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Tall oil fatty acids are a second-generation bio-based feedstock finding application in the synthesis of polyurethane materials. The study reported tall oil fatty acids and their methyl esters epoxidation in a rotating packed bed reactor. The chemical structure of the synthesized epoxidized tall oil fatty acids and epoxidized tall oil fatty acids m...
Citations
... Studies of rigid PU foams from bio-based feedstock are growing each year. Polyols for rigid PU foams have been made from lignin [10][11][12], rapeseed oil [13][14][15], soybean oil [16,17], palm oil [18][19][20], tall oil [21,22], tannins [23,24], and cashew nutshell [25], among other biomass. First-generation feedstock such as rapeseed oil, palm, or soybean oil is not favorable for this purpose due to competition with food and feed production. ...
... One way to obtain polyols from tall oil fatty acids is epoxidation following a ring-opening reaction [26]. The Polymer Laboratory of Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry has done extensive research on tall oil and tall oil fatty acids epoxidation [22,27]. In this research, we used four polyols from epoxidized tall oil fatty acids (ETOFA). ...
Cryogenic insulation material rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were developed using bio-based and recycled feed-stock. Polyols obtained from tall oil fatty acids produced as a side stream of wood biomass pulping and recycled polyethylene terephthalate were used to develop rigid PU foam formulations. The 4th generation physical blowing agents with low global warming potential and low ozone depletion potential were used to develop rigid PU foam cryogenic insulation with excellent mechanical and thermal properties. Obtained rigid PU foams had a thermal conductivity coefficient as low as 0.0171 W/m·K and an apparent density of 37-40 kg/m 3. The developed rigid PU foams had anisotropic compression strength properties, which were higher parallel to the foaming direction. Moreover, the compression strength was also influenced by the type of applied bio-based polyol. The bio-based polyols with higher OH group functionality delivered higher crosslinking density of polymer matrix; thus, the mechanical properties were also higher. The mechanical strength of the foams increased when materials were tested at liquid nitrogen temperature due to the stiffening of the polymer matrix. The thermal properties of the developed materials were determined using differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis methods. Lastly, the developed rigid PU foams had good adhesion to the aluminium substrate before and after applying cyroshock and an excellent safety coefficient of 4-5. Rigid PU foams developed using Solstice LBA delivered adhesion strength of~0.5 MPa and may be considered for application as cryogenic insulation in the aerospace industry.
... Tall oil is already used for the synthesis of high-value-added chemicals ( Vevere et al., 2020 ). It has been demonstrated that epoxidized tall oil polyols can be successfully used to develop bio-based polyurethanes ( Abolins et al., 2021 ;Kirpluks et al., 2022 ;Polaczek et al., 2022 ). However, because the production of polyurethanes requires hazardous isocyanates, conventional polyurethanes do not meet modern sustainability requirements ( Kathalewar et al., 2013( Kathalewar et al., , 2014Dechent et al., 2020 ;Lindsay and Timperley, 2020 ;Sternberg and Pilla, 2020 ). ...
... The literature review suggests that triglyceride-containing oils are the most widely used raw materials for acrylate synthesis. Some free fatty acids, like linoleic acid, have two double bonds, but due to side reactions with acetic acid or incomplete epoxidation, each molecule is typically left with only one oxirane group ( Polaczek et al., 2022 ). Therefore, epoxidation and oxirane ring-opening with acrylic acid or direct double bond acrylation are ineffective for free fatty acids-containing oils such as tall oil. ...
... Abolins et al., 2021 ;Polaczek et al., 2022 ). Comparing the GPC curves of acrylated tall oil-based polyols and tall oil fatty ...
Rapeseed oil was used to develop thermoset foams via Michael addition reaction by mixing two liquid components, Michael donor and Michael acceptor. The foaming of the curing thermoset was achieved by the physical blowing agent which expanded from the reacting foam mass due to an exothermic curing reaction. The influence of the rapeseed oil-based Michael donor functionality on the foaming process and the characteristics of the obtained thermoset foams was studied. The 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine catalyst’s influence on the foaming process kinetics was studied using FOAMAT equipment. The curing of the bio-based thermoset was analysed using a dielectric polarisation sensor. The morphology of the developed thermoset foam was analysed using a scanning electron microscope and the obtained foams were characterized using TGA, DSC, DMA and mechanical analysis tests. A direct correlation between the thermoset foam polymer crosslinking density and foaming reactivity, mechanical properties and glass transition temperature were determined. Obtained rapeseed oil based thermoset foams had a relatively low thermal conductivity of 33.9–35.4 mW/(m·K) which allows their use as thermal insulation material in civil engineering applications.
