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Characteristic attenuation spectra of polymer optical fibers based on various materials: PMMA, deuterated PMMA, extruded perfluorinated polymer fiber, and perfluorinated polymer fiber by preform
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... Polymer or plastic optical fibers (POFs) have recently garnered increased attention. POFs are in high demand in various high-volume applications for short-distance data communication, especially in home networks and in-vehicle infotainment systems [1][2][3][4]. More than 10 million POF transceiver modules are produced annually in the automobile sector for in-car entertainment systems [1,5]. ...
... More than 10 million POF transceiver modules are produced annually in the automobile sector for in-car entertainment systems [1,5]. This is mainly because plastic materials such as poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene, and polycarbonates are used to fabricate POFs, which are inexpensive [3,4]. Plastics also offer safety benefits in consumer and household contexts by removing the possibility of tiny glass pieces. ...
... Plastics also offer safety benefits in consumer and household contexts by removing the possibility of tiny glass pieces. POFs are easier to handle, and more resilient to bending, shock, and vibration than silica optical fibers, which should be handled carefully and cautiously [3,4]. Furthermore, POFs do not generate heat and are unaffected by electromagnetic radiation, unlike copper wires [4]. ...
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are widely used as light sources for high-speed communications. This is mainly due to their economical cost, high bandwidth, and scalability. However, efficient red VCSELs with emissions at 650 nm are required for plastic optical fiber (POF) technology because of the low-loss transmission window centered around this wavelength. This study investigates using 650-nm red VCSEL arrays in interconnected systems for POF communication to improve signal quality and increase data rates. The experimental results show that using one red VCSEL with a –3-dB bandwidth of 2 GHz in POF communication can achieve data rates of up to 4.7 Gb/s with 2 pJ/bit power efficiency using direct current-biased optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM). The bit error ratio (BER) is 3.6×10−3, which is less than the hard-decision forward-error correction (FEC) limit of 3.8 × 10⁻³. In addition, temperature dependence measurements of the VCSEL have been presented from 15 $^\circ $ ∘ C to 38 $^\circ $ ∘ C. The essential parameters of VCSEL have also been measured: the maximum optical power is 2.5 mW, and the power conversion efficiency is 14%.
... В настоящее время разработаны ПОВ с ядром из ПК, рассчитанные для работы при 100°С, которые характеризуются уровнем оптических потерь 1000 дБ/км в интервале длин волн 770-950 нм [153]. ...
В монографии кратко рассмотрены история развития полимерных оптических волокон (ПОВ), способы их получения и основные сферы применения, свойства полимеров, которые применяются для производства оптических волокон и другие вопросы, кающиеся строения ПОВ и их характеристик. Основное внимание уделено оптическим свойствам полимеров, исследованиям и факторам, которые влияют на поглощение излучения полимеров в световодах.
Книга рассчитана на студентов, аспирантов и научных работников, специализирующихся в таких областях науки и техники, как материаловеденье, электрическая инженерия, биотехнология, светотехника, оптические кабели, системы и средства связи для передачи информации и др.
... We can cite biomedical applications [6][7][8], sensing technologies [9,10], wearable devices [11,12], and so on. Recently, another type of optical fiber made by polymers and named POF (polymers optical fibers) has being the key interest of various researches and technological interest [13,14]. Although, SOF exceeds POFs for high capacity transmission and long distances where attenuation and dispersion parameters are the most important indicators [15], POFs are more profitable than SOF in terms of affordable installation, strain and tensile litheness, hazardous plants robustness and bending flexibility [16]. ...
... As well as the GI POFs, the single mode POF has seen a development and research interests since 90 years [30]. Other types of POF like the microstructured and EO POFs are detailed in [14]. Although, Silica and POFs are used for different applications, POFs show an advantage for the sensing applications; this is due to the low young modulus parameter that takes advantage of POFs. ...
Compared to Silica Optical Fibers, Polymethyl Methacrylate Polymer Optical Fibers (POFs) present a high attenuation and dispersion properties for long distances. However, they have more benefits in terms of mechanical and thermal characteristics such as viscoelasticity, strain and bending that allow them to be widely used for various life domains like biomedical and sensing applications. This paper studies and analyzes the effect of humidity on the fiber-matrix interface damage for composite materials based on (Topas/PMMA, Topas-Zeonex/PMMA and Zeonex/PMMA) using genetic approach based on Weibull probabilistic formalism and the law of diffusion. The results gained show that the mechanical stresses applied to the three composite materials provoke damage to the interface with different levels, lower for Topas/PMMA, medium for Topas-Zeonex/PMMA and higher for Zeonex/PMMA. In the other hand, the fiber-matrix interface of Topas/PMMA composite is not influenced by humidity compared to other interfaces of Topas-Zeonex/PMMA and Zeonex/PMMA composite materials. Our present results are closely similar to those found by Leal et al.
... Polymer optical fibers (POFs) are optical fibers made of polymer optical materials throughout. For short-range visible light transmission, conventional polymer optical fibers are made of PMMA with core diameters of 980 μm or 735 μm [24,25]. A PMMA POF has an optical attenuation of 0.15 dB/m near 650 nm, which is three orders of magnitude greater than that of a standard silica optical fiber (0.2 dB/km at 1550 nm). ...
This article discusses recent advances in biocompatible and biodegradable polymer optical fiber (POF) for medical applications. First, the POF material and its optical properties are summarized. Then, several common optical fiber fabrication methods are thoroughly discussed. Following that, clinical applications of biocompatible and biodegradable POFs are discussed, including optogenetics, biosensing, drug delivery, and neural recording. Following that, biomedical applications expanded the specific functionalization of the material or fiber design. Different research or clinical applications necessitate the use of different equipment to achieve the desired results. Finally, the difficulty of implanting flexible fiber varies with its flexibility. We present our article in a clear and logical manner that will be useful to researchers seeking a broad perspective on the proposed topic. Overall, the content provides a comprehensive overview of biocompatible and biodegradable POFs, including previous breakthroughs, as well as recent advancements. Biodegradable optical fibers have numerous applications, opening up new avenues in biomedicine.
... [6] Atualmente, as POFs tem encontrado vastas aplicações, como em atuadoresópticos [7], transmissão de dados em enlaces de curta distância e sensoriamento emáreas diversas de engenharia, indústria e tecnologia militar. [8] No final da década de 1970 ocorreu a primeira aplicação comercial em larga escala de um enlace analógico a fibraóptica, aplicação essa que se deu em um sistema de distribuição de TV a cabo (CATV -Cable Television) [9]. Já no campo militar, um dos primeiros empregos de um enlaceà fibraóptica foi na aeronave ALE-55, com sistema decoy rebocado. ...
... For optical feeding based SI-POF (using the proposed channel at 405 nm), and depending on the power level, the long term stability of the fiber is of great importance. High temperature and humidity may cause aging problems as it can affect the optical properties of the fiber [35]. However, these problems can be expected in systems with high power levels increasing the fiber temperature up to 60 o C [36], which is not the case in the proposed system using low power, being aging problems negligible. ...
We propose the integration of power-over-fiber (PoF) in home networks with multi Gbit/s data transmission based on wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) in step-index plastic optical fibers (SI-POF). Different powering architectures are described. The efficiencies of different components are discussed to address the maximum remote energy that can be delivered. Experimental results show the ability of the system to deliver several mW of optical power with negligible data signal quality degradation and with BER of 1 10-10. The potential of utilizing PoF in combination with low-loss WDM-POF to optically powering multiple devices for specific in-home applications and IoT ecosystems is discussed. A PoF scalability analysis is detailed.
Recently, many researches have been conducted for enhancing the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) pressure sensitivity of sensors for different industrial application particularly those sensors for harsh environment sensing applications. In this paper, the FBG was used made of monomer (CYTOP) polymer fiber with selected certain parameters. Firstly, this sensor is coated with first layer of Pb nanoparticles Pb NPs and second thin layer of Ag. Secondly, a thin polymer patch was used to cover the FBG sensor. However, the results of the strain, temperature and pressure sensitivities were recorded using Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA); and the results were compared with bare silica FBG outcomes. Since FBG sensor is influence by temperature fluctuations, cascade FBGs technique was used. Different values of pressure were applied on FBG sensor leading to shifting in Bragg wavelength. Modified CYTOP FBG responded efficiently than bare silica FBG. The responsivity performance illustrates an enhancement in the pressure sensitivity values of the coated CYTOP FBG. Moreover, experimental results showed that the CYTOP FBG pressure sensor based on the metal coated achieved 120.35 pm/KPs for the pressure sensitivity with a 0.0002 kPa resolution precision. This result was compared with bare silica FBG sensitivity and performance and it was 2000 times higher. The proposed CYTOP FBG pressure sensor has the advantages of low production process and low cost; besides, it has the usage prospective within the field of harsh environment sensing applications.
Currently, optical fiber technology from polymethyl methacrylate polymer has seen a huge implication in various areas of our daily lives, and especially for telecom applications, it is considered as the backbone for both transport and access data and voice networks. Furthermore, emergent digital and smart applications have known a significant need in terms of optical sensors for sensing and measuring the monitored environment. For this purpose, the effect of thermal stress on fiber–matrix interface damage of polycarbonate (PC)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/PVDF and Zeonex/PVDF composites materials under uniaxial tensile stress has been investigated by using genetic approach, which is mainly based on the Weibull formalism. The different values of thermal stress applied to the three composite materials were caused different damages to the fiber–matrix interface, lower for PC/PVDF, average for PMMA/PVDF and higher for Zeonex/PVDF. The fiber–matrix interface of PC/PVDF composite was not influenced by the thermal stress compared to other interfaces of PMMA/PVDF and Zeonex/PVDF. Our present results are closely similar to those found by Leal et al. in their study of temperature effect on the variation of Young's modulus for the three fibers PC, PMMA and Zeonex.
Continuum dexterous manipulators (CDMs) are suitable for performing tasks in a constrained environment due to their high dexterity and maneuverability. Despite the inherent advantages of CDMs in minimally invasive surgery, real-time control of CDMs’ shape during non-constant curvature bending is still challenging. This study presents a novel approach for the design and fabrication of a large deflection fiber Bragg grating (FBG) shape sensor embedded within the lumens inside the walls of a CDM with a large instrument channel. The shape sensor consisted of two fibers, each with three FBG nodes. A shape-sensing model was introduced to reconstruct the centerline of the CDM based on FBG wavelengths. Different experiments, including shape sensor tests and CDM shape reconstruction tests, were conducted to assess the overall accuracy of the shape sensing. The FBG sensor evaluation results revealed the linear curvature-wavelength relationship with the large curvature detection of 0.045
mm
and a high wavelength shift of up to 5.50
nm
at a 90° bending angle in both bending directions. The CDM’s shape reconstruction experiments in a free environment demonstrated the shape tracking accuracy of 0.216±0.126 mm for positive/negative deflections. Also, the CDM shape reconstruction error for three cases of bending with obstacles were observed to be 0.436±0.370
mm
for the proximal case, 0.485±0.418
mm
for the middle case, and 0.312±0.261
mm
for the distal case. This study indicates the adequate performance of the FBG sensor and the effectiveness of the model for tracking the shape of the large-deflection CDM with nonconstant-curvature bending for minimally-invasive orthopaedic applications.
Temperature measurements are of great importance in many fields of human activities, including industry, technology, and science. For example, obtaining a certain temperature value or a sudden change in it can be the primary control marker of a chemical process. Fiber optic sensors have remarkable properties giving a broad range of applications. They enable continuous real-time temperature control in difficult-to-reach areas, in hazardous working environments (air pollution, chemical or ionizing contamination), and in the presence of electromagnetic disturbances. The use of fiber optic temperature sensors in polymer technology can significantly reduce the cost of their production. Moreover, the installation process and usage would be simplified. As a result, these types of sensors would become increasingly popular in industrial solutions. This review provides a critical overview of the latest development of fiber optic temperature sensors based on Fabry-Pérot interferometer made with polymer technology.
