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This paper introduces a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique for multiple photovoltaic (PV) arrays operating under different environmental and load conditions. Variations in these conditions will cause multiple local maximum power points (MPPs) on the P-V and I-V curves of the PV modules. In these conditions it is difficult to find t...
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... Arrays Y. Shasi Kumar, Student Member, IEEE, and Rajesh Gupta, Senior Member, IEEE C difficulties a novel MPPT technique is proposed with minimum number of sensors. The characteristics of PV module are shown in Fig. 1, which varies with the environmental conditions. Topology-1 shows the PV system when multiple arrays/modules are connected in parallel. These types of systems are applicable for high current and low voltage loads. In this topology the paralleling of PV arrays is done before the DC-DC converter. These types of systems are normally low ...
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... load of 50 Ω. As shown in Fig. 5 when two modules are connected in parallel, with one at healthy condition (G=1000 w m /m 2 ) and other one is at shaded condition (G=600 w m /m 2 ), theoretically the total rated power of two modules is 76.58W (47.87W+28.71W), but with P&O MPPT algorithm we can able to extract only 43.97W from the PV modules. Fig. 10 shows the tracking performance of V MPP with extended P&O MPPT algorithm. When compared with P&O MPPT algorithm the tracking performance with extended P&O algorithm has been improved greatly and succeeded to locate global maxima. The tracked peak power with extended P&O algorithm is shown in Fig. 11. The extracted power from PV module ...
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... to extract only 43.97W from the PV modules. Fig. 10 shows the tracking performance of V MPP with extended P&O MPPT algorithm. When compared with P&O MPPT algorithm the tracking performance with extended P&O algorithm has been improved greatly and succeeded to locate global maxima. The tracked peak power with extended P&O algorithm is shown in Fig. 11. The extracted power from PV module with proposed algorithm is 75.93 W at resistive load of 50 Ω, which is almost equal to the total theoretical rated power. After extracting the maximum power from PV module we have to transfer that power from source side to load side which decides the efficieny of boost converter and over all PV ...
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... 11. The extracted power from PV module with proposed algorithm is 75.93 W at resistive load of 50 Ω, which is almost equal to the total theoretical rated power. After extracting the maximum power from PV module we have to transfer that power from source side to load side which decides the efficieny of boost converter and over all PV system. From Fig. 12 the extracted PV power is almost transferred to load side. Fig. 13 shows the difference in power variation by changing the load when multiple arrays connected with the conventional P&O and extended P&O MPPT algorithms. From this graph it is very clear that, with the conventional P&O algorithm, the performance of the PV system is not ...
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... 75.93 W at resistive load of 50 Ω, which is almost equal to the total theoretical rated power. After extracting the maximum power from PV module we have to transfer that power from source side to load side which decides the efficieny of boost converter and over all PV system. From Fig. 12 the extracted PV power is almost transferred to load side. Fig. 13 shows the difference in power variation by changing the load when multiple arrays connected with the conventional P&O and extended P&O MPPT algorithms. From this graph it is very clear that, with the conventional P&O algorithm, the performance of the PV system is not satisfactory as it fails to track the global maxima, and power is ...
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... of extended P&O algorithm for topology-3 as shown in Fig. 5, when PV1 at G=1000 wm/m 2 and PV2 at G=600 wm/m 2 . Theoretical rated power = 76.55W Fig. 14 and 15 shows the transient responses of the PV output voltage, duty cycle of the boost converter and PV output power during the step change in the load and solar radiation respectively. Here for a two arrays connected PV system, step change in the solar radiation has been applied on one array by keeping the other at constant radiation. The ...
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... An input capacitor is added on the input side of the PV panel to reduce high-frequency harmonic components. The duty cycle of the MPP can be calculated according to (Rezk and Eltamaly, 2015); (Kumar and Gupta, 2012) The boost converter's dynamic equations are generated using the PV array by applying the average method, as shown below. These equations involve Pmpp, which is the power of the panel at MPP, Vmpp, which is the PV panel's equivalent voltage at MPP, Rload, which is the converter's equivalent resistance, and Dmpp, which is the desired duty cycle of the boost converter at MPPT ( ) ...
... On the input side of the PV panel, an input capacitor is made to reduce the high-frequency harmonic components. According to Rezk and Eltamaly (2015) and Kumar and Gupta (2012), the MPP's duty cycle may be calculated as follows T is the ambient temperature; G is the solar irradiance; S is the switch controller; C pv and C o are, respectively, the input and output capacitors; I pv is the PV current; L is an inductor; D is a diode; and R is the resistive load. where P mpp is the panel's power at MPP, V mpp is the PV panel's equivalent to MPP voltage, R load is the converter's equivalent resistance, and D mpp is the boost converter's desired duty cycle at MPPT. ...
The non-linear power-current characteristics of a photovoltaic generator (GPV) present a challenge in maximizing power production. To address this issue, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods, such as the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), are commonly used due to their quick response and minimal oscillation. As well, sliding mode control (SMC) is a popular method for controlling linear and nonlinear systems because of its high robustness. In this study, the principal purpose is to develop a new approach based on the combination of ANFIS and Terminal Robust Sliding Mode Control (ANFIS-TRSMC) to resist the PV system against uncertain conditions and track the optimal power point. The simulation results show that the ANFIS-TRSMC controller has an accurate, fast, and robust response in comparison with other algorithms such as perturb and observe and the maximum power voltage–based TRSMC controller.
... The output voltage of the PEMFC is utilized as input voltage for the boost converter, whereas the output voltage is fed to the battery ESS. The boost converter is driven through the duty cycle D, which is optimally determined according the MPPT algorithm [53]. The output of the MPPT controller is compared to a fixed frequency sawtooth generator to generate the gating pulse [54]. ...
... Hence, the output power of the PEMFC is maximized through the control of the boost converter duty cycle. The boost converter output voltage V out is related to the input voltage V in as following [53]: Figure 2b shows the operating waveforms of the boost dc/dc converter. During the duty cycle on period D, the input voltage is applied to the inductor of the boost. ...
Recently, wide installations of photovoltaic (PV) systems have been achieved in the electrical power systems. However, fluctuated output power of the PV generation and/or fluctuated load demands represent critical factors for the operation of PV systems. Thence, energy storage systems (ESSs) are highly needed for improving the supply reliability of PV generation systems. Among existing ESSs, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems represent long-lifetime, efficient, and cost-effective solutions for PV systems. However, nonlinear behaviour exists in the output of PEMFC systems, which depends on the operating cell temperature, and the membrane water contents. The output of PEMFC has a unique operating maximum power point (MPP) for each operating combination of membrane water content and temperature, which requires MPP tracking (MPPT) control loop. Therefore, this paper presents a fuzzy logic control (FLC) MPPT method for enhancing the operation of PEMFC systems. The traditional MPPT methods in the literature employ three sensors, including voltage, water content, and temperature. The proposed controller employs only the PEMFC output current and voltage electrical signals. Compared to the classical fixed step size perturb and observe (P and O) and hill climbing MPPT methods, the proposed method represents variable step size MPPT method. In addition, compared to the widely employed incremental conductance (INC) and incremental resistance (INR) MPPT methods, the proposed method benefits the wide operating and adaptive step size MPPT operation due to using the FLC approach. The proposed method is simple and can be implemented using low cost microcontrollers. The design procedures, operating principle, and performance verification of the proposed method are presented in this paper.
... The control is based on the measured electrical signals from PEMFC system. The conversion ration of the converter can be represented as follows [66]: (9) where, V in and V out represent the input voltage to the converter from PEMFC source, and output voltage across the load terminals, respectively. Whereas, D denotes to the operating duty cycle of the converter, which is determined by the control system of the converter. ...
In this paper, an improved design approach for fuzzy logic control (FLC) systems is proposed for MPPT control of PEMFCs. The proposed design is based on the recent Equilibrium Optimizer method for determining the optimum parameters to fully benefit the inherent flexibility and freedom of FLC systems in addition to achieve fast and accurate tracking. During the optimization process, gains of membership functions of FLC is used as a decision variable, whereas the integral of error is used as a cost function. The obtained results are compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), electric charged particles optimization (ECPO) and spotted hyena optimizer (SHO). The proposed EO methodology outperformed all other methods, achieving the best mean, median, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, statistical tests including Wilcoxon, Holm-Bonferroni correction, Kruskal Wallis, and Friedman tests are performed to prove efficiency of the proposed strategy. In last, different scenarios of changing operating temperature and water content are used to prove the reliability of the optimized FLC. The obtained results are compared with conventional FLC and hill-climbing method. The main findings confirm that the proposed design using combined features of EO and FLC presents a promising solution for MPPT in PEMFCs.
... At the MPP, the duty cycle is denoted by D MPPT , which is determined by the operating conditions of TEG source. 42 The output of MPP controller is continuously compared with a sawtooth generator that is operated with a fixed switching frequency for generating the corresponding duty cycle of the controller. 43 The output voltage V o is related to input voltage V in and duty cycle D as follows 42 : ...
... 42 The output of MPP controller is continuously compared with a sawtooth generator that is operated with a fixed switching frequency for generating the corresponding duty cycle of the controller. 43 The output voltage V o is related to input voltage V in and duty cycle D as follows 42 : ...
The output power from thermoelectric generator (TEG) system is mainly
dependent on the differential temperature between the hot side and cold side
of TEG in addition to the load demand. Therefore, maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) control is highly needed to continuously track the optimal
operating point with changing the operating condition. In this research paper,
a MPPT method based on optimized fuzzy logic control (FLC) is proposed. The
proposed method utilizes the freedom and flexibilities from FLC systems to
develop accurate and fast-tracking controller of maximum power point for
TEG applications. The parameters of the optimized FLC have been identified
using recent manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) algorithm. During the
proposed optimization process, the gains of the membership functions are used
as decision variables, whereas the integral of the error is used as a cost function. Different scenarios of changing the difference temperature are used to
prove the reliability of the optimized FLC. The obtained results by using the
optimized FLC are compared with conventional FLC and the hill-climbing
methods. The main findings confirm that the proposed design using combined
features of MRFO and FLC presents a promising solution for MPPT in TEG
systems. The proposed optimized FLC method achieves superior performance
through minimizing the fluctuations in the output power at the various studied scenarios. Moreover, continuous tracking of the maximum power from
TEG is achieved by the proposed optimized FLC method at different hot side
and cold side temperatures in addition to output load variations.
... where V in denotes to the input voltage to the converter from the PV system, and V out is the output voltage of the boost dc-dc power converter [37]. The duty cycle corresponding to MPPT D MPPT of the boost converter can be estimated as following [36]: ...
An adaptive fuzzy logic (FL)-based new maximum power point (MPP) tracking (MPPT) methodology for controlling photovoltaic (PV) systems is proposed, designed and implemented in this paper. Existing methods for implementing FL-based MPPTs lack for adaptivity with the operating point, which varies in wide range in practical PV systems with operating irradiance and ambient temperature. The new proposed adaptive FL-based MPPT (AFL-MPPT) algorithm is simple, accurate and provides faster convergence to optimal operating point. The effectiveness and feasibility verifications of the proposed AFL-MPPT methodology are validated with considering various operating conditions at slow and fast change of solar radiation. In addition, the simplified implementation of the proposed algorithm is carried out using C-block in PSIM software environment, wherein the proposed algorithm and system are simulated. Additionally, experimental results are performed using a floating-point digital signal processing (DSP) controller (TMS320F28335) for verifying the feasibility of the proposed AFL-MPPT methodology. The results of simulations and experimental prototypes show great consistency and prove the capability of the new AFL-MPPT methodology to extract MPPT rapidly and precisely. The new proposed AFL-MPPT method achieves accurate output power of the PV system with smooth and low ripple. In addition, the new proposed AFL-MPPT method benefits fast dynamics and it reaches steady state within 0.01 seconds.
... PN junction forms a solar cell which in arrangement of an array results in solar panel module, Equivalent circuit diagram of PV array is shown in Figure 1. The V-I characteristic of a solar array can be extracted using V-I curve as shown in figure 2. The equation of current can be given as, in Eq. (1), Ali [6]. ...
... where V and I represent the output voltage and current of the PV, respectively; Rs and Rsh are the series and shunt resistance of the cell; q is the electronic charge; ISC is the lightgenerated current; Io is the reverse saturation current; n is a dimensionless factor; k is the Boltzmann constant, and Tk is the temperature in o K. Ali [6] plotted Curve using above equation which clearly shows that output curve is nonlinear and is very strongly influenced by solar radiation, light intensity, temperature and load conditions as shown in Figure 2. Each curve has a MPP, at which the solar array operates most efficiently. ...
Electrical Load is increasing day by day. Expansion in population results extra energy requirement in the buildings which are already using Solar energy. More Solar Energy can be harnessed by Solar tracking and light following using microcontroller based 3-D tracker. It is found that solar tracker increases power generation capacity by 46 %. Analysis helps in future demand and supply calculations of Solar Energy which will help extracting maximum energy from sun. Solar tracking is achieved by using specially design mechanical structure and sensors with a feedback system. This paper also present economic analysis and efficiency comparison of both system. Price per watt is 350% decreased in Solar tracking systems.
... Researchers have suggested Fractional Short Circuit Current (SCC) and Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) as the improvement of the fixed duty cycle [4,5]. In these methods, the Maximum Power Point (MPP) current, I MPP and Maximum Power Point Voltage (MPP) voltage, V MPP are found by calculating the product of short circuit current with k 1 (0.78 < k1< 0.9) and open circuit voltage with k 2 (0.71 < k 2 < 0.78), respectively. ...
This paper presents a simple checking algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique for Photovoltaic (PV) system using Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm. The main benefit of this checking algorithm is the simplicity and efficiency of the system whose duty cycle produced by the MPPT is smoother and changes faster according to maximum power point (MPP). This checking algorithm can determine the maximum power first before the P & O algorithm takes place to identify the voltage at MPP (VMPP), which is needed to calculate the duty cycle for the boost converter. To test the effectiveness of the algorithm, a simulation model of PV system has been carried out using MATLAB/Simulink under different level of irradiation; or in other words partially shaded condition of PV array. The results from the system using the proposed approach prove to have faster response and low ripple. Besides, the results are close to the desired outputs and exhibit an approximately 98.25% of the system efficiency. On the other hand, the system with conventional P&O MPPT seems to be unstable and has higher percentage of error. In summary, the proposed method is useful under varying level of irradiation with higher efficiency of the system.
... The perturb step size and perturb time step are optimized and calculated for efficient MPPT [16][17]. Kumar and Gupta [18] proposed an extended P&O technique, in which, MPP is converged using conventional P&O technique then the PV voltage is maintained at MPP by regulating duty cycle on the basis of difference between maximum power point voltage (V mpp ) and instant PV voltage (V pv )at regular interval. ...
Solar Photovoltaic systems are used worldwide to utilize energy of sun for power generation during recent years. However, the available solar energy at a particular site needs to be utilized by a photovoltaic system to maximum extent for which maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are used. The most commonly used techniques for MPPT, are the Hill Climbing Techniques. These include Perturb & Observe method and Incremental Conductance method to search and make the system to operate at maximum power point. Considerable research has been carried out in the Hill Climbing MPPT techniques for increasing the overall efficiency of solar PV system. In the present study, a review of Hill Climbing MPPT techniques, has been carried out with detailed flowcharts of algorithms and includes latest research papers published on MPPT techniques.
