Table 1 - uploaded by Juraj Parajka
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Simple methods for the construction of grid maps for the estimation of the long-term mean annual potential and actual évapotranspiration for climate change impact studies have been tested. From contour maps of the long-term mean annual potential and actual évapotranspiration, (uncorrected) precipitation, elementary runoff and temperature for the pe...
Context in source publication
Similar publications
The water balance of Zala County was analyzed using remote-sensing based actual evapotranspiration (ETA) (Kovacs 2011) and runoff (R) in the context of land cover types. The highest mean ETA rates were determined for water bodies (658 mm/year) and wetlands (622 mm/year). Forests have higher values than agricultural areas, and the lowest rates belon...
Based on the processing of archival data on 16,360 hydrogeological wells and 17,169 engineering geological probes over the entire territory of Slovakia, a generalized raster map of groundwater level depths beneath the ground surface was created with a grid resolution of 200 x 200 m. The generation of raster data was carried out according to the fol...
Citations
... The runoff R is deducted as P-ET. Parajka and Szolgay (1998) focused on the estimation and spatial interpretation of the long-term mean annual actual and potential evapotranspiration on the territory of Slovakia using grid-based maps. From contour maps of the long-term mean annual potential and actual evapotranspiration, precipitation (uncorected), elementary runoff, and the temperature for the period 1931-1960, a system of grid maps was constructed using interpolation methods. ...
Climate change is presently a widely discussed subject in relation to alterations in water storage capacity and the components of the hydrological balance within catchment areas. This research study was directed at two main objectives: 1. The indirect estimation of long-term mean annual runoff using an empirical model; 2. The determination of changes in the annual runoff regime of fifty Danube sub-basins. Monthly areal precipitation, discharges, and air temperature data from 1961 to 1990 were collected for selected headwater sub-basins of the Danube River. In the first part, Turc-type empirical equations for the estimation of the long-term average annual runoff R in the Danube basin were employed. The parameters of the empirical equations were determined through nonlinear regression. Given the underestimation of the actual (territorial, balance) evapotranspiration ET values determined from the balance equation, the precipitation totals were corrected by +10%. With a 10% increase in precipitation, the values of balance ET reached the values ET determined by the Budyko–Zubenok–Konstantinov method. In the second part, fifty equations for the estimation of changes in the average annual runoff, depending on increases in the air temperature and changes in the annual precipitation separately for each of the 50 sub-basins, were established. In conclusion, the results suggest that, on average, a 100 mm increase in the average annual rainfall in the Danube River headwater sub-basins, will cause a 50 mm increase in outflow, and a 1 °C increase in the average annual air temperature will lead to a 12 mm decrease in runoff.
... The contribution of P PZ and O PZ to the balance sheet should be assessed on a case-by-case basis. When the catchment under scrutiny is large and the difference in the respective orographic and hydrogeological catchment areas is small, P PZ and O PZ do not have to be considered in the balance in practical applications (Parajka 1998;Parajka et al., 2004). ...
Due to a changing climate, likely changes to a hydrological regime are one of the primary sources of uncertainty to consider in managing water resources. In Slovakia, a decline in the country’s water resources, combined with a change in the seasonality of runoff and an increase in the extremeness of floods and droughts, represents a potential threat. The objective of the paper was to explore trends in the components of the long-term hydrological balance of various river basins to detect the impacts of changing climate conditions along the Western Carpathians. The proposed method is a comparative exploratory analysis of the hydrological balance of the selected river basins. Temporal changes in the catchments’ average air temperatures, precipitation, runoff, and their differences (considered as an index of the actual evapotranspiration), were estimated for 49 years of data; two non-overlapping sub-periods (25 and 24 years) in the seven river basins were also compared. This work also aims at evaluating the applicability of gridded inputs from the CarpatClim database for modelling the hydrological balance over an extended period. The results document the impact of the rising air temperature and, in part, local physiographic factors on the changes in runoff and actual catchment evapotranspiration.
... Due to the limited availability of temporal and spatial meteorological datasets, the real evapotranspiration was calculated by applying the empirical Turc's formula (Turc, 1954), based on annual rainfall and air temperature data: (5) where: ET r is the average real annual evapotranspiration (mm), P is the average annual rainfall (mm), and T c is the corrected average annual temperature (°C). The reliability of Turc's empirical model was confirmed by several studies carried out in the Mediterranean basin and European areas (Turc, 1954;Santoro, 1970;Parajka & Szolgay, 1998;Allocca et alii, 2014). The effective rainfall P e , evaluated for each cell as the difference between mean annual rainfall P (mm) and mean annual real evapotranspiration ET r (mm), represents the sum of effective infiltration I (mm) and direct runoff R (mm): P e = P − ET r = I + R ...
In the Metaponto coastal plain (Basilicata region, southern Italy), the anthropogenic impact, mainly linked to agriculture and tourism, has significantly modified the land use and threatened the groundwater quality over the last century. Five protected sites located near the river mouths are included in the Natura 2000 network thanks to the high ecological value of their flora and fauna. The reduction of the groundwater flow, probably caused by the construction of dams and reservoirs for water storage, threatens the equilibrium of the coastal vegetated areas. Among the effects of groundwater quality modifications, the risk of salinity increase should be considered relevant.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the approach, which is preliminary to the density-driven flow modeling, supporting the implementation of management criteria facing seawater intrusion, climate change, and water demand in future scenarios. The definition of an accurate physically-based model is based on the geological and hydrogeological conceptualization and hydrochemical discussion.
... Daha sonra aynı modül ileCokriging yöntemi ile elde edilen %50, %80 ve %90 olasılıklardaki toplam yağış (P) haritaları Denklem 3.18 ile ifade edilen M. Turc eşitliğinde her olasılık düzeyi için ayrı ayrı işleme alınmıştır. Hesaplamalar sonunda;Parajka (1998) tarafından gerçek evapotranspirasyon (ET) olarak da ifade edilen Seyhan Havzasındaki %50, %80 ve %90 olasılıklı M. Turc yöntemi kayıp (D) haritaları oluşturulmuştur (Şekil 4.8). Seyhan Havzasındaki ampirik yüzey akışı bulmak için ise Cokriging yöntemi ile elde edilmiş %50, %80 ve %90 olasılıklı yağış (P) haritaları kullanılmıştır. ...
This study was conducted in Seyhan River Basin, covering 21 470.3 km² area. Long
term annual temperature and precipitation series were collected for meteorological
observation stations, and rainfall-runoff data were collected from archives of
research institutes and DSI. The aim of this study was to determine appropriate
method for mapping rainfall and temperature with different probability levels in GIS
environment and to produce M. Turc runoff map in the Seyhan river basin. The aim
was also extended to compare the real-time flow measurements observed in research
basins and in small earth dams located in the basin with M. Turc runoff estimates at
those locations. Ordinary Kriging, Ordinary Cokriging and Multiple Regression
techniques which consider the correlation amongst observations, geographical
positions of meteorological stations and their distributions on the study area were
utilized to produce temperature map with 50% probability level, and precipitation
maps with 50%, 80% and 90% probability levels. By using minimum error criterion
and also precipitation data observed at the critical locations where small earth dams
were constructed, it was concluded that Multiple Regression and Ordinary Cokriging
techniques were suitable for the purpose of mapping mean temperature with 50%
probability level, and precipitation with 50%, 80% and 90% probability levels,
respectively. Through using the suitable mapping techniques determined, M. Turc
runoff maps with 50%, 80% and 90% probability levels were produced for Seyhan
Basin. It was determined that M. Turc runoff values calculated in GIS media yielded
more realistic results close to the observed runoff data in the basin, compared to M.
Turc runoff values calculated conventionally. It was concluded that the A coefficient
assigned to the Seyhan Basin was no longer representative, that a representative
coefficient should be determined by an appropriate technique.
Key Words: Seyhan Basin, GIS, Kriging, M. Turc, Runoff
... The mean value of ω of a basin can be obtained by averaging ω of the sub-basins, or by minimizing the mean absolute error (MAE) in fitting the curve in Eq. (1) with E/P ∼ E 0 /P (E = P − R) (Legates and McCabe, 1999). Using the mean value of ω, Eq. (2) can be used to predict ungauged basin runoff or to interpolate the spatial variation of the runoff, using meteorological data in targeted sub-basins (Parajka and Szolgay, 1998). ...
The hydro-stochastic interpolation method based on traditional block Kriging
has often been used to predict mean annual runoff in river basins. A caveat
in such a method is that the statistic technique provides little physical
insight into relationships between the runoff and its external forcing, such
as the climate and land cover. In this study, the spatial runoff is
decomposed into a deterministic trend and deviations from it caused by
stochastic fluctuations. The former is described by the Budyko method (Fu's
equation) and the latter by stochastic interpolation. This coupled method is
applied to spatially interpolate runoff in the Huaihe River basin of China.
Results show that the coupled method significantly improves the prediction
accuracy of the mean annual runoff. The error of the predicted runoff by the
coupled method is much smaller than that from the Budyko method and the
hydro-stochastic interpolation method alone. The determination coefficient
for cross-validation, Rcv2, from the coupled method is 0.87,
larger than 0.81 from the Budyko method and 0.71 from the hydro-stochastic
interpolation. Further comparisons indicate that the coupled method has also
reduced the error in overestimating low runoff and underestimating high
runoff suffered by the other two methods. These results confirm that the
coupled method offers an effective and more accurate way to predict the mean
annual runoff in river basins.
... The method was selected based on its reliability [19] and ease of use. For Hungary, Kovács [20] developed another estimation method to predict actual evapotranspiration. ...
Karst spring flow plays an increasing important role in groundwater resources in Hungary. This paper evaluates three different estimation methods to predict mean annual spring flows in the Aggtelek region, using GIS based catchment area. Annual spring flow was predicted by two regional regression equations, by applying the Budyko equations, and by the original and modified Maucha method. Using measured spring flows, precipitation and temperature data between 1975-1992 each method was evaluated and compared for 12 spring location in the Aggtelek region. Neither method was found significantly better than the others. The Budyko curves gave a good estimation for annual spring flows, with average variance. The non-linear regression method gave the best result, with the smallest median error, and error variance.
... Due to the limited availability of temporal and spatial meteorological datasets, the real evapotranspiration was calculated by applying the empirical Turc's formula (Turc, 1954), based on annual rainfall and air temperature data: (5) where: ET r is the average real annual evapotranspiration (mm), P is the average annual rainfall (mm), and T c is the corrected average annual temperature (°C). The reliability of Turc's empirical model was confirmed by several studies carried out in the Mediterranean basin and European areas (Turc, 1954;Santoro, 1970;Parajka & Szolgay, 1998;Allocca et alii, 2014). The effective rainfall P e , evaluated for each cell as the difference between mean annual rainfall P (mm) and mean annual real evapotranspiration ET r (mm), represents the sum of effective infiltration I (mm) and direct runoff R (mm): P e = P − ET r = I + R ...
The aim of the present study is the evaluation of the intrinsic vulnerability to pollution of one of the major carbonate aquifer systems of the Ba-silicata region, Southern Italy. This aquifer system is represented by the wide Arioso-Pierfaone morphostructure, located in the higher sector of the Basento Valley, and characterized by abundant groundwater resources , quantified in about 10 Mm3/yr flowing from several springs. Many of these are captured, though not fully exploited, whereas others are not captured, though characterized by considerable discharges. From a structural point of view, the study area is characterized by the presence of numerous faults and thrusts. As a consequence, the permea-bility of the carbonate aquifer system shows a large variability. The choice of the methodological approach for the evaluation of the vulnerability has been based on the local hydrogeological characteristics and on the amount of available geological information. In particular, the evaluation of the intrinsic vulnerability of the Basento Valley carbonate aqui-fer system was obtained using the "SINTACS" point count system model. This method allowed to evaluate that the six classes of the intrinsic vulnerability of the carbonate system vary between very low and very high. High values of vulnerability are due to the density of the fractures, the distribution of the outcropping lithologies, the petrographic composition of the permeated geological formations and the depth of the piezo-metric surface.
... To estimate the mean annual P − ETR over the period 1926-2012, the actual evapotranspiration was calculated for each rain gauge station by Turc's formula (Turc, 1954), which was based on annual runoff, air temperature and precipitation of 254 drainage basins distributed in different climates and continents. The reliability of this empirical model, was also confirmed by studies in the Mediterranean (Santoro, 1970) and European areas (Parajka and Szolgay, 1998;Horvat and Rubinic, 2006) as well as through mean annual hydrological budgets carried out for principal aquifers of southern Italy (Boni et al., 1982;Celico, 1983;Allocca et al., 2007a): ...
To assess the mean annual groundwater recharge of the karst aquifers in the southern Apennines (Italy), the estimation of the mean annual groundwater recharge coefficient (AGRC) was conducted by means of an integrated approach based on hydrogeological, hydrological, geomorphological, land use and soil cover analyses. Starting from the hydrological budget equation, the coefficient was conceived as the ratio between the net groundwater outflow and the precipitation minus actual evapotranspiration ( P -ETR) for a karst aquifer. A large part of the southern Apennines, which is covered by a meteorological network containing 40 principal karst aquifers, was studied. Using precipitation and air temperature time series gathered through monitoring stations operating in the period 1926-2012, the mean annual P</ i>-ETR was estimated, and its distribution was modelled at a regional scale by considering the orographic barrier and rain shadow effects of the Apennine chain, as well as the altitudinal control. Four sample karst aquifers with available long spring discharge time series were identified for estimating the AGRC. The resulting values were correlated with other parameters that control groundwater recharge, such as the extension of outcropping karst rocks, morphological settings, land use and covering soil type. A multiple linear regression between the AGRC, lithology and the summit plateau and endorheic areas was found. This empirical model was used to assess the AGRC and mean annual groundwater recharge in other regional karst aquifers. The coefficient was calculated as ranging between 50 and 79%, thus being comparable with other similar estimations carried out for karst aquifers of European and Mediterranean countries. The mean annual groundwater recharge for karst aquifers of the southern Apennines was assessed by these characterizations and validated by a comparison with available groundwater outflow measurements.
These results represent a deeper understanding of an aspect of groundwater hydrology in karst aquifers which is fundamental for the formulation of appropriate management models of groundwater resources at a regional scale, also taking into account mitigation strategies for climate change impacts. Finally, the proposed hydrological characterizations are also supposed to be useful for the assessment of mean annual runoff over carbonate mountains, which is another important topic concerning water management in the southern Apennines.
... rongly resembles an extensive surface of green grass of uniform height, actively growing. completely shading the gound and adequately supplied with water (Allen et al. 1998). Thus it should be properly named potential reference evapotranspiration. Numerous studies focused on modelling various climate elements have been carried out also in Slovakia. Szolgay et al. (2005) analysed long-term mean annual potential and actual evapotranspiration in Slovakia. Skvarenina et al. (2002) calculated CWB for several meteorological stations, representing particular altitudinal vegetation zones. Pivec et al. (2006) carried out spatial analysis ofthe potential evapotranspiration for the Czech Republic. These works pro ...
Cited By (since 1996):1, Export Date: 8 October 2013, Source: Scopus, Language of Original Document: English, Correspondence Address: Hlásny, T.; National Forest Centre, Deparment of Ecology and Biodiversity of Forest Ecosystems, T. G. Masaryka 22, 960 92 Zvolen, Slovakia; email: hlasny@nlcsk.org, References: ALLEN, R.G., PEREIRA, L.S., RAES, D., SMITH, M., (1998) Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements, p. 300. , FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 56, Rome Food and Agricultural Organization, p;
... Tomlain, 1985 and1990). However, the study presented in Parajka and Szolgay (1998) and Hlavčová et al. (1999) showed that the manual hand drawn maps do not always form the repeatable and completely consistent system with respect to balancing constraints (cross-consistence of the main water balance components) and to laws of vertical and horizontal geographical zonality and grid maps based on empirical and semi-empirical relationships are to be preferred. Several empirical regression relationships are commonly used for the computation of ET and EP (among others Dub, Turc, Friga, Blaney-Criddle models). ...
... The original relationship of Turc (Turc, 1954) was recalibrated against the long term annual means of P, T and R observed in Slovakia in the period 1951-80. Detailed information about the calibration procedure is presented in Parajka and Szolgay (1998). The following spatial model for the calculation of annual ET and EP (both quantities in mm) was derived: 3 255.894 ...
Recently hydrological mapping have gained renewed interest in connection with climate-change impact studies, determination of water budgets at different temporal and spatial scales and the validation of atmospheric simulation models and hydrological models. Grids maps are often chosen for the representation of the spatial distribution of diverse physiographic and hydrologic information. This study focuses on the spatial estimation of the long-term mean annual actual (ET) and potential (EP) evapotranspiration in mountainous basins in Central Slovakia. Three methods used for EP and ET estimations are compared in a mapping framework: the modified empirical Turc model, the energy based SOLEI model and continuous water balance simulation using WASIM model. The spatial variability and consistency of EP and ET estimated by the different methods is evaluated and the performance of resulting ET grid maps is compared with the observed long-term water balance in three Hron river basins: river Hron to Bystra, Hron to Brezno and Hron to Banska Bystrica profiles.
