Table 4 - uploaded by Prem Bhandari
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Characteristics of working migrants (remitters and non-remitters) of western Chitwan, Nepal, 2013.
Source publication
Studies on migration in Nepal primarily focused on the causes of migration, in general. While a few studies examined the remittances received or sent by migrants, there is little information about the variation in remittances received by households by migrant's destination. Thus, this exploratory study attempts to answer: Does the extent to which h...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... statistics of the measures are provided in Table 4. Household informant(s) reported that they received remittances from 74.4 percent of the migrants who were working in various destinations. ...
Context 2
... one-half of the migrants belonged to Brahmin/Chhetri, 16 percent each of Dalit and Hill Janajati, 13 percent Tarai Janajati and about 8 percent were Newar. Table 4 also presents the distribution of remitters and non-remitters. Remittance received by households from working migrants Table 5 shows that there is a variation in proportion of household report of remittances received by migrant's destination. ...
Similar publications
Studies on migration in Nepal primarily focused on the causes of migration, in general. While a few studies examined the remittances received or sent by migrants, there is little information about the variation in remittances received by households by migrant’s destination. Thus, this exploratory study attempts to answer: Does the extent to which h...
Citations
... Older parents with children who migrated internationally may, therefore, be more vulnerable to mental health conditions. However, there may be positive effects, such as remittances, with international migrants providing more financial support to parents than internal migrants (Bhandari 2016;de Haas and van Rooij 2010). Guo et al. (2018), for example, found that parents with internal migrant children were most likely to report financial worries, while those with international migrant children were more likely to worry about lack of care. ...
Despite evidence of the impact of adult children's migration on left-behind older parents, the comparison of left-behind older parents’ mental health and psychological well-being between internal and international migration is limited. This article examines how the relationship between adult children's migration and parent's mental health differs according to the migrant's destination — only internal migration, only international migration, or hybrid migration (at least one child who migrated internally and at least one child who migrated internationally). Drawing on a 2019 cross-sectional population-based survey of 697 left-behind older adults (≥ 60 years) in Nepal, we assessed the mental health of older parents, using the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales and a range of socio-demographic, health, lifestyle, and child-related characteristics. Multilevel mixed-method linear regression was performed to examine the effect of adult children's migration on left-behind older parents’ depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Results showed that parents whose children had all migrated internationally were at higher risk of mental health problems, particularly anxiety and stress, compared to parents whose children had all migrated internally. Older parents from the hybrid group (having both internal and international migrant adult children) had higher levels of anxiety, compared to parents whose children had all migrated internally, with no significant difference in depression and stress symptoms. Further, mothers of internationally migrated children were at higher risk of mental health symptoms than fathers. Interventions aiming to improve left-behind older parents’ mental health and psychological well-being should specifically target parents whose children have migrated internationally.
... Fortuitously, the rise in Haitian migration to South America corresponds with the emergence of literature on South-South migration (SSM) and remittances. Interest in these themes is evident from the literature published over the past decade, though it remains limited (Bhandari, 2016;Gallo, 2013;Kakhkharov et al., 2020;Kefale & Mohammed, 2018;Makina, 2013;Ratha & Shaw, 2007). Notably, focus on labor migrants in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East features prominently within the literature, while the LAC region remains largely absent. ...
In 2020, analyses from multilateral institutions predicted that the COVID-19 pandemic would hamper remittance transfers to the Latin America and Caribbean region; yet they showed steady increases in 2020 and 2021. Haiti's remittance economy has largely maintained its vitality, helping families weather multiple crises. Drawing on data from a study of the impact of COVID-19 on Haitian households and remittance data from Haiti's Central Bank, this article examines Haiti's changing remittance landscape, with particular attention paid to new migratory flows to Latin America that have emerged since the January 2010 earthquake. Considering the increase in migration to Brazil and Chile, among other countries, between 2010 and 2020, we ask, what role have remittances from South America played in Haitian households leading up to and during the COVID-19 pandemic?
... Fortuitously, the rise in Haitian migration to South America corresponds with the emergence of literature on South-South migration (SSM) and remittances. Interest in these themes is evident from the literature published over the past decade, though it remains limited (Bhandari, 2016;Gallo, 2013;Kakhkharov et al., 2020;Kefale & Mohammed, 2018;Makina, 2013;Ratha & Shaw, 2007). Notably, focus on labor migrants in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East features prominently within the literature, while the LAC region remains largely absent. ...
In 2020, analyses from multilateral institutions predicted that the COVID-19 pandemic would hamper remittance transfers to the Latin America and Caribbean region; yet they showed steady increases in 2020 and 2021. Haiti’s remittance economy has largely maintained its vitality, helping families weather multiple crises. Drawing on data from a study of the impact of COVID-19 on Haitian households and remittance data from Haiti’s Central Bank, this article examines Haiti’s changing remittance landscape, with particular attention paid to new migratory flows to Latin America that have emerged since the January 2010 earthquake. Considering the increase in migration to Brazil and Chile, among other countries, between 2010 and 2020, we ask, what role have remittances from South America played in Haitian households leading up to and during the COVID-19 pandemic?
... The variation in the inflows of remittance has increased inequality in society, and inflows have varied due to types, levels, and destinations of migrants (Bhandari 2016). The variation on the inflows is creating a complex to use such remittance on poverty alleviation and human capital development. ...
Remittance in Nepal before the Covid-19 outbreak was the largest source of microeconomic stability since it has contributed 26 percent of the total Gross Domestic Product. Indeed, it is a principal income of the workers’ household since 55.8 percent of the Nepalese households have been receiving it. As expected, the potential inflow of remittance after Covid-19 decreased massively and it has an unprecedented adverse effect on the overall Nepalese economy, downsizing from national-level income to everyday living patterns of rural Nepal. The paper aims to analyses the present economic condition based on qualitative review. It is a qualitative review of the literature presented in reference. This study has scrutinized the primary level effects of Covid-19 in the remittance economy and figured out its chain of effects on key socioeconomic elements. Moreover, this study has revealed the role of remittance in Nepal and its primary level potential effects from the national level to the socio-economic life of rural Nepal. The reports published from Nepal Rastra Bank, Ministry of Finance, other authoritative agencies, and previous research works have been appraised.
... A 2016 study in Nepal showed that households received significantly lower remittances from migrants working in India compared to migrants working in GCC countries or South East Asia. 37 India is a popular destination for migrants from rural Nepal, and there is a high level of seasonal migration from rural Nepal to India. 38 Thus, remittances from seasonal workers in India may not be sufficient to spend on children's health and nutrition. ...
Objective
To examine the impact of parental international migration on health care seeking for common childhood illnesses (diarrhoea, fever, and acute respiratory infections) and nutritional status (stunting, underweight and wasting) in young children in Nepal using the most recent nationally representative Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey.
Study design
Nationally representative cross-sectional survey.
Methods
We used multiple logistic regression models to examine the association between parental international migration and the study outcomes adjusting for a range of potential confounders.
Results
Of 5310 children, 23.5% had at least one parent living abroad. Health care for common childhood illnesses was sought for 52.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 45.0%–59.2%) and 47.0% (95% CI: 42.7%–51.1%) of children from migrant and non-migrant families, respectively. The prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting among left-behind children were 35.3% (95% CI: 31.5%–39.1%), 28.3% (95% CI: 24.2%–32.2%) and 11.8% (95% CI: 8.8%–14.7%), respectively. In adjusted analyses, there were no statistically significant differences in health care seeking or nutritional status by parent's migration status.
Conclusions
Despite large economic benefits to Nepal due to international labour migration, we did not observe any apparent differences in young left-behind children in terms of seeking health care for common childhood illnesses or prevalence of under-nutrition. Longitudinal studies are needed to accurately measure whether migration has any substantial temporal effect on the nutritional status of young children or seeking for health care.
... The Nepal Migration Survey 2009 estimates that 41 percent of Nepali international migrants were in India, 38 percent in the Persian Gulf countries, 12 percent in Malaysia, and 9 percent in other countries, largely dominated by South Korea, Japan, North America, the United Kingdom, and Australia (World Bank 2011). Despite rather large changes in destinations, much of this migration is still short-term, labororiented, and undertaken by individuals who remit money to their families remaining in Nepal (Bhandari 2016). Migration of whole households is less common, and family reunification is not possible on employment visas to the Persian Gulf and several Asian countries (Bhandari 2016;Ghimire et al. 2017). ...
... Despite rather large changes in destinations, much of this migration is still short-term, labororiented, and undertaken by individuals who remit money to their families remaining in Nepal (Bhandari 2016). Migration of whole households is less common, and family reunification is not possible on employment visas to the Persian Gulf and several Asian countries (Bhandari 2016;Ghimire et al. 2017). ...
The study of social capital has been one of the strongest areas of recent advance in migration research, but there are still many questions about how it works and why it has varying effects in studies of different places. In this article, we address the contextual variation in social capital’s effects on migration by considering migration brokers. We argue that destinations for which migration is logistically difficult to arrange give rise to brokerage industries and hypothesize that brokers, in turn, substitute for the informational capital typically provided by social networks. Our empirical tests in Nepal support this narrative, showing that social networks matter for migration to destinations where brokers are not available and have little discernible effect on migration to brokered destinations. Our results suggest that migration research should consider the growing role of brokerage agencies, that theorizations of social capital more broadly must contend with how it is delimited by brokers, and that social scientists might also consider other consequences that can arise from these migration brokers that are increasingly common in many countries and provide a marketized replacement for social capital in some cases.
... Thus, the supply of labor primarily depends on the availability of working-age members in a household, which is the important source of a household's farm labor force (FAO, 1986;Low, 1986). This is primarily because a large extent of this labor is supplied from within the household (Bhandari, 2006(Bhandari, , 2013(Bhandari, , 2017Cain, 1977;Filmer and Pritchett, 1997;Karan and Ishii, 1996;Kumar and Hotchkiss, 1988;Loughran and Pritchette, 1997). Evidence also shows that the number of working-age family members is related to the use of farm technologies in Nepal (Bhandari, 2006(Bhandari, , 2017. ...
... This is primarily because a large extent of this labor is supplied from within the household (Bhandari, 2006(Bhandari, , 2013(Bhandari, , 2017Cain, 1977;Filmer and Pritchett, 1997;Karan and Ishii, 1996;Kumar and Hotchkiss, 1988;Loughran and Pritchette, 1997). Evidence also shows that the number of working-age family members is related to the use of farm technologies in Nepal (Bhandari, 2006(Bhandari, , 2017. ...
... Their roles are significant in the conservation of land, water, flora, and fauna (Prasad and Singh, 1992). Some farming activities such as weeding and threshing/harvesting of crops are primarily performed by women (Bhandari, 2017;Acharya and Bennet, 1981;Boserup, 1971Boserup, , 1990Sachs, 1996). In addition, women spend much longer hours than men in both reproduction and production (Kumar and Hotchkiss, 1988;Komatsu et al., 2015). ...
Food security is a multidimensional concept. According to the Global Food Security Index (GFSI) score (an indicator of food security), Nepal’s GFSI score in 2017 was 44.5 out of 100, ranking 81 out of 113 countries. This scenario shows that food security is Nepal’s challenge as well. Thus, this chapter examines the various socioeconomic, cultural, and structural factors that determine food security at the household level using the Sustainable Livelihood (SL) framework. The SL framework, an integrated approach to studying various livelihood outcomes, is widely used to examine the factors influencing food security in developing countries. To fulfill the aim of this
chapter, we introduce the subject matter in the context of Nepal. We define the various concepts of food security and discuss its four major dimensions, and ways of measuring food security. We report on the food security situation of the country from a geographic perspective. Then, we illustrate the sustainable livelihood framework and associated components. We also provide theoretical and empirical links between various livelihood assets and food security along with a review and empirical evidence of the influence of the access to various assets on food security in the Nepali context. Finally, we conclude that food security is a geographically driven issue. We reveal that food security is a geographic problem in Nepal, which varies by north-south as well as east-west geographic regions. We also find that access to various household capitals is important in addressing food security challenges thereby suggesting the significance of household assets in solving the food security problem in the country.
... About 9 percent (Nepal = 7%) of population migrated outside of Chitwan of which 16% (Nepal = 13%) were males and 2 percent (Nepal = 2%) were females. Many youths are migrating outside of Nepal every year (see Bhandari & Ghimire, 2013) and sending a large amount of remittances back home (Bhandari, 2016). These migrant-sending households utilize remittances in a variety of tasks (Bhandari & Chaudhary, 2017). ...
A B S T R A C T This paper examines the uses of remittances in various household activities by remittance-receiving households in rural Nepal. Specifically, this paper focuses on the allocation of (a) remittances in agriculture and other dimensions of household activities, and (b) whether there is any association between the amount of remittances received and the amount allocated by households to agriculture and other dimensions. This study utilizes the detailed household level data (n=139 remittance-receiving households) collected from the Chitwan Valley in 2014, a rural migrant-sending setting of southern Nepal that collected remittances received by households and remittance used in various household activities with monthly precision in the past 12 months. Using the multilevel multivariate OLS regression, the results showed that of the total amount of remittances used, farming (e.g. purchase of seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides) received only about 3.1 percent. In contrast, a large proportion of remittance was used in buying fixed assets such as land, houses, and jewelry (27.1%), followed by food and vegetables (15.3%), savings and business investment (12.3%), loan payment (11.0%), education, (11.2%), and health (4.1%). Adjusted results from multivariate analysis (multilevel OLS) showed that the amount of remittances received by households was not significantly associated with its use in farming. However, the amount of remittances received was positively associated with the amount used in buying fixed assets, media (electronic) items, clothing, covering cultural expenses, paying utilities, and repaying debt. Implications from the findings are presented.
http://gjaas.org/index.php/GJAAS/article/view/5
... Also, remittances in 2014/2015 were the third (17.6 %) most important source of a household's income after salary, wages, allowances, and pensions (30.3%) and business income (24.4%) (Nepal Rastra Bank 2016; see also Adhikari 2001;Bhandari 2016;Seddon et al. 2002). Bhandari and Chaudhary (2017) reported that remittance-receiving households use remittances for a wide variety of productive and consumptive purposes. ...
In this article, we investigate the influences of material aspirations on migration in Nepal, positing that material aspirations may have important influences on decisions to migrate and where to locate. We discuss a theoretical model explaining how these aspirations might be key influences in the migration decision. Using detailed continuous migration histories from the 2008–2012 Chitwan Valley Family Study, we estimate logistic and alternative-specific conditional logit models to examine how material aspirations in Nepal influence migration rates and destinations. Our empirical analyses provide strong evidence that material aspirations have large effects on overall rates of migration and affect destination-specific migration rates, particularly for relatively wealthy Western and Asian destinations. We also show an interaction effect between material aspirations and destination-specific expected earnings in influencing people’s migration choices. It is the people with high aspirations who migrate to destinations with high earning potentials.
... Nepal, like many other developing countries, is experiencing massive out-migration of young individuals (Bhandari, 2016). More recently, migration appears to have been a 'rite of passage' and a matter of social status and prestige for many Nepalese. ...
Studies on migration in Nepal primarily focused on the causes of migration, in general. While a few studies examined the remittances received or sent by migrants, there is little information about the variation in remittances received by households by migrant’s destination. Thus, this exploratory study attempts to answer: Does the extent to which households receive remittances vary by migrant’s destination? Using the data collected in 2013 from the western Chitwan Valley of Nepal, the findings from multivariate analysis reveal that net of controls, both the receipt as well as the amount of remittances received by a household varied by migrant’s destination. Evidence suggests that households are less likely to receive remittances from migrants working in India (a country of low earning potential) as compared to those working in Nepal. On the other hand, households received significantly more amount of remittances from migrants working countries with high earning potentials (such as Middle East, East or South East Asia, and America, Australia and Europe) as compared to those working in Nepal. Adjusting for other factors, the largest amount of remittances was received from migrants working in the East or South East Asian countries (e.g. South Korea, Malaysia, Japan) followed by those in America, Australia, and Europe and the Middle East. The insights gained from this exploratory study are discussed.
