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Context 1
... waste dump (IWD) within boundaries of pit-slope is one of solutions to cut waste material hauling cost, particularly when the waste contains low grade valuable mineral which is planned to proceed further in future. However, practices of this method is challenging considering to area within pit-slope boundaries are a potential failure zone ( Hustrulid et al., 2013), as illustrated in Figure 1. ...
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... governing configuration is derived for three different pit-slope depths integrated with three IWD heights and five different buffer zone lengths. Figure 10 ...
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... h d is IWD height, and b and k are a constant. Considering to Figure 10, constant k can physically be considered to represent the SRF, which reduces with increasing IWD height, as per degree b of deterioration. ...
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... order to confirm it, constant k is plotted as function of pit-slope depth for any length of buffer zone (i.e. 0, 50, 100, 150, 200-m-long), as shown in Figure 12. It can be seen in this figure that constant k decreases in different degree of decay with increasing pit-slope depth for buffer zone length less than 100-m-long i.e. 0.0004 to 0.0007 to 0.001 for buffer zone equals to 0, 50 and 100-m-long, respectively. ...
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... can be seen in this figure that constant k decreases in different degree of decay with increasing pit-slope depth for buffer zone length less than 100-m-long i.e. 0.0004 to 0.0007 to 0.001 for buffer zone equals to 0, 50 and 100-m-long, respectively. For buffer zone length Figure 12. Correlation between constant k and pit-slope depth and buffer zone length. ...
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... characteristic is in a line with characteristic of constant b which is less effected by a changing of buffer zone when the length is more than 100-m-long as written in Table 3. The correlation between buffer zone less than 100-m-long and constant b is illustrated in Figure 13. Figure 13 shows that the correlation coefficient between buffer zone length less than 100-m-long and constant y is 1, which indicates a perfect uphill linear relationship. ...
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... correlation between buffer zone less than 100-m-long and constant b is illustrated in Figure 13. Figure 13 shows that the correlation coefficient between buffer zone length less than 100-m-long and constant y is 1, which indicates a perfect uphill linear relationship. Correlation between constant y and buffer zone length less than 100-m-long can be expressed in equation as follows: ...
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... 4 shows that constant c increases with increasing buffer zone length. This correlation is illustrated in Figure 14. It is seen in this figure that the correlation coefficient of this correlation is very strong i.e. 0.991. ...
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... correlation can be ex-pressed with equation as follows: By substituting Equations (8) and (9) to Equation (7) to get constant k and substituting the constant k and Equation (6) to Equation (5), the sensitivity chart of IWD-induced shear stress behavior on a pit-slope under stability level SRF 1.25 was constructed. The sensitivity chart is given in Figure 15. In the sensitivity analysis, Figure 15. ...
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... sensitivity chart is given in Figure 15. In the sensitivity analysis, Figure 15. Correlation between safe deep limit of pit-slope, safe high limit of waste dump for difference cases of buffer zone length for SRF 1.25. ...
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Citations
... Wahyudi et al. [37] explore the application of numerical study for investigating IWDinduced shear stress behavior using FEM with the strength reduction approach in The "shear strength reduction method" is the method relating to the strength reduction factor. It is important to determine the value of FS that will merely result in the slope failure achieving the correct SRF. ...
... Wahyudi et al. [37] explore the application of numerical study for investigating IWDinduced shear stress behavior using FEM with the strength reduction approach in different scenarios as per pit-slope depths. Based on the finding, it is found that shear stress imposed on the pit slope seems to change dramatically with increasing IWD height for cases in which the buffer zone length is less than 100 m. ...
The “Baganuur” lignite coal mine is one of the biggest open cast mines in Mongolia. However, there is a huge challenge in managing the stability of its internal dump, which prevents the proper operation of the mine and has an impact on the economy. To solve the internal dump slope stability problem, this study focused on incorporating the inherent mechanical properties of the rock material to build numerical models of the internal dump. By applying two software programs from Rocscience (Phase2 and Slide) and four different methods, the finite element method, the Bishop method, the Janbu simplified method, and the Spencer simplified method, the current and improved internal dump parameters were numerically simulated and analyzed. Based on the properties of the rock, the LEM and FEM were used to determine the parameters that could have an impact on the stability of the internal waste dump. The impacts of the internal dump height, dip angle, and safety berm on these parameters were studied. This study covers several analytical methods for calculating safety factors. Based on the results of the numerical simulation, it is determined that it is possible to increase the internal dump capacity by approximately 56% at a 50 m height and 28° dip angle and using a 15 m safety berm. Under similar conditions, this study presents an optimum SRF at 40 m height, 28° dip angle, and 5 m safety berm. Based on the numerical models, it is found that changes in the dip angle have a greater impact than changes in the dump height on the slope stability of an internal dump.
... Rock dumping with the formation of a solid slope can be directly performed from the surface or with a multitier formation of internal dumps [38]. The location of internal dumps within the boundaries of an open-pit slope can lead to serious problems related to its stability, because this zone is potentially destructive and can easily deform under the influence of external loading from mining equipment [39]. The placement of rocks in the mined-out space of a deep open pit, taking into account the technological schemes for the development of mining operations, is based on determining a safety factor for the dump slopes and the safe distance for mining equipment operation [40,41]. ...
Citation: Bazaluk, O.; Anisimov, O.; Saik, P.; Lozynskyi, V.; Akimov, O.; Hrytsenko, L. Determining the Safe Distance for Mining Equipment Operation When Forming an Internal Dump in a Deep Open Pit. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5912. Abstract: In the surface mining of mineral deposits, land resources suitable for agricultural purposes are inappropriately spent in large volumes. When mining deep open pits, overburden rocks are mainly transported to the surface. The optimal solution for reducing the area of disturbed lands is the placement of overburden rocks in internal dumps in the open pit. This is especially suitable when mining a mineral deposit with several open pits where at least one of them is depleted. Therefore, it is important to assess the feasibility of building an internal dump, based on the stability parameters of its slopes and the safe distance for placing mining equipment within its boundaries, which was the focus of this research. Numerical modeling with Slide 5.0 software was used to determine the stability of the dump slope inside the open pit and the safe distance from the upper slope edge for placing mining equipment. This reflected the geomechanical situation occurring within the boundaries of the dump formed in the open-pit field with a high degree of reliability. It was determined that the maximum standard safety factor values of the open-pit slopes are within the limits when the overburden rocks border on the hard bedrock (Ks.s.f ≥ 1.2). Under the condition where the dump slope bordered on sedimentations represented by clays, loams, and sands with a strength of 2-3 on the Mohs scale, the safety factor decreased by 22%. It was determined that the minimum safe distance from the outer contour of the dragline base to the upper edge of a single-tier dump was 15.5 m with a safety factor of 1.21. The maximum safe distance values in the range of 73.5-93 m were concentrated within the boundaries of sections 5-9, with a safety factor from 1.18 to 1.28. When the dragline was located within the boundaries of section 7, the dump construction works should be conducted only if the dump exist for up to 3 years. Based on the identified parameters, on the example of using the ESH-11/70 walking dragline, a technological scheme of its operation was developed with the allocation of safe boundaries for its placement when forming an internal dump. The results obtained are useful for the development of projects for the reclamation of depleted open pits.
... Rock dumping with the formation of a solid slope can be directly performed from the surface or with a multitier formation of internal dumps [38]. The location of internal dumps within the boundaries of an open-pit slope can lead to serious problems related to its stability, because this zone is potentially destructive and can easily deform under the influence of external loading from mining equipment [39]. The placement of rocks in the mined-out space of a deep open pit, taking into account the technological schemes for the development of mining operations, is based on determining a safety factor for the dump slopes and the safe distance for mining equipment operation [40,41]. ...
Citation: Bazaluk, O.; Anisimov, O.; Saik, P.; Lozynskyi, V.; Akimov, O.; Hrytsenko, L. Determining the Safe Distance for Mining Equipment Operation When Forming an Internal Dump in a Deep Open Pit. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5912. Abstract: In the surface mining of mineral deposits, land resources suitable for agricultural purposes are inappropriately spent in large volumes. When mining deep open pits, overburden rocks are mainly transported to the surface. The optimal solution for reducing the area of disturbed lands is the placement of overburden rocks in internal dumps in the open pit. This is especially suitable when mining a mineral deposit with several open pits where at least one of them is depleted. Therefore, it is important to assess the feasibility of building an internal dump, based on the stability parameters of its slopes and the safe distance for placing mining equipment within its boundaries, which was the focus of this research. Numerical modeling with Slide 5.0 software was used to determine the stability of the dump slope inside the open pit and the safe distance from the upper slope edge for placing mining equipment. This reflected the geomechanical situation occurring within the boundaries of the dump formed in the open-pit field with a high degree of reliability. It was determined that the maximum standard safety factor values of the open-pit slopes are within the limits when the overburden rocks border on the hard bedrock (Ks.s.f ≥ 1.2). Under the condition where the dump slope bordered on sedimentations represented by clays, loams, and sands with a strength of 2-3 on the Mohs scale, the safety factor decreased by 22%. It was determined that the minimum safe distance from the outer contour of the dragline base to the upper edge of a single-tier dump was 15.5 m with a safety factor of 1.21. The maximum safe distance values in the range of 73.5-93 m were concentrated within the boundaries of sections 5-9, with a safety factor from 1.18 to 1.28. When the dragline was located within the boundaries of section 7, the dump construction works should be conducted only if the dump exist for up to 3 years. Based on the identified parameters, on the example of using the ESH-11/70 walking dragline, a technological scheme of its operation was developed with the allocation of safe boundaries for its placement when forming an internal dump. The results obtained are useful for the development of projects for the reclamation of depleted open pits.
... Rock dumping with the formation of a solid slope can be directly performed from the surface or with a multitier formation of internal dumps [38]. The location of internal dumps within the boundaries of an open-pit slope can lead to serious problems related to its stability, because this zone is potentially destructive and can easily deform under the influence of external loading from mining equipment [39]. The placement of rocks in the mined-out space of a deep open pit, taking into account the technological schemes for the development of mining operations, is based on determining a safety factor for the dump slopes and the safe distance for mining equipment operation [40,41]. ...
In the surface mining of mineral deposits, land resources suitable for agricultural purposes are inappropriately spent in large volumes. When mining deep open pits, overburden rocks are mainly transported to the surface. The optimal solution for reducing the area of disturbed lands is the placement of overburden rocks in internal dumps in the open pit. This is especially suitable when mining a mineral deposit with several open pits where at least one of them is depleted. Therefore, it is important to assess the feasibility of building an internal dump, based on the stability parameters of its slopes and the safe distance for placing mining equipment within its boundaries, which was the focus of this research. Numerical modeling with Slide 5.0 software was used to determine the stability of the dump slope inside the open pit and the safe distance from the upper slope edge for placing mining equipment. This reflected the geomechanical situation occurring within the boundaries of the dump formed in the open-pit field with a high degree of reliability. It was determined that the maximum standard safety factor values of the open-pit slopes are within the limits when the overburden rocks border on the hard bedrock (Ks.s.f ≥ 1.2). Under the condition where the dump slope bordered on sedimentations represented by clays, loams, and sands with a strength of 2–3 on the Mohs scale, the safety factor decreased by 22%. It was determined that the minimum safe distance from the outer contour of the dragline base to the upper edge of a single-tier dump was 15.5 m with a safety factor of 1.21. The maximum safe distance values in the range of 73.5–93 m were concentrated within the boundaries of sections 5–9, with a safety factor from 1.18 to 1.28. When the dragline was located within the boundaries of section 7, the dump construction works should be conducted only if the dump exist for up to 3 years. Based on the identified parameters, on the example of using the ESH-11/70 walking dragline, a technological scheme of its operation was developed with the allocation of safe boundaries for its placement when forming an internal dump. The results obtained are useful for the development of projects for the reclamation of depleted open pits.
