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Poorly designed compensation policies, inadequate planning, the entry of land sharks and the weak power of rural communities are resulting in a deterioration of the living conditions of those displaced by land alienation from the fringes of cities. Field surveys on the fringes of Hyderabad-Secunderabad, where a vast number of infrastructure project...
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... Discussing the utilization of compensation money study found that in most cases more than 80% of the money received is laying unproductive either it is being consumed for unproductive domestic use or laying unproductive in banks. Taking the discussion to the zenith Reddy and Reddy (2007) in their study about Hyderabad Secunderabad described the socio-economic conditions of urban-rural fringe as poorly designed compensation policies, inadequate planning, the entry of land sharks and the weak power of rural communities resulting in a deterioration of the living conditions of those displaced by land alienation from the fringes of cities. He concluded that in cities growing demand for infrastructural projects, and special economic zones is causing involuntary displacement of the masses. ...
... And on the other hand, rapid urban growth or development is taking a heavy toll on agricultural land by taking huge land acreage out of the cropping system. According to many scholars i.e., Reddy and Reddy (2007) and Bhalla (2000), this divergence of land may lead to a severe mismatch between food and population of one of the agriculturally most prosperous regions of India. Table 1 points out that at the Indian level with the increase in technology, the land lying as waste or barren land has reduced considerably during the 1950-71 period, it has reduced by 10.03 percent. ...
India is still predominantly an agricultural society, and the question of land ownership has been an important one in all development-related discourses. Even before Independence, there were several movements against feudal land ownership by those who did not have land and were still dependent on agriculture as farmers or landless laborers without ownership. These tenants at-will, peasants revolted against the exploitative system and demanded that the tillers of the land should be given the right to ownership of land. Understanding the urgency of the situation, the pre-independence leadership of the Congress assured these peasants that they would bring out land reforms once independence was gained and they did succeed in bringing some reforms. After independence, several land reforms were implemented that gave land ownership rights to peasants, abolishing the Zamindari and the Jagirdari system was the most pressing reform that had far-reaching impacts on farmers and rural society. Yet another reform that was needed of the hour was the land ceiling that brought excess land of these feudal classes under the control of the State and later on surplus land redistribution among the landless farmers and laborers. These were a few issues that were resolved, ironically there were in no way only issues that are haunting the farming community. Resultantly, new struggles were witnessed in the decade of 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s i.e. regarding the question of acquisition of the land by the State for industrialization and infrastructure development. Land acquisition laws have been there since the colonial periods and under these colonial laws which were retained even after Independence, land acquisition would take place citing public interest or purpose. After 1990, the intensity and the character of land acquisition changed. Now, the land is acquired from the poor peasants and transferred to the big business houses or corporations at throw-away prices. The Singur episode brings out the role of the State in dispossessing the marginalized sections and enriching the big corporates. Land acquired for nearly 130 crores was given to the Tatas just for Rs. 20 Crores and even the stamp duty was waived off. So, the clear collusion between the State and the big corporate houses points to the nature of the development model that is driving the Indian economy in the post Liberalization era. The state is not going for pro-market reforms but through the policy of land acquisition making the corporates rich by transferring the scarce natural resources to them under one pretext or the other. That is why, we have seen protests against land acquisition by those who have been adversely affected. So, protests have frequently erupted when the land has been forcibly taken away. Most of the land acquisition has taken place in areas where the land is very fertile frequently, and people have questioned this policy. In Haryana, the SEZ in Jhajjar district is yet to take off despite the transfer of land to the reliance company. Many times, the land acquired for a particular purpose has been allowed to be changed for using it for other purposes. The corporates have profited from these land acquisition deals as the different Governments helped them acquire land much below the market prices. So, the question of land acquisition has to be dealt with keeping in mind the concerns of those whose land is being acquired. Land
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acquisition is not simply a matter of economics but it is also a social and psychological one. Whole communities have been uprooted because of such policies. Such disruptions have led to a psychological impact on those whose land has been taken away. People have been given compensation for these acquired lands but at the same time, they have been rendered jobless or unemployed as now they do not have anything worthwhile to do since the only thing, they knew was agriculture. So, before any land acquisition, the government must think about the rehabilitation of the uprooted people keeping in view all the aspects of life not just the economic one.
... In India, the agricultural land faces primarily three issues in the form of reduction in the quality of agricultural lands for cultivation (Prokop & Poreba, 2012), prolonged fallowing and subsequent abandonment (Pandey & Seto, 2015;Reddy & Reddy, 2007), and conversion to urban centres or for other economic purposes (Branhmanand et al., 2013). All these issues are interlinked and one leads to another. ...
The land use/land cover change is a local driver of environmental change having cascading impacts and implications at the global level, and therefore requires appreciable consideration when perceived from sustainability perspectives. Kerala, the southernmost state of India, has undergone a dramatic transition from a traditional agrarian economy to a modern thriving economy involving the irrational exploitation of natural resources, precisely, land and its components. The present study addresses how land is being changed along an urbanization gradient in the most agglomerative city in the state, Kochi, during the last one and half decades. High-resolution remote sensing data available from the Google Earth Pro pertaining to the four time periods, i.e., 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, representing urban, suburban, and rural areas, were analysed to estimate the changes in land use land cover. A semi-structured interview was conducted at the household level to identify the major drivers of land use change. The results indicated the presence of two major and divergent trends; the first one is the intensification of land use activities at the rate of 1.37% per annum, primarily driven by urbanization and infrastructure developments, and the second one is the fallowing and abandonment of land (at the rate of 0.21% per annum) driven by the increased cost of cultivation. The rates of change are more prominent in the rural areas while the urban grids are nearing saturation occupying nearly two-thirds of the area with urban features at the expense of greenery. Though the progression with respect to urbanization and infrastructure developments is expected, the fallowing and abandonment of land is unanticipated, raising serious questions in the developmental pathways to achieve Sustainable Development Goals in the State of Kerala.
... In India, the agricultural land faces primarily three issues in the form of reduction in the quality of agricultural lands for cultivation (Prokop & Poreba, 2012), prolonged fallowing and subsequent abandonment (Pandey & Seto, 2015;Reddy & Reddy, 2007), and conversion to urban centres or for other economic purposes (Branhmanand et al., 2013). All these issues are interlinked and one leads to another. ...
The land use/land cover change is a local driver of environmental change having cascading impacts and implications at the global level and therefore requires appreciable consideration when perceived from sustainability perspectives. Kerala, the southernmost state of India has undergone a dramatic transition from a traditional agrarian economy to a modern thriving economy involving the irrational exploitation of natural resources, precisely, land and its components. The present study addresses how land is being changed along an urbanization gradient in the most agglomerative city in the state, Kochi, during the last one and half decades. High-resolution remote sensing data available from the Google Earth Engine pertaining to the four time periods, i.e., 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, representing urban, suburban, and rural areas, were analysed to estimate the changes in land use land cover. A semi-structured interview was conducted at the household level to identify the major drivers of land use change. The results indicated the presence of two major and divergent trends; the first one is the intensification of land use activities at the rate of 1.37% per annum, primarily driven by urbanization and infrastructure developments, and the second one is the fallowing and abandonment of land (at the rate of 0.21% per annum) driven by the increased cost of cultivation and unexpected changes in meteorological events frequently reported in the recent history of Kerala. The rates of change are more prominent in the rural areas while the urban grids are nearing saturation occupying nearly two-third of the area with urban features at the expense of greenery. Though the progression with respect to urbanization and infrastructure developments is expected, the fallowing and abandonment of land is unanticipated, raising serious questions in the developmental pathways to achieve Sustainable Development Goals in the State of Kerala.
... In many regions, urbanization has already led to losses of prime agricultural lands traditionally used for food production and is expected to continue to do so in primarily-agrarian countries (Martellozzo et al., 2015;Seto et al., 2012;Seto and Ramankutty, 2016). The remaining agricultural lands have been facing increasing strain due to intensification (Jiang et al., 2013;Mishra, 2002) and abandonment (Reddy and Reddy, 2007). Ultimately, the trade-off of rural land for urban expansion threatens food security and drives the need for alternative agriculture production systems (Mok et al., 2014). ...
Urban agriculture could assist in meeting the growing global demand for food without overburdening agricultural areas. To fully realize the potential of urban agriculture, it is necessary to better understand the implications of urban agriculture and climate change on the food-energy-water nexus. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of local climate change on irrigation requirements, and green and blue water usages for turf grass and three common urban agriculture crops (carrots, spinach, and sweet corn) in eight mid-sized U.S. cities. Baseline (1980–2010) and Future (2040–2050) daily climate data were combined with site-specific crop water uptake data to calculate irrigation requirements using the Irrigation Management System Model, IManSys, a numerical simulation model that uses a water balance approach. The irrigation requirements (IRRs) were further used to calculate the energy requirements and associated greenhouse gas emissions for the four crops in each location. Results showed the spatio-temporal impact of climate change on precipitation and evapotranspiration and consequently on crop IRRs. On the east coast, increases in summer precipitation during the crop growing seasons result in relatively small increases in blue water contributions (<222%) to crop water demands. On the west coast, though, decreases in precipitation lead to more drastic increases in blue water contributions (>222%) for these same crops. The energy requirements and greenhouse gas footprints of urban agriculture were weakly correlated to the blue water portion of the IRRs in individual cities but were largely impacted by the source of the water used. Overall, the results highlight the importance of appropriate and thoughtful crop selection for urban agriculture paired with environmentally sustainable water sourcing to maintain, or even reduce, future water and energy footprints of urban agriculture.
... The unprecedented post-acquisition land speculation in Rajarhat made some farming households owning land adjoining the project millionaires. Reddy and Reddy (2007) and Levien (2012) also made similar assertions in two different studies on rural peripheries near Hyderabad city in Telangana and Jaipur city in Rajasthan. Notwithstanding the fact that the Newtown project, as articulated by a large dispossessed farmer, has emerged as 'lotteries' (chances of events) whereby many households owning landholdings adjoining acquired lands have become owners of mansions, cars and motorbikes, etc., components of collective social capital such as social bond, mutual trust, family kinship and neighbourhood cohesion of the erstwhile rustic farming communities in the affected villages have dethawed in pursuit of restructuring of rural spaces for a new habitat of global city-making and economic change, leading to what Pawar calls 'individualistic self-centered lives' (Pawar, 2006, p. 218). ...
Based on household surveys conducted in Rajarhat in West Bengal (India) in 2009 and 2016, this article illuminates how a large-scale dispossession of farmers from land for a neoliberal planned urban centre adjoining Kolkata Metropolis leads to a process of economic change and rural transformation, giving birth to diverse non-farm livelihood activities for the dispossessed households and contravening 'primitive accumulation'. It also argues that the benefits of speculative land value arising from neoliberalisation of spaces in the post-acquisition stage actuate the partially dispossessed households to sell off their remaining land and produce a basis for social differentiations and asset inequalities within the dispossessed households.
... As construction land expansion produced a great loss of farmland, a series of environmental problems appeared which threatened farmland preservation, food security, production capacity and social stability [41,42]. In addition, farmland conversion to construction land could also lead to intensification of farming, and abandonment and degradation of farmland [43,44]. Governments try their best to maintain a balance between urbanization development and farmland preservation by implementing much stricter policies for farmland conversion and ecological urbanization and construction [10,14]. ...
Extensive urbanization around the world has caused a great loss of farmland, which significantly impacts the ecosystem services provided by farmland. This study investigated the farmland loss due to urbanization in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) of China from 1980 to 2018 based on multiperiod datasets from the Land Use and Land Cover of China databases. Then, we calculated ecosystem service values (ESVs) of farmland using valuation methods to estimate the ecosystem service variations caused by urbanization in the study area. The results showed that 3711.3 km2 of farmland disappeared because of urbanization, and paddy fields suffered much higher losses than dry farmland. Most of the farmland was converted to urban residential land from 1980 to 2018. In the past 38 years, the ESV of farmland decreased by 5036.7 million yuan due to urbanization, with the highest loss of 2177.5 million yuan from 2000–2010. The hydrological regulation, food production and gas regulation of farmland decreased the most due to urbanization. The top five cities that had the largest total ESV loss of farmland caused by urbanization were Guangzhou, Dongguan, Foshan, Shenzhen and Huizhou. This study revealed that urbanization has increasingly become the dominant reason for farmland loss in the GBA. Our study suggests that governments should increase the construction of ecological cities and attractive countryside to protect farmland and improve the regional ESV.
... 20 36 Third, Dalit lands can be appropriated by bribing Revenue Department officials to falsify land records (cf. Reddy and Reddy 2007), especially because such land tends to have unclear or "fuzzy" titles (Pati 2019). Our interlocutors spoke often about the venality of Revenue officers: "Duddu maadod onde guri [their only motive is to make money]." ...
Building on recent literature that explores how the social logics of older agrarian formations are refracted in processes of urbanization, the paper foregrounds the significance of caste in rapidly changing peri-urban spaces. Drawing on extended fieldwork in several villages on the outskirts of Bengaluru, it shows how the twin scaffoldings of agrarian society—caste and land—are reconfigured as the values of land change in this zone of transition. Caste identity not only structures who can participate in, or prosper from, the transformation of agrarian land into urban real estate—it is also refashioned and deployed in new ways, especially through the politics of land. This study demonstrates why caste should be understood as a social structure of accumulation, whose specific modes of operation are defined by regionally rooted histories of development and memories of oppression and struggle.
... Airports and toll roads would bring in new growth centers and would increase financial viability in the region. The airport is one of the main requirements for the establishment of SEZ (Reddy & Reddy, 2007). Similar to the toll road, South Banten Airport was also constrained by land acquisition. ...
Many countries have developed Special Economic Zones (SEZ) to spur economic growth. In Indonesia, SEZs have been around for more than a decade. However, the existing SEZs have not yielded the expected results. Likewise with the Tanjung Lesung Tourism SEZ, which is still facing major obstacles in its development. Studies related to the dimensions of the SEZ policy have not been fully carried out, specifically those related to local government involvement. This study aimed to analyze government policy in supporting the development of SEZ, particularly in Tanjung Lesung. This study used a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. This study showed the many obstacles faced for the development of the Tanjung Kelayang SEZ, both of which stem from the weak commitment of the parties involved. Their attitude of blaming each other needs to be changed with the teamwork spirit of working together and creating synergy. Each party seems to wait for each other to make the first move. The limited resources and capabilities caused the policy implementation to come to a halt. The role of the Area Council (Dewan Kawasan) needs to be further optimized to solve problems at the local level. With better information, the central government, through the Directorate General of Territorial Administration Development, Ministry of Home Affairs, can play a more pivotal role in providing strategic considerations in driving the progress of SEZ.
... Concerns have also been expressed on the displacement of farmers by land acquisition, loss of fertile agricultural land, a huge revenue loss to the exchequer and adverse consequences of uneven growth. Such a dilemma has been observed in many predominantly agricultural countries, including India, that intend to industrialise using agricultural land (see Bhaduri, 2007;Sarma, 2007;Reddy and Redyy, 2007). ...
This study enlightens different channels through which liberalised trade policies can have differential impact on the organisation of production in different sectors that subsequently seep into the relatively larger share of the workforce, employed in the agricultural or non-agricultural informal sectors with wage earnings below or just above the poverty line. In the four core chapters, this study brings together salient features of a developing dual economy like India, such as the dualism observed in domestic factor markets and co-existence of internationally non-traded goods, within the ambit of general equilibrium framework that captures structural features of trade and production patterns for a typical developing country like India.
... The sangham women's quest for autonomy, moreover, has unfolded in the context of a violent project of land-grabbing by the Indian state, especially after the Special Economic Zones Act of 2005, as much for speculative profiteering as industrial development (Reddy andReddy 2007, Ramachandraiah 2016). This land-grabbing, in turn, has thrown fuel on long-standing armed insurrections by subaltern communities experiencing development dispossession, such as the Telengana, Naxalite, and Maoist movements. ...
This essay outlines intermedia theory’s contribution to the emerging multiple colonialisms framework and argues that a socio-ecological reproduction feminist approach to the multiple colonialisms problematic is critically necessary for thinking through the contradictions of renewable energy transition. A multiple colonialisms framework needs to be a kind of utopian theorizing, I argue, just as any feminist renewable energy transition seeking to realize energy democracy and energy justice must create a utopian collective praxis that regenerates common-being and reproduces common wealth. Drawing on research on a network of petroleum-free subaltern feminist agricultural cooperatives in Medak, India, and on the creativity of their media practices, this article examines the social contradictions of energy democracy and just transition politics in a conjuncture defined by green passive revolution and fascism redux. The essay proposes the concepts of ‘subaltern counter-environments’ and ‘molecular media’ to decolonize energy democracy and just transition discourse and to articulate the importance of an autonomous domain of subaltern politics for a degrowth strategy of regenerative delinking through and against the state. Molecular media created by the Feminist Energy Futures research collaboration at the University of Alberta seek to regenerate the bias of time in our contemporary intermedia ecology where the bias of spectacularized and colonized space is otherwise dominant so that regenerative delinking strategies can endure social contradictions they embody through subaltern counter-environments they can create.
