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Battery lifetime extension is a primary design objective for portable systems. This paper investigates how non-ideal properties of a battery impacts its lifespan. More specifically the paper analyzes experimental discharge characteristics of Alkaline, Nickel Cadmium, Nickel Metal Hydride and Lithium Ion batteries for both continuous and intermitten...
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Emulating true, field-like internal short-circuits (ISCs) by experimental methods is a complex task with mostly unsatisfactory outcome. However, understanding the evolution and impact of ISCs is crucial to mitigate safety issues related to lithium-ion batteries. Local short-circuit (LSC) conditions are applied to single-layered, small-sized (i.e. <...
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... Due to their limited battery capacity, mobile devices need to be frequently charged by connecting to the power grid, limiting their eventual functionality. Various approaches, e.g., intermittent operation [2], [3] and energy harvesting [4], [5], have been proposed to alleviate this. Recently, the notion of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) has been rejuvenated, allowing direct (point-to-point) exchange of energy wirelessly [6]. ...
This work addresses the problem of efficient joint wireless data-energy transfer in distributed networks. We consider devices capable of exchanging data and energy wirelessly, aiming at optimal data/energy transfer scheduling. Wireless Power Transfer resembles energy-harvesting but it bears its own peculiarities. We formulate mathematically the evolution of the data queue and battery state of each node according to a back-pressure inspired approach, and define an optimization problem aiming at better energy balancing. We employ a dual Lagrange multiplier solution, and through simulation and analysis, we identify the critical parameters determining the behavior of the system. This is a cornerstone work towards developing a more generic framework within the conceived 6G architecture, and here we demonstrate its theoretical and practical potentials.
... NiMH and Li-ion batteries are special purpose rechargeable batteries used in cell phones, iPods and PDAs. Li-ion battery is the fastest growing battery technology today (Castillo et al., 2004). It has significant high energy density and twice the life cycle of a NiMH battery. ...
... It has significant high energy density and twice the life cycle of a NiMH battery. Nevertheless, they can be more expensive than NiMH batteries and unsafe when improperly used or disposed (Lankey and McMicheal, 1999;Castillo et al., 2004). At the global level, battery manufacturers produced 1.4 billion NiCd batteries, ~1 billion NiMH batteries. ...
Three brands of spent mobile phone batteries (lithium-ion and Li-Polymer) were used as toxicant in freshwater sample with Aspergillus nidulans. The 24h Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) was used as indices for ecotoxicological assessment. Aspergillus nidulans survive and multiply in the Samsung contaminated freshwater with median lethal concentration (LC50 = 84.5659%) which is higher than the maximum toxicant concentration of 75%. Nokia (LC50 = 73.0401%) which is slightly lower than the maximum toxicant concentration showing that Aspergillus nidulans is slightly susceptible to the toxicant in fresh water. Tecno mobile phone battery is a Li-Polymer battery (LC50 of 66.3615%) which is lower than the maximum toxicant concentration showing that Aspergillus nidulans is susceptible to the toxicant in fresh water. Cumulative analysis of mean % mortality showed that Aspergillus nidulans is not susceptible to spent Samsung battery, slightly susceptible to spent Nokia battery and susceptible to spent Tecno phone battery. Mean % log mortality at different dose 0%, 5%, 15%, 25%, 50% and 75% revealed Samsung: 0, -5.618, 1.18, -1.87, -19.822, -17.042; Nokia: 0, 4.642, 3.974, -0.156, 4.018, 1.366; Tecno: 0, 4.59, 8.072, 4.458, 11.394, 17.23 [Note: the negative % log mortality values indicates growth above % control]. There were significant differences in the toxicants at 95% probability level; showing that Tecno battery is more toxic than Nokia and Samsung mobile phone battery. Samsung mobile phone battery might have been manufactured with green awareness. Spent mobile phone batteries should be handled as toxic materials that require special treatment. Implementation of a well-coordinated management strategy for spent batteries is urgently required to check the dissipation of large doses of toxic chemicals and rare heavy metals into the environment. However, the ability of Aspergillus nidulans to utilize battery chemical component for growth up to 45% concentration shows that this organism is a very potential tool for biodegradation of spent mobile phone batteries, thus industries concerned should mix broth cultures of Aspergillus nidulans with spent chemicals of phone batteries before discharge into the environment. It can also be used as a bio-marker to detect low and high level pollution in freshwater.
... Another class of work focuses on verifying the existence of the recovery effect by performing experimental tests on battery cells. In [Castillo et al. 2004], a relay switch controlled by a computer is used to perform intermittent and continuous discharge experiments on four different battery chemistries (alkaline, Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd), NiMH and Li-Ion) to verify the existence of recovery effect. ...
With the perennial demand for longer runtime of battery-powered Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSNs), several techniques have been proposed to increase the battery runtime. One such class of techniques exploiting the battery recovery effect phenomenon claims that performing an intermittent discharge instead of a continuous discharge will increase the usable battery capacity. Several works in the areas of embedded systems and wireless sensor networks have assumed the existence of this recovery effect and proposed different power management techniques in the form of power supply architectures (multiple battery setup) and communication protocols (burst mode transmission) in order to exploit it. However, until now, a systematic experimental evaluation of the recovery effect has not been performed with real battery cells, using high-accuracy battery testers to confirm the existence of this recovery phenomenon. In this article, a systematic evaluation procedure is developed to verify the existence of this battery recovery effect. Using our evaluation procedure, we investigated Alkaline, Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH), and Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) battery chemistries, which are commonly used as power supplies for Wireless Sensor Node (WSN) applications. Our experimental results do not show any evidence of the aforementioned recovery effect in these battery chemistries. In particular, our results show a significant deviation from the stochastic battery models, which were used by many power management techniques. Therefore, the existing power management approaches that rely on this recovery effect do not hold in practice. Instead of a battery recovery effect, our experimental results show the existence of the rate capacity effect, which is the reduction of usable battery capacity with higher discharge power, to be the dominant electrochemical phenomenon that should be considered for maximizing the runtime of WSN applications. We outline power management techniques that minimize the rate capacity effect in order to obtain a higher energy output from the battery.
... 2b, 2c and 2g during intermittent discharge the energy that can be obtained from battery is higher than during continues discharge with the same load. This is happing due to battery relaxation effect [14], [15]. As revealed in presented figures, the relaxation effect for small sized bateries is expressed more clearly: 50% duty cycle for AG4 batteries for 82 Ohm load allows to increase avilable energy for 50%, while for AAA battery 50% duty cycle provides only 20% available energy increase. ...
The technology advances over the recent years brought on market many portable consumer and telecommunication electronic devices, most of which utilize low-power embedded systems. Significant part of these devices is nowadays supplied from the primary batteries, among which the alkaline ones are the most widespread. The paper presents the real-life discharge curves and measurement results of available energy for various commercially available off-the-shelf alkaline batteries under continues and intermittent discharge. The specifics of the paper is that it focuses the battery discharge profiles, which are typical for the portable devices based on low-power micro controllers in general and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes in particular. Therefore, provided in the paper data is valuable both for engineers for estimating their devices' lifetimes and for researchers for evaluating battery models or estimating performance for energy efficiency improvement mechanisms. Besides, the presented results reveal importance of battery characteristics consideration for lifetime improvement and demonstrate need for energy-source aware optimization algorithms for battery supplied systems in general and for WSN especially.
... In addition, the shape of the discharge current waveform plays a role in determining the achievable battery life. For instance Castillo et al. [29] reports beneficial effects on alkaline battery life from using pulsating loads with prolonged intermittent rest periods, in comparison to using a constant load with the same amount of total energy draw. ...
... Another set of studies which have been carried out with the aim of analysing their ability to show recovery effect have been previously described [3], [13]. Narayanaswamy et al. [3] placed Alkaline, Ni-MH and Li-ion batteries under constant power discharge for 0.5, 5, 50 seconds followed by a rest time for the same period. ...
... Castillo et al. [13] tested D sized Alkaline, NiCd, NiMH and Li-ion batteries with capacity in the range of 1400-4500 mAh for two rest durations of 15 and 30 minutes. Their experiments recorded the total run time and battery voltage. ...
... Parameters [13] Alkaline ...
... Several studies have been done on these effects, in some cases with contradictory results. Castillo et al. [9] have examined the effect of intermittent discharge on different battery technologies. Their tests were done with 50% on-off duty cycle at 1.1 · 10 −3 Hz and 5.5 · 10 −4 Hz using alkaline, nickel cadmium, nickel metal-hydride, and lithium-ion battery cells. ...
Simulating repeating loading events on dynamic systems can be challenging when large timescale disparities exist coupled with aperiodic effects. Batteries driving switched/pulsed loads represent one such situation. Large timescale disparity can be experienced by solid-state batteries driving switching microactuators or microelectronics, due to extremely short transient response times of microscale systems relative to some of the battery’s own dynamics. Projecting state changes over a long series of fast-timescale loading events using a transition matrix approach was shown previously to significantly reduce numerical expense of simulation compared to full modeling. Here we develop an approach for further accelerated simulation of a battery driving a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) actuator that quantifies errors and addresses overhead expenses in projecting battery states across multiple fast events. This is done with a definition of system states that allows efficient transition matrix generation, and an analysis of key errors associated with projection. This error analysis enables targeted modification to the transition matrix during projection. A case study explores these modeling approaches in a capacitively loaded, battery usage scenario of a piezoelectrically-driven microrobot where the proposed improvements reduce the numerical cost (function calls) by over 44x from the prior approach. Conditions for further simplified modeling are discussed.
