Table 5 - uploaded by William J Evans
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Relatively little is known about the influence of age on energy regulation during energy imbalance. We compared the effects of overfeeding on changes in energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and energy deposition between young men (age 23.7 +/- 1.1 [SEM] years) and older men (age 70.0 +/- 7.0) of normal body weight who were leading unrestricted...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... inter- action between session and time approached significance (p = .08). Table 5 shows information on changes over time in respiratory quotient (RQ) in the young and older subjects (the mean food quotient was 0.866). There was a significant effect of age-group on the fasting RQ (values for young men were lower), and the increase in RQ following consumption of the test meals was significantly lower in the older group. ...
Similar publications
Albatross has an energy efficient flying pattern (dynamic soaring) among seabirds. This interesting point encourages us to exploit its flying natural dynamics so as to control the flying robots on energy efficient and robust gaits. In doing so, we study the albatross dynamic soaring from analytical and biological perspectives and realize that to ge...
Smart meter implementation is still in its infancy in many African countries, including South Africa. This is evident from the fact that most research studies are either Eurocentric or American-centric. Hence, this research aimed to identify consumer-centric factors for planning considerations in implementation of smart meters in South Africa. We u...
The energy demand of mankind is constantly growing, thus the utilization of various renewable energy sources, which also reduces negative environmental effects, is becoming more and more important. Because of the achievement of climate protection targets, photovoltaic (PV) energy has an increasing role in the global energy mix. This paper presents...
Introduction
Despite its contribution to urban development, high rise residential projects also cause adverse impact on the living environment. To address the problem, a sustainable construction as a new paradigm has been introduced. Various papers have examined the importance of sustainable construction. However, most studies focused on social and...
This paper attempts to determine alternative methods of benchmarking the efficiency of electric cooperatives. Using a panel composed of 119 Philippine electric cooperatives from 1990 to 2002, a cost function is estimated. This estimation was used to identify appropriate cost variables that will determine the frontier. It was found out that the main...
Citations
... Most studies in which post-overfeeding food intake has been quantified have been of short duration and the data suggest an incomplete compensation for the excess energy [2,10]. One study reported that food intake was significantly suppressed following 21 days of overfeeding in young men, however changes of dietary conditions during the recovery phase might have confounded these data [19]. ...
Body weight is under physiological regulation. When body fat mass decreases, a series of responses are triggered to promote weight regain by increasing food intake and decreasing energy expenditure. Analogous, in response to experimental overfeeding, excessive weight gain is counteracted by a reduction in food intake and possibly by an increase in energy expenditure. While low blood leptin and other hormones defend against weight loss, the signals that oppose overfeeding-induced fat mass expansion are still unknown. In this article, we discuss insights gained from overfeeding interventions in humans and intragastric overfeeding studies in rodents. We summarize the knowledge on the relative contributions of energy intake, energy expenditure and energy excretion to the physiological defence against overfeeding-induced weight gain. Furthermore, we explore literature supporting the existence of unidentified endocrine and non-endocrine pathways that defend against weight gain. Finally, we discuss the physiological drivers of constitutional thinness and suggest that overfeeding of individuals with constitutional thinness represents a gateway to understand the physiology of weight gain resistance in humans. Experimental overfeeding, combined with modern multi-omics techniques, has the potential to unveil the long-sought signalling pathways that protect against weight gain. Discovering these mechanisms could give rise to new treatments for obesity.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)’.
... More recently, Rodriguez and colleagues [78] observed both absolute and FFM-adjusted increases in RMR among 20 resistancetrained men completing a supervised resistance training program in conjunction with an estimated 11% energy surplus and daily total intake comprising 18% protein. However, whether there may remain some residual effect of high food intake-specifically of protein-on conventionally fasted RMR in the context of overfeeding is a question in need of further investigation, especially as FFM-related differences in protein turnover rates may partially explain variable responses to overfeeding [79]. ...
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a significant contributor to an individual’s total energy expenditure. As such, RMR plays an important role in body weight regulation across populations ranging from inactive individuals to athletes. In addition, RMR may also be used to screen for low energy availability and energy deficiency in athletes, and thus may be useful in identifying individuals at risk for the deleterious consequences of chronic energy deficiency. Given its importance in both clinical and research settings within the fields of exercise physiology, dietetics, and sports medicine, the valid assessment of RMR is critical. However, factors including varying states of energy balance (both short- and long-term energy deficit or surplus), energy availability, and prior food intake or exercise may influence resulting RMR measures, potentially introducing error into observed values. The purpose of this review is to summarize the relationships between short- and long-term changes in energetic status and resulting RMR measures, consider these findings in the context of relevant recommendations for RMR assessment, and provide suggestions for future research.
... These findings corroborate with studies evidencing the association of sarcopenia with general loss of mass in the elderly, not being selective only for loss of muscle mass. [32][33][34] What is already known on this topic Therefore, some studies suggest that older people have greater energy dysregulation, which predisposes them to BMI, body mass index; IRR, incidence rate ratio; * P = < 0.05 malnutrition, leading to morphological and functional alterations that arise as a reflex of the physiological and metabolic alterations, and consequent progressive reductions in body weight. 33,34 When compared to the condition of sarcopenia, it has been observed that this marked weight loss is stronger mainly in sarcopenic elderly. ...
... [32][33][34] What is already known on this topic Therefore, some studies suggest that older people have greater energy dysregulation, which predisposes them to BMI, body mass index; IRR, incidence rate ratio; * P = < 0.05 malnutrition, leading to morphological and functional alterations that arise as a reflex of the physiological and metabolic alterations, and consequent progressive reductions in body weight. 33,34 When compared to the condition of sarcopenia, it has been observed that this marked weight loss is stronger mainly in sarcopenic elderly. 32 Regarding nutritional factors, the following parameters can be considered as the main indicators of malnutrition in the elderly: body mass index (BMI) less than 22 kg/m 2 , total serum cholesterol level below 160 mg/dL, muscle circumference of the lower arm below the 10th percentile (<26.8 cm in the present study) and triceps cutaneous fold below the 10th percentile (<6.0 mm in the present study) or above the 95th. ...
Background:
The diagnosis of sarcopenia is based on the analysis of strength, functionality and muscle mass. The objective was to verify the factors associated with sarcopenia in institutionalized elderly.
Methods:
In total, 219 elderly individuals (≥60 years old) living in long-term institutions in Natal/RN were included in the study. After defining the elderly as sarcopenic or non-sarcopenic, anthropometric, biochemical, sociodemographic and health-related were analyzed. The Student t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to analyze the quantitative, while the chi-square test was used for the qualitative variables. Finally, Poisson regression was used to provide prevalence ratios for those variables that presented differences in the bivariate analyses.
Results:
Physical capacity and anthropometry were associated with sarcopenia. For each 1 cm of knee height, the elderly presented 2.71% more chance of not having sarcopenia, and eutrophic or overweight individuals (according to BMI) presented 37.71 and 91.81% chances, respectively, of not presenting sarcopenia. Elderly individuals who ambulate have a 30.08% chance of not being considered sarcopenic. In addition, biochemical and anthropometric indicators demonstrated a relationship of sarcopenia with malnutrition.
Conclusion:
Sarcopenia is associated with a loss of body mass, not only selective muscle mass, and greater physical inability to ambulate.
... Multiple genetic, social, economic, and personal life-style factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of obesity [5]. In healthy individuals, energy intake is adjusted to energy expenditure and vice versa [6]. ...
... J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 6 ...
We investigated the implication of Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) in fat preference and fat sensing in taste bud cells (TBC) in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and TGR5 knock out (TGR5-/-) male mice maintained for 20 weeks on a high-fat diet (HFD). We also assessed the implication of TGR5 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in young obese humans. The high-fat diet (HFD)-fed TGR5-/- mice were more obese, marked with higher liver weight, lipidemia and steatosis than WT obese mice. The TGR5-/- obese mice exhibited high daily food/energy intake, fat mass and inflammatory status. WT obese mice lost the preference for dietary fat, but the TGR5-/- obese mice exhibited no loss towards the attraction for lipids. In lingual TBC, the fatty acid-triggered Ca2+ signaling was decreased in WT obese mice; however, it was increased in TBC from TGR5-/- obese mice. Fatty acid-induced in vitro release of GLP-1 was higher, but PYY concentrations were lower, in TBC from TGR5-/- obese mice than those in WT obese mice. We noticed an association between obesity and variations in TGR5 rs11554825 SNP. Finally, we can state that TGR5 modulates fat eating behavior and obesity.
... All studies, except four [26,45,46,50], reported inclusion and/or exclusion criteria, and stated that the participants met these criteria. Of the studies measuring energy intake (49 studies), 18 studies matched the younger and older participants for body weight [23,26,27,29,30,35,40,45,51,52,54,58,63,69,70,72,76,80] and 13 studies for BMI [26,27,33,[40][41][42]45,[47][48][49]58,68,76] and 11 studies considered gender as a confounder [31,39,43,46,47,52,56,71,75,78,79]. No studies considered confounders for hunger or fullness. ...
... All studies, except four [26,45,46,50], reported inclusion and/or exclusion criteria, and stated that the participants met these criteria. Of the studies measuring energy intake (49 studies), 18 studies matched the younger and older participants for body weight [23,26,27,29,30,35,40,45,51,52,54,58,63,69,70,72,76,80] and 13 studies for BMI [26,27,33,[40][41][42]45,[47][48][49]58,68,76] and 11 studies considered gender as a confounder [31,39,43,46,47,52,56,71,75,78,79]. No studies considered confounders for hunger or fullness. ...
... Performance bias scored worse, three studies were double-blind [23,47,60] and two single-blind [44,49], in the other 12 blinding was not discussed. In the studies measuring energy intake over a prolonged period of time, all studies, except two [58,59], had a method to check compliance. ...
It is not well recognized that in the elderly weight loss is more common than weight gain. The aim of this analysis was to determine the effect of ageing on appetite (hunger/fullness) and energy intake, after overnight fasting and in a postprandial state, by meta-analyses of trials that included at least two age groups (>18 years). We hypothesized that appetite and energy intake would be less in healthy older compared with younger adults. Following a PubMed-database systematic search up to 30 June 2015, 59 studies were included in the random-effects-model meta-analyses. Energy intake was 16%-20% lower in older (n = 3574/~70 years/~71 kg/~25 kg/m²) than younger (n = 4111/~26 years/~69 kg/~23 kg/m²) adults (standardized mean difference: -0.77 (95% confidence interval -0.90 to -0.64)). Hunger was 25% (after overnight fasting; weighted mean difference (WMD): -17 (-22 to -13) mm) to 39% (in a postprandial state; WMD: -14 (-19 to -9) mm) lower, and fullness 37% (after overnight fasting; WMD: 6 mm (95% CI: 1 to 11 mm)) greater in older than younger adults. In conclusion, appetite and energy intake are less in healthy older than younger adults, suggesting that ageing per se affects food intake.
... Hence this will also increase the release of free fatty acids to the blood in the elderly. Age is associated with decline in fat oxidation during activity, after meal and in resting condition (Robert et al., 1996). In principle, the capacity of metabolically active tissues such as the muscles to oxidize fat represents a combination of the tissue mass and oxidative capacity of the tissue. ...
... The increase of body fat in elderly individuals might be explained by the release of high amounts of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, the reduced capacity of respiring tissues (e.g. muscles) to oxidise free fatty acids at rest [34], following a meal [35] and during exercise [36] or even both. However, there is a lack of expert knowledge on the exact causes and development of A + symbolizes that the intake should be increased in comparison to younger adults; − means that the substance is not required in higher doses in the elderly Source: D-A-CH reference values [8] these metabolic processes. ...
Basically, our lifespan is determined genetically. However, several other parameters such as the environment, lifestyle and
diet have a high impact on living in the best of health. Many older persons suffer from various diseases, which often cannot
be avoided; however, their development can be postponed and symptoms can be mitigated by a balanced diet, moderate physical
activity as well as a healthy lifestyle. These diseases are, for example, sarcopenia (degenerative loss of muscle mass), osteoporosis
(decomposition of bone structure), digestive restrictions, sensory impairment, water imbalance or a compromised immune system.
Psychological modifications, obesity and loss of weight also commonly occur in older adults. To define an adequate diet for
elderly between the ages 50 and 80 is difficult, even impossible, because the nutritional requirements differ between the
dynamic quinquagenarian and the frailer eighty-year-old. However, several studies have shown that sufficient consumption of
high-quality proteins, calcium, vitamin D, anti-oxidative food compounds, water as well as adapted energy values and nourishment
with high-nutrient density in combination with physical activity especially help one to remain healthy to a great age. The
cornerstone of healthy ageing is the maintenance of normal bodyweight in order to prevent the development of diseases such
as osteoporosis, coronary heart disease or diabetes type 2. This publication will review the physiological changes that occur
with advanced age and consequential nutritional recommendations for elderly persons.
KeywordsAgeing-Physiological changes-Nutrition-Nutrient requirements-Elderly
... As will be discussed below, we believe that differences in the hormonal milieu in the fasted and postprandial states in older and younger adults contribute to differences in fuel availability and substrate oxidation. Although two previous studies reported a lower postprandial fat oxidation in older men (23) and women (17), this was only observed when subjects were overfed; there were no differences in postprandial fat oxidation after consumption of smaller meals. ...
The purpose of this study was to compare 24-h substrate oxidation in older (OM; 60-75 yr, n = 7) and younger (YM; 20-30 yr, n = 7) men studied on sedentary day (Con) and on a day with exercise (Ex; net energy expenditure = 300 kcal). Plasma glucose and free fatty acids were also measured at several time points during the 24-h measurement. Weight was not different in OM and YM (means +/- SD; 84.8 +/- 16.9 vs. 81.4 +/- 10.4 kg, respectively), although percent body fat was slightly higher in OM (25.9 +/- 3.5 vs. 21.9 +/- 9.7%; P = 0.17). Values of 24-h energy expenditure did not differ in OM and YM on the Con (means +/- SE; 2,449 +/- 162 vs. 2,484 +/- 104 kcal/day, respectively) or Ex (2,902 +/- 154 vs. 2,978 +/- 122 kcal/day) days. Under both conditions, 24-h respiratory quotient was significantly lower and fat oxidation significantly higher in OM. Glucose concentrations were not different at any time point, but plasma free fatty acid concentrations were higher in OM, particularly following meals. Thus, under these controlled conditions, 24-h fat oxidation was not reduced and was in fact greater in OM. We speculate that differences in the availability of circulating free fatty acids in the postprandial state contributed to the observed differences in 24-h fat oxidation in OM and YM.
... Elevated levels of body fat in the elderly may, in part, be due to a decrease in fat mobilisation (Lonnqvist et al. 1990) and oxidation (Calles-Escandon et al. 1995). Aging is associated with reduced fat oxidation at rest (Nagy et al. 1996), following a meal (Roberts et al. 1996), and during exercise (Sial et al. 1996). For example, Sial et al. (1996) showed that during 60 min of sub-maximal exercise at 50% of maximal oxygen consumption ð _ VO 2 max Þ; the rate of appearance of free fatty acids in blood as well as fat oxidation was lower in older compared to younger individuals and that carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation was higher. ...
Advancing age is associated with changes in fat and carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism, which is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The effects of exercise intensity and duration on fat and CHO metabolism in elderly male subjects were investigated in the present study. Seven trained (63.7 ± 4.7 years) and six untrained (63.5 ± 4.5 years) healthy males performed three 30 min trials on a cycle ergometer at 50, 60 and 70%
\( \ifmmode\expandafter\dot\else\expandafter\.\fi{V}{\text{O}}_{{2\max }} \) and two other trials at 60 and 70% \( \ifmmode\expandafter\dot\else\expandafter\.\fi{V}{\text{O}}_{{2\max }} \) in which the total energy expenditure was equal to that for 30 min at 50% \( \ifmmode\expandafter\dot\else\expandafter\.\fi{V}{\text{O}}_{{2\max }} . \) Respiratory measures were undertaken throughout the exercise and blood samples taken before and immediately after each trial. Statistical analyses revealed a significant effect of exercise intensity on fat oxidation when the exercise durations were equated as well as when the energy expenditure was held constant for the three trials, though no training effect was noted. Total carbohydrate oxidation increased significantly with exercise intensity (P < 0.05) and with training. Significantly higher levels of non-esterified free fatty acid (NEFA) and glycerol were observed for trained compared with untrained though not for B-hydroxybutyrate (3-OH) or insulin. No differences in NEFA, glycerol, 3-OH were evident for increases in exercise intensity. Carbohydrate and fat oxidation are significantly affected by exercise intensity in elderly males, although only CHO oxidation is influenced by training. Furthermore, training-induced increases in the availability of NEFA and glycerol are not associated with an increase in fat oxidation, rather an increase in CHO oxidation.
... Even in elderly individuals, where total body weight (and subcutaneous fat) declines toward the end of life, visceral adiposity continues to increase, pointing to a fundamental age-related defect in energy balance [1,3,5]. Elderly humans exhibit defects in both the normal reduction in energy expenditure caused by overfeeding [39], and the normal increase in perceived hunger caused by underfeeding [40]. Defects in compensatory hyperphagia similar to what we observed in our Pomcablation or double-ablation mice have also been described in studies of young (3-mo-old), middle-aged (12-mo-old), and elderly (24-mo-old) rats from Matsumoto and colleagues [6,41]. ...
Normal aging in humans and rodents is accompanied by a progressive increase in adiposity. To investigate the role of hypothalamic neuronal circuits in this process, we used a Cre-lox strategy to create mice with specific and progressive degeneration of hypothalamic neurons that express agouti-related protein (Agrp) or proopiomelanocortin (Pomc), neuropeptides that promote positive or negative energy balance, respectively, through their opposing effects on melanocortin receptor signaling. In previous studies, Pomc mutant mice became obese, but Agrp mutant mice were surprisingly normal, suggesting potential compensation by neuronal circuits or genetic redundancy. Here we find that Pomc-ablation mice develop obesity similar to that described for Pomc knockout mice, but also exhibit defects in compensatory hyperphagia similar to what occurs during normal aging. Agrp-ablation female mice exhibit reduced adiposity with normal compensatory hyperphagia, while animals ablated for both Pomc and Agrp neurons exhibit an additive interaction phenotype. These findings provide new insight into the roles of hypothalamic neurons in energy balance regulation, and provide a model for understanding defects in human energy balance associated with neurodegeneration and aging.
