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Characteristics of Cipocereus lanifl orus N.P. Taylor & Zappi: A) plant habit; B) open fl ower visited by a Trigona fulviventris ; C) branches with fruits; D) fruits and seeds.
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Cipocereus laniflorus N.P. Taylor & Zappi is an endemic species from the Serra do Caraça, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In order to propose conservation strategies for this species, its reproductive strategies were investigated, including reproductive phenology, floral biology, floral visitors and breeding system. The flowering and fruiting period...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... lanifl orus is a moderately woody, shrubby cactus branching at ground level and above the ground, with green to grey-green, 5-ribbed branches. Th e oval, spine-and-hair bearing areoles are contiguous, becom- ing almost indistinguishable from each other (Fig. 1A). Flowers are hermaphrodite and borne on lateral to sub- terminal, bristly to long-spined areoles of the branches. Th e fl ower-buds are cylindric, acute at apex. Open fl ow- ers reach 60-70 mm long and 30-40 mm diam., anthesis is nocturnal, pericarpel and tubes are bluish and ribbed externally, bearing sparse scales protecting areoles ...
Context 2
... are bluish and ribbed externally, bearing sparse scales protecting areoles with white hairs and thin spines. Th e perianth-segments have fi mbriate margins, the outer ones are purplish-cream while the inner ones are white. Stamens are very numerous, fi laments stout and anthers all located at the same level, slightly below the eight-lobed stigma (Fig. 1B). Fruits are 30-40 mm long and 20-30 mm diam., indehiscent, ovoid when ripe, with persistent perianth remains blackened and dried (Fig. 1C). Th e pericarpel is bluish with areoles with white tricomes and thin spines. Th e funicular pulp is translucent, and seeds are black (Fig. ...
Context 3
... mbriate margins, the outer ones are purplish-cream while the inner ones are white. Stamens are very numerous, fi laments stout and anthers all located at the same level, slightly below the eight-lobed stigma (Fig. 1B). Fruits are 30-40 mm long and 20-30 mm diam., indehiscent, ovoid when ripe, with persistent perianth remains blackened and dried (Fig. 1C). Th e pericarpel is bluish with areoles with white tricomes and thin spines. Th e funicular pulp is translucent, and seeds are black (Fig. ...
Context 4
... located at the same level, slightly below the eight-lobed stigma (Fig. 1B). Fruits are 30-40 mm long and 20-30 mm diam., indehiscent, ovoid when ripe, with persistent perianth remains blackened and dried (Fig. 1C). Th e pericarpel is bluish with areoles with white tricomes and thin spines. Th e funicular pulp is translucent, and seeds are black (Fig. ...
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Citations
... In addition to the high concentration of hematite and itabirite, which has been exploited as iron ore, the quadrilateral has great species richness and endemism (Rego;Franceschinelli;Zappi, 2012;Carmo, Mount Carmel, Mount Carmel, Jacobi, 2013;Fernandes, 2013), besides the expressive volume of another mineral resource essential to life: water, both on surface and sub-surface. ...
... In addition to the high concentration of hematite and itabirite, which has been exploited as iron ore, the quadrilateral has great species richness and endemism (Rego;Franceschinelli;Zappi, 2012;Carmo, Mount Carmel, Mount Carmel, Jacobi, 2013;Fernandes, 2013), besides the expressive volume of another mineral resource essential to life: water, both on surface and sub-surface. ...
... In addition to the high concentration of hematite and itabirite, which has been exploited as iron ore, the quadrilateral has great species richness and endemism (Rego;Franceschinelli;Zappi, 2012;Carmo, Mount Carmel, Mount Carmel, Jacobi, 2013;Fernandes, 2013), besides the expressive volume of another mineral resource essential to life: water, both on surface and sub-surface. ...
... Além da alta concentração de hematita e itabirito, que vem sendo explorados como minério de ferro, o quadrilátero tem grande riqueza e endemismo de espécies (Rego;Franceschinelli;Zappi, 2012;Carmo;Jacobi, 2013;Fernandes, 2013), além de um volume expressivo de outro recurso mineral essencial à vida: a água, tanto em superfície quanto em sub-superfície. ...
... Além da alta concentração de hematita e itabirito, que vem sendo explorados como minério de ferro, o quadrilátero tem grande riqueza e endemismo de espécies (Rego;Franceschinelli;Zappi, 2012;Carmo;Jacobi, 2013;Fernandes, 2013), além de um volume expressivo de outro recurso mineral essencial à vida: a água, tanto em superfície quanto em sub-superfície. ...
... Além da alta concentração de hematita e itabirito, que vem sendo explorados como minério de ferro, o quadrilátero tem grande riqueza e endemismo de espécies (Rego;Franceschinelli;Zappi, 2012;Carmo;Jacobi, 2013;Fernandes, 2013), além de um volume expressivo de outro recurso mineral essencial à vida: a água, tanto em superfície quanto em sub-superfície. ...
A pesquisa analisa sobretudo o comportamento e a distribuição das chuvas na Serra do Caraça e a interação com seu entorno, a região do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, evidenciando o papel da orografia. Utilizou-se da climatologia geográfica e da análise espacial, com técnicas estatísticas como ferramentas de interpretação dos dados e visando extrair a dinâmica e os ritmos climáticos. Os resultados demonstraram que o conjunto serrano, principalmente na borda leste (Serra do Caraça), influencia a dinâmica da circulação geral e das correntes que provocam distúrbios nos ventos (W/NW e S/SE). Essas correntes concorrem com a precipitação, que pode ultrapassar os 2.500 mm. Constatou-se que há variabilidade na distribuição da chuva no interior do Quadrilátero Ferrífero (bordas N/E apresentam volumes de chuvas mais expressivos que bordas W/S). Quanto à variabilidade espacial e temporal, entre 1984-92, registraram-se as maiores ocorrências de chuva, e, nos anos de 1998-2003 e 2013-16, as menores, no arco de tempo analisado.
... This is the case of Cipocereus laniflorus N.P. Taylor & Zappi [27], of Echinopsis chiloensis subsp. chiloensis (Colla) Friederich & Rowley [28], of Echinopsis ancistrophora Speg. ...
... Friederich & Rowley [30]. The first species is mainly pollinated by bats (but also by insects) [27] and the three Echinopsis species are mainly pollinated by Sphingidae moths but also by other insects (especially bees) [27,28,30]. It has been suggested that floral syndromes rather than indicating all the possible pollinators do indicate the more effective ones [31]. ...
... Friederich & Rowley [30]. The first species is mainly pollinated by bats (but also by insects) [27] and the three Echinopsis species are mainly pollinated by Sphingidae moths but also by other insects (especially bees) [27,28,30]. It has been suggested that floral syndromes rather than indicating all the possible pollinators do indicate the more effective ones [31]. ...
Brazil is one of the centers of diversity of Cactaceae, yet studies addressing both pollination biology and the breeding system in Brazilian cacti are scarce. We herein present a detailed analysis of two native species with economic relevance: Cereus hildmannianus and Pereskia aculeata. The first species produce edible, sweet, spineless fruits and the second species produces leaves with high protein content. Pollination studies were undertaken through fieldwork observations in three localities of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, over two flowering seasons, totaling over 130 observation hours. Breeding systems were elucidated utilizing controlled pollinations. Cereus hildmannianus is solely pollinated by nectar-gathering species of Sphingidae hawk moths. In contrast, the flowers of P. aculeata are pollinated by predominantly native Hymenoptera but also by Coleoptera and Diptera, which gather pollen and/or nectar. Both cacti species are pollinator-dependent; neither intact nor emasculated flowers turn into fruit, yet whereas C. hildmannianus is self-incompatible, P. aculeata is fully self-compatible. In sum, C. hildmannianus is more restrictive and specialized regarding its pollination and breeding system, whereas P. aculeata is more generalist. Understanding the pollination needs of these species is a necessary starting point towards their conservation but also for their proper management and eventual domestication.
... The genus Pilosocereus, one of the largest in the subtribe, has flowers characteristically pollinated by bats [10,20], similar to what is found in Cipocereus and Xiquexique [10,24,25] as Pilosocereus. Considering that these genera represent a considerable part of the subtribe, only a few species have had bat pollination confirmed [10,16,24,25,38,39], the same being true for other genera of the subtribe that display floral attributes associated with chiropterophily. ...
... The flowers of the Cereinae studied display many characteristics in common associated with bat pollination, such as stout, resilient floral structures capable of resisting the vigorous visits of bats seeking nectar; nocturnal anthesis; disagreeable floral scents (disagreeable to the human nose); dull-coloured outer perianth segments/bract scales contrasting with much paler to white inner segments; nectar chamber protected by stamen filaments basally incurved towards the style; and high volumes of nectar [7,14,29,34,49,51]. These characteristics are corroborated by studies of other genera of Cactaceae, such as those involving Cipocereus (Cereinae); Carnegiea, Neobuxbaumia, Pachycereus, Stenocereus (Pachycereeae); and Weberocereus (Hylocereeae), all of which have similar floral morphology and are likewise pollinated by bats [7,13,14,[17][18][19]21,24,25,29,39,52,53]. ...
... Even though some species can present variations in the timing of anthesis [54,55] as well as characteristics suggesting transitions towards other types of pollinator [10,31], in general, the species of Cactaceae display floral specialisations consistent with the distinct guilds of pollinators and in accord with their pollination syndromes [1,26]. Some of the taxa studied herein were visited by hummingbirds during the early stages of anthesis, suggesting that these taxa may display a duality or a transitional situation between dusk and nocturnal flowering pollinators [39]. It is interesting that the bat visits recorded in two of these taxa were few when compared with the other taxa studied (a single visit for Stephanocereus luetzelburgii and three for Micranthocereus purpureus), and that the odour of their flowers was not as overpowering as found for some of the other taxa. ...
Cactaceae has many vertebrate-pollinated species, and in the subtribe Cereinae, several genera are indicated as being pollinated by bats. In this subtribe, we observed phenotypic specialization in floral morphological attributes associated with chiropterophily, allowing high precision in the determination of this pollination system. However, in loco pollination records of bats have been confirmed only in a few species. In this context, using a morphological approach, we studied the floral biology of 14 columnar cacti of Cereeae-Cereinae with emphasis on species with chiropterophilous attributes and confirmed the role of bats specialized in nectar consumption as pollinators of these taxa. The studied taxa have similarities in their floral bauplan, observed by analysing the overlap in the floral morphospace. The length and opening of the floral tube are important characteristics for pollen deposition. Approximately 156 visits by bats of the subfamilies Glossophaginae and Lonchophyllinae were observed among the studied taxa. Chiropterophily is the prevalent pollination system among Cereinae, and hereby, we verified this system in five of its genera. There is, however, much variation between diurnal and nocturnal systems within this subtribe, and variation among genera and within species of a given genus may reflect the evolutive pathways, this being worthy of future studies.
... salvadorensis (Werderm.) Zappi, and Micranthocereus purpureus (Gürke) F.Ritter, have also found small beetles piercing flower buds serving as pollen robbers and consuming floral parts mainly during anthesis and postanthesis stages, as found for D. ferricola in this study (Locatelli et al. 1997, Pimienta-Barrios & Castillo 2002, Aona et al. 2006, Rego et al. 2012. ...
Information on distribution, number of populations, and biotic interactions are essential for assessing the threat status of species and to establish more effective conservation initiatives. Ecological niche modeling have been successfully applied to identify the potential distribution, even for rare species that have few recorded occurrence points. In this study, we evaluated the potential distribution and additionally generated the first data on the reproductive biology of Discocactus ferricola, due to its degree of threat and the absence of ecological data for that species. The potential distribution map highlighted areas with higher probability of occurrence of D. ferricola on the Residual Plateau of Maciço do Urucum located in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The occurrence of D. ferricola populations was limited to outcrops of flat ironstone (cangas) distributed in patches across the landscape, increasing the chances of serious threats, such as habitat loss due to mining and species extraction. We also found that D. ferricola is xenogamous. Therefore, in situ conservation actions must prioritize the maintenance of interactions with pollinators by preserving the flora and fauna of rocky outcrops and adjacent forests in areas of greater environmental suitability for D. ferricola. Our study highlights the use of ecological niche modeling and data on biotic interactions to evaluate species potential distribution, to guide new sampling efforts, and to assist conservation and management initiatives.
... An insight to the cactus reproductive mechanisms is the first step towards understanding genetic structure and demographic dynamics (Pereira et al. 2009) of plant species. Only 10% of the 270 Brazilian cacti have been studied from the floral and reproductive biology (Schlindwein and Wittmann 1995, Aona et al. 2006, Colaço et al. 2006, Lenzi and Orth 2011, Rego et al. 2012, Gomes et al. 2014, Martins et al. 2016, Paulino-Neto et al. 2016, Martins and Freitas 2018, Rocha et al. 2019. Teixeira et al. (2018) inferred that Uebelmannia buiningii may be Critically Endangered (CR) because of a combination of pressure on its habitat and illegal collection negatively impacting its already small populations, added to gametophyte self-incompatibility that leads to obligate allogamy, dependent on pollinators in order to produce seeds. ...
... Some authors consider that Mexican globose cactus species are self-compatible or present mixed mating systems (Mandujano et al. 2010, Camacho-Velazquez et al. 2016). In Brazilian cacti, self-compatibility is uncommon, following the trend of the majority of cereoid cacti (Anderson 2001, Pimienta-Barrios and Del Castillo 2002, Colaço et al. 2006, Martínez-Peralta and Mandujano 2011, Ossa and Medel 2011, Rego et al. 2012, Teixeira et al. 2018. Selfincompatibility has been reported in Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) ...
Uebelmannia pectinifera Buining subsp. pectinifera (Cactaceae) is an endangered species endemic to quartzitic rocks in campo rupestre vegetation of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Understanding its reproductive biology and pollinators is needed for effective conservation planning for the species. The study took place in the Parque Nacional Sempre Vivas where 35 individuals were monitored. Analyses of floral morphology, pollen/ovule ratio, stigma receptivity and presence of osmophores were carried out, while observations of floral visitors were made and, according to their behavior, the potential pollinators were ascertained. The reproductive system of the plant was evaluated by means of manual self‐ and cross‐pollination and growth and morphology of pollen tubes were observed. The anthesis occurs by 06 a.m. and ends around 03 p.m., the flowers re‐opening for two days and finishing on the third day, being protandrous and melittophilous, offering pollen only. Two species of solitary bees (Ceratina sp. and Chilicola huberi) were observed pollinating the flowers, the female bees collecting pollen. The reproductive system is allogamic with endogamic self‐incompatibility and is served by specific pollinators. U. pectinifera subsp. pectinifera occurs in small populations, its reproduction relies on the presence of pollen‐gathering bees that also depend on the associated flora for nectar provision, highlighting the importance of maintaining its surrounding habitat in good condition.
... Flowers of bat-pollinated species often remain open and provide available resources until dawn, which makes them attractive to other groups of animals. Indeed, this has been shown for chiropterophilous flowers of Bromeliaceae (Sazima et al. 1999), Cactaceae (Rivera-Marchand and Ackerman 2006; Rego et al. 2012;Martins et al. 2016Martins et al. , 2020, Fabaceae (Baker (Eguiarte et al. 1987;Roulston 1997;Gribel et al. 1999;Wcislo et al. 2004) and Agavaceae (Cane and Rozen 2019). While for some of these species diurnal animals may play the role of complementary pollinators (Rivera-Marchand and Ackerman 2006; Martins et al. 2016), in most cases, such as C. brasiliense, they are poor pollinators because of morphological mismatch or inadequate flight routes that do not cause cross-pollen flow. ...
Some species of bees restrict foraging to the twilight period before sunrise or after sunset. Among the plants sought by these nocturnal bees are species described as chiropterophilous, such as Caryocar brasiliense. The flowers of this species open in the evening and provide resources until dawn. We determined the pattern of flower visitation by nocturnal bees and their role in pollination and fruit set of C. brasiliense and evaluated its importance as floral resource for nocturnal bees. We analyzed the pollen composition of cell provisions of nocturnal bees of Ptiloglossa (Colletidae) and compared its scent with floral scent compounds of C. brasiliense. Moreover, we conducted a pollinator exclusion experiment to determine the contribution of nocturnal bees to its fruit set. Disregarding bats, Ptiloglossa latecalcarata and two species of Megalopta (Halictidae) were consistent nectar and pollen gathering visitors, along with some social diurnal bees. The visitor exclusion experiment revealed that bee visits do not result in fruit set, which only occurs through visits by bats. The flowers supply a significant amount of pollen for nocturnal bees, as demonstrated through pollen analysis of brood cells and scopa loads. This interaction, therefore, is only beneficial to the commensalist bees. The scent collected from brood cells was dominated by hexanoic acid and 1-hexanol and differed strongly from the floral scent of C. brasiliense. These results substantiate that bat-pollinated flowers are an important part of the food niche of nocturnal bees, which implies that they are sensorially equipped to recognize floral traits shaped by bats.
... and seed production. During two flowering seasons, the tailless bat A. caudifer was the only nectarivorous bat showing pollen grains of C. crassisepalus on its body surface, despite the presence of three other species of nectarivorous bats in the study area. Cipocereus crassisepalus, similarly to C. minenis (Martins et al . 2016) and C. laniflorus (Rego et al . 2012), possesses chiropterophilous flowers (Faegri & Pijl 1979) with phenotypic and functional specialization (sensu Ollerton et al . 2007). These results are in accordance with the geographic dichotomy hypothesis, in which columnar cacti in the tropics will possess pollination systems specialized for nectar-feeding bats (see Valiente-Banuet ...
... pollinator of columnar cacti in Brazil, although other glossophagine bats are known to pollinate Pilosocereus catingicola (G. soricina; Locatelli et al . 1997), Micranthocereus purpureus (L. mordax; Aona et al . 2006); Pilosocereus tuberculatus (G. soricina and L. mordax; Rocha et al . 2007) and Cipocereus laniflorus (G. soricina and A. geoffroyi;Rego et al . 2012). ...
... The controlled pollination experiments showed the probable presence of a self-incompatibility system for C. crassisepalus and dependence on pollinators for fruit and seed set. Self-incompatibility is widespread among columnar cacti (Mandujano et al . 2010). The species C. laniflorus (Rego et al . 2012) and C. minensis (Martins et al. 2016) do not produce fruit by self-pollination (i.e. 50 % of the genera are xenogamic), and hand pollination in two different populations of C. minensis subsp. leiocarpus reinforced the hypothesis of self-incompatibility as an attribute of the genus. ...
The family Cactaceae possesses considerable floral diversity and is exclusively zoophilic. Cipocereus crassisepalus is an endangered species of columnar cactus, whose floral characteristics fit the chiropterophily syndrome. This study aimed to assess the correspondence between floral traits and pollinators and whether the pollination system of C. crassisepalus is specialized, as suggested by the hypothesis of geographical dichotomy. Hand pollination treatments demonstrated that C. crassisepalus depends on cross-pollen flow mediated by pollinators to set fruit and seeds. Nocturnal film recordings, diurnal observations, analyses of pollen loads of flower visitors and visitor exclusion experiments provided strong evidence that bats are the sole pollinators of this cactus. During two flowering seasons, pollen grains of C. crassisepalus were found only on the bodies of the bat Anoura caudifer. Cipocereus crassisepalus possesses a pollination system specialized on nectar-feeding bats, which corroborates the geographical dichotomy hypothesis.
... The flowers of the four studied Pilosocereus species display many attributes commonly associated to chiropterophily, such as presence of thick, resistant flower parts (perianth segments, stamens, style and stigma) that are able to withstand bat visits seeking nectar; nocturnal anthesis; unpleasant scent that resembles rotten cabbage; dull outer flower colours contrasting with the inner elements that are paler, usually white; bulging nectar chamber protected by innermost filaments that are bent towards the style; large quantities of nectar (Porsch 1939;Faegri and van der Pijl 1979;Dobat and Peikert-Holle 1985;Zappi 1989Zappi , 1994Simmons and Wetterer 2002). Species of several genera of Cactaceae, such as Carnegiea, Cipocereus, Coleocephalocereus, Espostoopsis, Facheiroa, Neobuxbaumia, Pachycereus, Stenocereus, Stephanocereus and Weberocereus, have similar morphology and are also pollinated by bats (Porsch 1939;Alcorn et al. 1959;Vogel 1968;Faegri and van der Pijl 1979;Dobat and Peikert-Holle 1985;Sosa and Soriano 1996;Tschapka et al. 1999;Valiente-Banuet et al. 1997a, 1997bValiente-Banuet et al. 2007;Rocha et al. 2007a,b;Rego et al. 2012;Martins et al. 2016). ...
The Cactaceae display a wide array of pollination systems, with many different animals already confirmed as pollinators. Pilosocereus is one of the most conspicuous bat-pollinated genera characteristic of the tropical dry forests of Brazil, known as Caatinga. The role of bats, hawkmoths and bees as pollinators in natural populations was investigated for four Pilosocereus species (P. catingicola, P. chrysostele, P. gounellei and P. pachycladus). Earlier results obtained with P. tuberculatus were also included in the comparative discussion. These species depend mainly upon nocturnal visitors; however, Xylocopa grisescens bees also play a secondary role in the fruit set. Although chiropterophily is predominant in Pilosocereus, P. gounellei was visited and pollinated at night exclusively by sphingids. All species are described as presenting a chiropterophilous syndrome based on their nocturnal anthesis, strong and unpleasant flower scent, pale, white or cream inner perianth, compact and abundant flower parts, and large volume of nectar with low sugar concentration. Pollen is available and the stigma is receptive throughout anthesis. With the exception of P. gounellei, there was no fruit set from spontaneous or manual self-pollination, indicating that allogamy is the predominant reproductive system in all the species studied. These species thus rely on animals that function as efficient pollen vectors for their sexual reproduction. The Pilosocereus species present different levels of dependence on bats, from the participation of secondary pollinators to not being visited by bats at all. Dependence levels are associated with the species floral attributes, which, although subdued, can determine different pollination systems.
... There are about 2,000 species of Cactaceae across 124 genera distributed in tropical and temperate regions of the Americas (North, Central, and South America) (Rego et al. 2012), with four main centers of diversity (Taylon in Oldfield 1997): the United States, Mexico, the Andean Region, and Brazil ( Figure 1). However, some species of cacti are found on other continents, such as Rhipsalis baccifera ((J.M. Muell.) ...
p>Humans have used and coexisted with cacti in arid regions of North and South America for thousands of years. Species of the family Cactaceae possess physiological adaptations to arid and semi-arid climates that have allowed them to be used as a resource throughout the year by traditional peoples. The objective of this review is to present information on the uses and management of species of Cactaceae in the various regions of the Americas. This review provides information relevant to conservation policies regarding this important resource for local populations in semi-arid regions. To fully understand how management can influence cacti conservation, a knowledge gap regarding the traditional management of cacti needs to be addressed.</p
