurrence of biomaterial‐associated infections, which can trigger a complicated inflammatory response and, ultimately, imp...
Citations
... Therefore, the interaction between material surface interface and bone tissue plays vital roles in determining the success of implantation. Especially, the lack of integration between material-bone interfaces may result in aseptic loosening or biomaterial associated infection, which induces complex inflammatory responses and ultimately leads to implant failure [4]. Therefore, the surface properties of bone repair materials can determine the fate of the material after implantation. ...
Due to trauma and disease, bone defects endanger the healthy life of human beings. At present, the gold standard for bone defect repair is still autologous bone transplantation and allogeneic bone transplantation. However, its insufficient source, potential disease transmission and immune rejection limit its clinical application. Therefore, the development of bone repair materials plays an important role in promoting bone repair. As the interface between material and tissue, the surface of the material plays an important role in the reaction after implantation, which determines the effectiveness of defect repair treatment. With the development of surface engineering and technology, bone repair materials have developed from biological inertia to biological activity by endowing various biological functions by controlling the composition, topological morphology and structure of the material surface etc. The inspired biofunctionalisation of material surface includes the capacities of inducing osteogenesis, promoting angiogenesis, antibacterial, immune regulation etc., as well as integration of postoperative repair and treatment. The authors review the biofunctionalisation of biomaterial surface and the inspired biological effects for bone repair, mainly including physical and chemical properties of material surface to regulate osteogenesis, and functional strategy of bone repair material surface.
... S.E.=Standard Error. J Mater Sci offering new opportunities for integrating implants [94]. Although these features appear too small to enable cell attachment according to earlier literature, it has been recently demonstrated that integrin clusters can form across nanofeatures so long as the feature spacing is\110 nm [95]. ...
This review paper provides a recent overview of current international research that is being conducted into the functional properties of cellulose as a nanomaterial. A particular emphasis is placed on fundamental and applied research that is being undertaken to generate applications, which are now becoming a real prospect given the developments in the field over the last 20 years. A short introduction covers the context of the work, and definitions of the different forms of cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) that are most widely studied. We also address the terminology used for CNMs, suggesting a standard way to classify these materials. The reviews are separated out into theme areas, namely healthcare, water purification, biocomposites, and energy. Each section contains a short review of the field within the theme and summarizes recent work being undertaken by the groups represented. Topics that are covered include cellulose nanocrystals for directed growth of tissues, bacterial cellulose in healthcare, nanocellulose for drug delivery, nanocellulose for water purification, nanocellulose for thermoplastic composites, nanocellulose for structurally colored materials, transparent wood biocomposites, supercapacitors and batteries.
Tightly sealed peri‐implant gingival tissue provides a barrier against oral bacterial invasion, protecting the alveolar bone and maintaining long‐term implant survival. To investigate if zinc can enhance the integration between peri‐implant gingival tissue and abutment surface, we herein present novel zinc/chitosan/gelatin (Zn/CS/Gel) coatings prepared using the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique. The effect of these coatings on human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) was investigated by culturing these cells on top of the EPD coatings. Surface characterization demonstrated that Zn ²⁺ were released in a sustained and pH‐responsive manner. The preclinical cell culture evaluation of these coatings indicated that the zinc‐containing coatings enhanced cell migration, adhesion and collagen secretion of hGFs. Moreover, the zinc‐containing coatings exhibited antibacterial efficacy by inhibiting the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and reducing attachment of Staphylococcus aureus . Notably, zinc‐free CS/Gel coatings prevented attachment of P. gingivalis as well. The coatings were also shown to be cytocompatible with epithelial cells and osteoblasts, which are other relevant cell types which surround dental implants after clinical placement. Based on our findings, it can be concluded that Zn‐containing coatings hold promise to enhance the adhesion of gingival tissue to the implant surface, which may potentially contribute to the formation of a robust peri‐implant soft sealing counteracting bacterial invasion.
The formation of a biological seal around the neck of titanium (Ti) implants is critical for ensuring integration at the gingival site and for preventing bacterial colonization that may lead to periimplantitis. This process is guided by activated fibroblasts, named myofibroblasts, which secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and ECM‐degrading enzymes resolving the wound. However, in some cases, Ti is not able to attract and activate fibroblasts to a sufficient extent, which may compromise the success of the implant. Fibronectin (FN) is an ECM component found in wounds that is able to guide soft tissue healing through the adhesion of cells and attraction of growth factors (GFs). However, clinical use of FN functionalized Ti implants is problematic because FN is difficult to obtain, and is sensitive to degradation. Herein, functionalizing Ti with a modified recombinant heparin binding II (HBII) domain of FN, mutated to include an Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) sequence for promoting both fibroblast adhesion and GF attraction, is aimed at. The HBII‐RGD domain is able to stimulate fibroblast adhesion, spreading, proliferation, migration, and activation to a greater extent than the native HBII, reaching values closer to those of full‐length FN suggesting that it might induce the formation of a biological sealing.
Metal materials have been widely applied clinically due to their superior mechanical properties. However, the integration of metallic implants with surrounding soft tissue remains challenging and may lead to severe infections and failure of treatments. Development of natural exemplar suggests that the establishment of the soft tissue integration around hard surfaces is a complex scenario associated with the coordination of epithelial tissue, connective tissue and immune cells. In addition, the influence of the peri-implant immune microenvironment on soft tissue integration reparative process has received increasing attention. Given that the properties of the metal implant could effectively modulate immune response, it is predictable to regulate the immune microenvironment around metal implants for optimized soft tissue integration. This review firstly compared the establishment of natural biological hard surface-soft tissue integration with metal implants, in which the important role of epithelial tissue, connective tissue and immune cells were emphasized. Furthermore, up-to-date research outcomes in the closely connections between the immune microenvironment and soft tissue integration were discussed and summarized. From the view of natural soft-hard tissue integration development and reparative process, the immunomodulation-based strategy is proposed to manipulate the immune microenvironment for the enhancement of soft tissue-metal implant integration.
The application of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy is expected to make a significant contribution to the improvement of epithelial sealing around implants. However, there is currently no optimal MSC delivery biomaterial for clinical application in peri-implant epithelium (PIE) integration. In this study, we show that injectable photo-cross-linkable porous gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)/silk fibroin glycidyl methacrylate (SilMA) hydrogels encapsulating gingival tissue-derived MSCs (GMSCs) are a simple and practical approach for re-epithelization applications. The hydrogels played a prominent role in supporting the proliferation, survival, and spread of GMSCs. Moreover, it was found that GMSCs-laden Porous GelMA/SilMA hydrogels could significantly upregulate the hemidesmosomes (HDs)-related genes and proteins expression and promote M2 polarization while inhibiting M1 polarization in vitro. Based on a rat model of early implant placement, application of the MSC-loaded hydrogels could enhance the protein expression of LAMA3 and BP180 (COL17A1) at the implant-PIE interface and reduce horseradish peroxidase (HRP) penetration between the implants and PIE. Noticeably, hydrogel-based MSC therapy contributed to augmenting M2 macrophage infiltration at two time points in the gingival connective tissue around implants. These findings demonstrated that GMSCs-laden Porous GelMA/SilMA hydrogels could facilitate epithelial sealing around implants and M2-polarized macrophages and may be a novel and facile therapeutic strategy for implant-PIE integration.
Statement of Significance
In the case of poor integration between the implant and gingival epithelium, peri-implantitis can develop, which is one of the main causes of implant failure. While stem cell therapy has tremendous potential for addressing this issue, poor cell survival and engraftment compromise the effectiveness of the therapy. Due to the excellent modifiable and tunable properties of gelatin and silk fibroin, injectable photo-cross-linkable porous hydrogels were developed using gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and silk fibroin glycidyl methacrylate (SilMA) as delivery vehicles for gingiva-derived MSCs (GMSCs). Porous GelMA/SilMA not only enhanced the proliferation and viability of GMSCs but also promoted their immunomodulatory capability for favorable epithelial sealing around implants. Overall, GMSCs-seeded porous hydrogels could be promising strategies for re-epithelization treatment.
Bone healing after a tumor removal can be promoted by biomaterials that enhance the bone regeneration and prevent the tumor relapse. Herein, we obtained several nanopatterns by self-assembly of polystyrene-block-poly 2-vinyl pyridine (PS-b-P2VP) with different molecular weight and investigated the adhesion and morphology of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) and osteosarcoma cell line (SaOS-2) on these patterns aiming to identify topography and chemistry that promote bone healing. We analyzed > 2000 cells per experimental condition using imaging software and different morphometric descriptors, namely area, perimeter, aspect ratio, circularity, surface/area, and fractal dimension of cellular contour (FDC). The obtained data were used as inputs for principal component analysis, which showed distinct response of BMMSC and SaOS-2 to the surface topography and chemistry. Among the studied substrates, micellar nanopatterns assembled from the copolymer with high molecular weight promote the adhesion and spreading of BMMSC and have an opposite effect on SaOS-2. This nanopattern is thus beneficial for bone regeneration after injury or pathology, e.g. bone fracture or tumor removal.
The biologically inert and excessive elastic modulus of Ti implant surface, as well as the excessive gap between implant and host, will lead to poor bone integration even implant failure. To solve the above problems, in this study, a method for functional Ti implant is reported, in which metal ions-containing bacterial cellulose (BC) coating is introduced in situ on the surface of Ti with complex shapes. Magnesium and strontium ions can be loaded into BC by in situ biosynthesis, which have great effects on the growth of bacteria and the structure of cellulose. In addition, both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that the in situ preparation of functional BC coating on the Ti surface can integrate the operative crevices and promote osteogenesis. This simple and novel method for functional Ti implants has potential application value in clinical bone tissue repair and regeneration.
