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Compositional differences in flavonoids are varied in the big family of Compositae. By summarizing our previous analytical studies and other scientific evidences, new strategy will be possible to further analyze flavonoids and utilize them for human health. The HPLC analytical method has been established in terms of linearity, sensitivity, accuracy...
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... and marsh plants as well as epiphytes are also found. 10 Compositae can be instantly recognized with characterics of florets arranged on a receptacle in centripetally developing heads surrounded by bracts, by anthers fused in a ring with the pollen pushed or brushed out by the style, and the presence of achenes (cypselas) usually with a pappus (Fig. 1) Compositae is an economically important family. Many species of this family are used as foods, herbal medicines, ornamental plants, insecticides, and timbers. Numerous species are consumed as vegetables including lettuce (Lactuca sativa), artichoke (Cynara cardunculus), topi- nambour (Helianthus tuberosus), and endive (Cichorium ...
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... Asteraceae adalah famili tumbuhan berbunga terbesar (Angiospermae) yang memiliki jumlah spesies terbanyak dari semua famili tumbuhan, dengan sekitar 24.000 spesies tersebar di 1.620 genus dan 12 subfamili. (3) Berbagai efek obat dari tumbuhan ini dihubungkan dengan berbagai kandungan metabolit bioaktif sekunder seperti flavonoid, asam fenolik, kumarin, terpenoid (monoterpen, seskuiterpen, diterpen, dan triterpen) dan sterol yang telah sering dilaporkan dari famili Asteraceae. (4,5) Tumbuhan ini memiliki bentuk herba atau semak yang sering terabaikan padahal memiliki potensi sebagai obat, salah satunya untuk mengatasi hiperurisemia yang dihubungkan dengan senyawa flavonoid dalam tumbuhan famili Asteraceae. ...
Tumbuhan famili Asteraceae sering digunakan masyarakat sebagai obat tradisional. Efek farmakologi tumbuhan Asteraceae dapat dikaitkan dengan berbagai senyawa fitokimia, termasuk polifenol, asam fenolik, flavonoid, asetilena dan triterpen. Flavonoid telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas tinggi untuk penghambatan terhadap xantin oksidase, dan ditemukan memiliki kemampuan untuk menurunkan kadar asam urat dalam serum. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menguji aktivitas antihiperurisemia ekstrak etanol beberapa tumbuhan anggota famili Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Elephantopus scaber, Gynura procumbens, Ageratum conyzoides, Sonchus arvensis, Gynura divaricate) terhadap hewan uji mencit (Mus musculus). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental dengan menggunakan hewan uji mencit jantan galur Balb/c. Pada penelitian ini kadar asam urat diukur menggunakan metode POCT (Point of Care Testing) dengan alat UA Sure. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa semua tumbuhan famili Asteraceae yang diuji positif mengandung senyawa flavonoid. Tumbuhan yang memberikan efek antihiperurisemia paling tinggi dalam menurunkan kadar asam urat yaitu ekstrak etanol Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis) pada dosis 500 mg/Kg BB dengan persentase penurunan sebesar 52% ± 0,2. Sedangkan penurunan paling terkecil pada ekstrak etanol Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides) pada dosis 500 mg/KgBB dengan presentase penurunan sebesar 4,80% ± 0,01. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol beberapa tumbuhan famili Asteraceae berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap penurunan kadar asam urat pada mencit dan memiliki potensi sebagai obat antihiperurisemia.
... (Text S1), is a free-floating, cosmopolitan hydrophyte (Bog et al. 2015) with a relatively simple flavonoid chemistry. The four major flavonoids, luteolin 7-O-glucoside (lut 7-O-glc, cynaroside), luteolin 8-C-glucoside (lut 8-C-glc, orientin), apigenin 7-O-glucoside (ap 7-O-glc, apigetrin) and apigenin 8-C-glucoside (ap 8-C-glc, vitexin), are structurally closely related differing only in the position of the glucose residue and by the presence of one or two hydroxyl groups in the B-ring (Wallace, Mabry & Alston 1969;Gitz, Liu-Gitz, McClure & Huerta 2004;Li, Bonawitz, Weng & Chapple 2010;Qiao et al. 2011;Casas, Duarte, Doseff & Grotewold 2014;Nugroho, Choi & Park 2016) (Fig 1 A). While luteolin and apigenin glucosides have similar UV-absorption spectra (Agati et al. 2013), the orthodihydroxylated B-rings of luteolin and its derivatives have higher chelating and antioxidative potential than those of their monohydroxylated apigenin counterparts (Rice-Evans et al. 1996). ...
Flavonoids may mediate UV protection in plants either by screening of harmful radiation or by minimizing the resulting oxidative stress. To help distinguish between these alternatives, more precise knowledge of flavonoid distribution is needed. We used confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM) with the ‘emission fingerprinting’ feature to study the cellular and subcellular distribution of flavonoid glucosides in the giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza), and investigated the fitness effects of these compounds under natural UV radiation and copper sulphate addition (oxidative stress) using common garden experiments indoors and outdoors. cLSM ‘emission fingerprinting’ allowed us to individually visualize the major dihydroxylated B‐ring‐substituted flavonoids, luteolin 7‐O‐glucoside and luteolin 8‐C‐glucoside, in cross‐sections of the photosynthetic organs. While luteolin 8‐C‐glucoside accumulated mostly in the vacuoles and chloroplasts of mesophyll cells, luteolin 7‐O‐glucoside was predominantly found in the vacuoles of epidermal cells. In congruence with its cellular distribution, the mesophyll‐associated luteolin 8‐C‐glucoside increased plant fitness under copper sulphate addition but not under natural UV light treatment, whereas the epidermis‐associated luteolin 7‐O‐glucoside tended to increase fitness under both stresses across chemically diverse genotypes. Taken together, we demonstrate that individual flavonoid glucosides have distinct cellular and subcellular locations and promote duckweed fitness under different abiotic stresses.
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... Various herbal plants containing flavonoids have been used as traditional medicines for a long time. Flavonoids are also involved in a multitude of physiological functions such as flower coloration, UV filtration, and inhibitory activity against pathogens (Nugroho et al., 2016). Kaempferol only accumulated at the full flowering stage in C. chanroenicum (Fig. 3) Quercetin is primarily present in plants as sugar conjugates with high antioxidant activity (Kim et al., 2006;Zhu et al., 2012). ...
... Apigenin also serves as a precursor to pectolinarigenin, another flavone. Acacetin is 4 0 -O-methylated apigenin and pectolinarigenin is generated by the addition of a methoxy group at the C-6 position of acacetin (Nugroho et al., 2016). Pectolinarigenin and pectolinarin isolated from Cirsium have been studied extensively for their antiinflammatory properties in vivo (Lim et al., 2008;Lee et al., 2009). ...
Introduction:
Cirsium chanroenicum and C. setidens are commonly used both in traditional folk medicine and as a food source. The quality of different species of Cirsium at different harvest times is a function of their metabolite composition, which is determined by the phenological stage.
Objective:
We sought to determine the differences in the metabolite composition of two species of Cirsium during different phenological stages using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS).
Methodology:
Cirsium chanroenicum and C. setidens plants were collected at the floral budding and full flowering stages. Metabolic profiles of Cirsium extracts were determined using UPLC-QTOF/MS to characterise the differences between phenological stages, and the major metabolites were quantified using UPLC-QTOF/MS-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM).
Results:
At the full flowering stage, the levels of phenolic acids as well as components of the phenylpropanoid pathway were increased. Flavonoids predominated at the full flowering stage in both species. The levels of coumaric acid, kaempferol, and pectolinarigenin differed between the two species of Cirsium. Overall, these results suggest that components of the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway are upregulated in the full flowering stage in Cirsium, although we did observe some variation between the species.
Conclusion:
These results will help elucidate the metabolic pathways related to the different phases of the vegetative cycle, and may help determine the optimal season for the harvest of Cirsium with the highest levels of bioactive compounds. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... Sieberi showed the highest radical scavenging ability (IC 50 = 94 μg/mL). Nugroho et al. (2016) reported that concentration of phenolic compounds in Asteraceae family is higher than some other family. The results of our study confirm their claim. ...
The aim of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical components, minerals, the antioxidant activity and total phenol contents of the essential oil from aerial parts of six major medicinal plants in Rayen, Iran. The plants included Ranunculus arvensis, Teucrium polium, Dracocephalum polychaetum, Kelussia odoratissima, Artemisia sieberi and Thymus kotschyanus. Total phenol content ranged from 0.03 to 0.158 mg/mL. A. sieberi showed the highest radical scavenging ability (IC50 = 94 μg/mL). The amount of minerals ranged as follows: P (0.23-29%), K (1.08-4.76%), Ca (0.78-2.35%), Mg (0.24-0.94%), Cu (8.3-15 mg/kg), Cd (0.7-1.1 mg/kg), Pb (2-11.7 mg/kg) and Fe (250-1280 mg/kg). A total of 79 compounds were identified across all plants. The main components studied in the plants were l-perillaldehyde, biosol, carvacrol, 1,8-cineol, terpinyl acetate and 1,2,3,6,7,7 a-hexahydro-5 h-inden 5-one.
The current trend worldwide is searching plant extracts towards prevention of neurodegenerative disorders. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Alpinia galanga leaves (ALE), Alpinia galanga rhizomes (ARE), Vitis vinifera seeds (VSE), Moringa oleifera leaves (MLE), Panax ginseng leaves (PLE) and Panax ginseng rhizomes (PRE) ethanolic extracts on human neuroblastoma (SHSY5Y) cells. The 1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging of VSE and MLE were 81% and 58%, respectively. Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of ALE and MLE (33.57 ± 0.20 and 26.76 ± 0.30 μmol Fe(ΙΙ)/g dry wt., respectively) were higher than for the other extracts. Liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) revealed MLE active compounds. Intracellular study by nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) test showed that MLE and VSE had high O2− scavenging (0.83 ± 0.09 vs. 0.98 ± 0.08 mg/mL, respectively). MLE had the highest ROS scavenging followed by PRE (0.71 ± 0.08 vs. 0.83 ± 0.08 mg/mL, respectively), by 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA) assay. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity and neuroprotection tests on SHSY5Y showed that PRE had a better neuroprotective effect but higher cytotoxicity compared to MLE (viable cells 51% vs. 44%, IC50 1.92 ± 0.04 vs. 2.7 ± 0.2 mg/mL, respectively). In conclusion, among the studied plants, MLE has potential for developing as a neuroprotective agent.
Background:
Since enhanced bone resorption due to osteoclast differentiation and activation cause skeletal diseases, there is a growing need in therapeutics for combating bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Botanical antioxidants are being increasingly investigated for their health-promoting effects on bone. Edible Cirsium setidens contains various polyphenols of linarin, pectolinarin, and apigenin with antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects.
Purpose:
This study aimed to determine whether linarin present in Cirsium setidens water extracts (CSE) and its aglycone acacetin inhibited osteoclastogenesis of RANKL-exposed RAW 264.7 murine macrophages for 5 days.
Methods:
This study assessed the osteoprotective effects of CSE, linarin and acacetin on RANKL-induced differentiation and activation of osteoclasts by using MTT assay, TRAP staining, Western blot analysis, bone resorption assay actin ring staining, adhesion assay and immunocytochemical assay. This study explored the underlying mechanisms of their osteoprotection, and identified major components present in CSE by HPLC analysis.
Results:
Linarin and pectolinarin were identified as major components of CSE. Nontoxic linarin and acacetin as well as CSE, but not pectolinarin attenuated the RANKL-induced macrophage differentiation into multinucleated osteoclasts, and curtailed osteoclastic bone resorption through reducing lacunar acidification and bone matrix degradation in the osteoclast-bone interface. Linarin and acacetin in CSE reduced the transmigration and focal contact of osteoclasts to bone matrix-mimicking RGD peptide. Such reduction was accomplished by inhibiting the induction of integrins, integrin-associated proteins of paxillin and gelsolin, cdc42 and CD44 involved in the formation of actin rings. The inhibition of integrin-mediated actin ring formation by linarin and acacetin entailed the disruption of TRAF6-c-Src-PI3K signaling of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. The functional inhibition of c-Src was involved in the loss of F-actin-enriched podosome core protein cortactin-mediated actin assembly due to linarin and acacetin.
Conclusion:
These observations demonstrate that CSE, linarin and acacetin were effective in retarding osteoclast function of focal adhesion to bone matrix and active bone resorption via inhibition of diffuse cloud-associated αvβ3 integrin and core-linked CD44.
The angiotensin (Ang) II converting enzyme (ACE II) pathway has recently been shown to be associated with several beneficial effects in various organisms, including gastroprotection. ACE II is responsible for converting Ang II into an active peptide, Ang-(1-7), which in turn binds the Mas receptor. Recent studies have shown that diminazene aceturate (Dize) a trypanocidal used in animals, activates ACE II. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective effects of Dize via the ACE II/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor pathway against gastric lesions induced by ethanol and acetic acid in mice. The results showed that Dize could promote gastric protection via several mechanisms, including increased levels of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory factors (e.g., decreasing tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression and reducing myeloperoxidase activity), maturation of collagen fibers, and promotion of re-epithelialization and regeneration of gastric tissue in different injury models. Thus, Dize represents a novel potential gastroprotective agent.
