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Cercospora gamsiana (CPC 24909 = CBS 144962). A. Leaf spots. B-C. Fasciculate conidiophores. D-H. Conidia. Bars = 10 μm.
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The genus Cercospora includes many important plant pathogens that are commonly associated with leaf spot diseases on a wide range of cultivated and wild plant species. Due to the lack of useful morphological features and high levels of intraspecific variation, host plant association has long been a decisive criterion for species delimitation in Cer...
Citations
... The conidiophore ( Figure 1D) and the elongated, multiseptated conidia ( Figure 1E) appeared hyaline. Species within the genus Cercospora (Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales) are common causes of leaf spots (Bakhshi et al., 2018) and were first described by Fresenius (1863) as resembling Passalora-like species with multiseptated conidia. Dalbelo- Puia et al. (2021) note that Cercospora leaf spot is caused by C. gossypina, which produces irregular brown or brownish spots with dark edges and a light center on cotton plant leaves. ...
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of both organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on the intensity and epidemiological components of Cercospora leaf spot across three different canopies of cotton plants, specifically the variety DP ACALA 90, under field conditions. Fertilizers used in the study included bovine manure, Jatropha curcas seedcake, poultry manure, and urea (the latter serving as a control). These were applied at 20 days after plant emergence and then during the flowering stage until the total nitrogen (N) dose reached 50, 100, 150, or 200 kg N per hectare. The incidence and severity of the disease were assessed starting at the reproductive stage B1 (the first visible flower bud) across the lower, middle, and upper canopies of four cotton plants, with six evaluations conducted over time. To calculate the initial inoculum (Y0) and the disease progress rate (r), the Exponential, Gompertz, and Logistic models were employed based on temporal data. The study was designed as a randomized complete block with a 4x4 factorial arrangement (fertilizer type x dose), and mean comparisons were made using Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05). It was found that disease intensity within each canopy level varied in response to the type of nitrogen source and the applied dose, with the severity of the disease (including the area under the disease progress curve) being particularly influenced. A significant interaction between the type of fertilizer and the dose regarding the intensity of Cercospora leaf spot was observed. The Exponential model most accurately depicted the disease's temporal progression. Notably, poultry manure and urea were the fertilizers that most adversely influenced the intensity and initial inoculum (Y0) of Cercospora leaf spot across the various canopies of the cotton plants. The findings suggest that the use of organic fertilizers in cotton cultivation could represent a viable sustainable management strategy.
... It was stated that Cercospora species are generally host-specific and can infect plants within one genus or family (Chupp 1954). Fungal species were named after the plants, from which they were isolated, even to the extent that a species of Cercospora was described as new when found on a different host plant (Bakhshi et al. 2018;Chupp 1954;Ellis 1971;Goodwin et al. 2001;Groenewald et al. 2013). Since then, a combination of features such as the structure of conidiophores and conidiogenous loci and hila and the absence or presence of pigmentation in conidiophores and conidia has been used to divide the genus into morphologically similar units . ...
... A number of molecular studies using internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based phylogenies confirmed that Cercospora is a well-supported monophyletic clade in Mycosphaerellaceae (Crous et al. 2000(Crous et al. , 2009Goodwin et al. 2001;Pretorius et al. 2003;Stewart et al. 1999). Later, the monophyletic origin of Cercospora was questioned (Bakhshi et al. 2015b(Bakhshi et al. , 2018Bakhshi and Braun 2022), and the main conclusion is that Cercospora-like morphologies are not necessarily part of a single monophyletic genus. Thus, identification and descriptions of new Cercospora-like taxa should be avoided without phylogenetic support both at species and genus level (Bakhshi et al. 2018;Bakhshi and Braun 2022). ...
... Later, the monophyletic origin of Cercospora was questioned (Bakhshi et al. 2015b(Bakhshi et al. , 2018Bakhshi and Braun 2022), and the main conclusion is that Cercospora-like morphologies are not necessarily part of a single monophyletic genus. Thus, identification and descriptions of new Cercospora-like taxa should be avoided without phylogenetic support both at species and genus level (Bakhshi et al. 2018;Bakhshi and Braun 2022). The ITS region was proved to be invalid to resolve phylogenetic relationships among Cercospora species due to its limited resolution for almost all species in the genus (Groenewald et al. 2013). ...
Soybean diseases induced by Cercospora spp. exhibit a global prevalence worldwide. Cercospora kikuchii causes both Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) and purple seed stain (PSS), whereas Cercospora sojina is a causal agent of frogeye leaf spot (FLS). Eighteen Cercospora isolates originating from soybean plants exhibiting CLB, PSS, and FLS symptoms were obtained from continental Russia, the Crimea Peninsula, and South America. The identification was based on the Consolidated Species Concept and involved multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, assessment of cercosporin production capacity, and pathogenicity testing. Ten isolates were identified as C. sojina; the eight remaining ones were categorized into seven distinct species. Two isolates of C. kikuchii were obtained from South America, along with a single isolate each of Cercospora cf. sigesbeckiae and Cercospora sp. Q from the Russian Far East and South America, respectively. Three isolates from the Russian Far East were identified as Cercospora cf. alchemillicola and Cercospora celosiae. A single isolate formed a distinct monophyletic clade that did not include ex-type or representative Cercospora strains and is, therefore, considered a candidate for a new Cercospora species. Cercosporin production in vitro is not a stable and reliable feature for species identification; it could vary and depends on factors such as the nutrient medium composition and the specific lighting conditions during the culturing process. In Russia, multiple Cercospora species are associated with PSS: at least C. cf. alchemillicola, C. cf. sigesbeckiae, and C. celosiae, which are new records for Russia. Cercospora kikuchii and Cercospora sp. Q emerge as causal agents of PSS in South America. PSS and CLB symptoms evident on soybeans are intricate features; thus, they can no longer be definitively regarded as unequivocal signs for the presence of C. kikuchii.
... Similar advises against using diseased fields the next season. Spraying Maneb (IndofilM 45) at 3 g/L of water before or right away as dry spots start to form may be helpful (Bakhshi et al. 2018 (Nene 1973;Gilmer et al. 1974;and Williams 1977;and Khattak et al. 2000). The disease appears as small irregular yellow-coloured specs along the veins of the leaves that gradually enlarge, and the leaves become chlorotic (Qazi et al. 2007). ...
Rice bean [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi] is a multipurpose underutilized legume crop having profuse pod-bearing ability, wider adaptability and high resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. Besides its nutritionally rich high seed yield even under limited management inputs, it could also be used as a fodder crop. Biotic stress which is one of the major limiting factors in crop cultivation includes damage to the vegetative and reproductive parts of a crop caused by other living organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, harmful insects and weeds. Plants are adapted with various defence mechanisms to combat biotic stresses. Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) are the two molecular defence mechanisms recruited by plants to evade pathogenic attacks. In this chapter, we discussed the negative impacts of various diseases on rice bean and how prevalent genetic variability across the various gene pools could be harnessed to develop disease-resistant rice bean cultivars. Integration of molecular advances along with conventional breeding approaches for identifying various QTLs associated with disease resistance through bi-parental QTL mapping and genome-wide association mapping and their transfers are discussed in this chapter. Finally, prospects of various emerging breeding tools including genomic selection, speed breeding and genome editing tools are briefed.
... Page 859 dan dilakukan secara berkesinambungan akan di supervisi oleh kepala sekolah dan pengawas. (Bakhshi et al., 2018) Adapun prinsip manajemen peserta didik atau kesiswaan adalah sebagai berikut : 1) Penyelenggaran harus mengacu pada peraturan yang berlaku saat program dilaksanakan 2) Manajemen peserta didik atau kesiswaan harus memiliki tujuan yang sama dan mendukung tujuan sekolah 3) Seluruh bentuk kegiatan manajemen peserta didik harus mengemban misi pendidikan 4) Manajemen peserta didik diupayakan dapat mempersatukan peserta yang mempunya latar belakang yang beragam 5) Kegiatan manajemen peserta didik digunakan sebagai upaya pengaturan pembimbingan peserta didik 6) Manajemen peserta didik mendorong dan mengacu kemandirian peserta didik 7) Kegiatan ini harus fungsional bagi kehidupan peserta didik. (Bakhshi et al., 2018) Tujuan dari manajemen peserta didik adalah untuk mengatur dan mengelola kegiatankegiatan peserta didik dalam proses menunjang pembelajaran di lembaga pendidikan, dan lebih lanjut proses pembelajaran di lembaga tersebut dapat berjalan lancar, tertib, dan teratur sehingga dapat memberikan kontribusi untu pencapaian tujuan sekolah dan tujuan pendidikan secara keseluruhan. ...
... (Bakhshi et al., 2018) Adapun prinsip manajemen peserta didik atau kesiswaan adalah sebagai berikut : 1) Penyelenggaran harus mengacu pada peraturan yang berlaku saat program dilaksanakan 2) Manajemen peserta didik atau kesiswaan harus memiliki tujuan yang sama dan mendukung tujuan sekolah 3) Seluruh bentuk kegiatan manajemen peserta didik harus mengemban misi pendidikan 4) Manajemen peserta didik diupayakan dapat mempersatukan peserta yang mempunya latar belakang yang beragam 5) Kegiatan manajemen peserta didik digunakan sebagai upaya pengaturan pembimbingan peserta didik 6) Manajemen peserta didik mendorong dan mengacu kemandirian peserta didik 7) Kegiatan ini harus fungsional bagi kehidupan peserta didik. (Bakhshi et al., 2018) Tujuan dari manajemen peserta didik adalah untuk mengatur dan mengelola kegiatankegiatan peserta didik dalam proses menunjang pembelajaran di lembaga pendidikan, dan lebih lanjut proses pembelajaran di lembaga tersebut dapat berjalan lancar, tertib, dan teratur sehingga dapat memberikan kontribusi untu pencapaian tujuan sekolah dan tujuan pendidikan secara keseluruhan. (Minarti, 2011) Fungsi dari manajemen peserta didik sebagai wahana bagi peserta didik untuk mengembangkan diri seoptimal mungkin yang berkaitan dengan segi individual, sosial, aspirasi, kebutuhan dan potensi lainnya dari diri peserta didik. ...
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji supervisi peserta didik dalam meningkatkan mutu lulusan sekolah. Metode yang digunakan dalam Penelitian ini adalah Library Research (PenelItian Pustaka) dengan mengambil data berupa teks di E-Book dan artikel-artikel, website resmi dengan menggunakan teknik analisis konten/content analysis. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa supervisi peserta didik berkontribusi penting untuk meningkatkan mutu lulusan sekolah yang berkualitas ditandai dengan kegiatan supervisi yang dilakukan oleh kepala sekolah, kegiatan tersebut menjadi dasar untuk melihat perkembangan peserta didik salah satunya dari aspek akademik.
... By advancement of molecular biology for the taxonomy of fungi, different loci including ITS region and protein coding genes such as actA, cmdA, gapdh, his3, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 have been applied to investigate relationships amongst Cercospora spp. and to discover cryptic taxa [6,9]. According to these molecular studies, an accurate way of assessing the identity of Cercospora species could be achieved by applying multi-locus DNA sequence data combined with morphological features and host plant data [6,9]. ...
... and to discover cryptic taxa [6,9]. According to these molecular studies, an accurate way of assessing the identity of Cercospora species could be achieved by applying multi-locus DNA sequence data combined with morphological features and host plant data [6,9]. In addition, these molecular studies revealed that a single Cercospora species is able to colonize a wide range of hosts, and multiple species may be found on the same host [4,6,7,9]; therefore, taxonomy of the genus has undergone continual alteration. ...
... According to these molecular studies, an accurate way of assessing the identity of Cercospora species could be achieved by applying multi-locus DNA sequence data combined with morphological features and host plant data [6,9]. In addition, these molecular studies revealed that a single Cercospora species is able to colonize a wide range of hosts, and multiple species may be found on the same host [4,6,7,9]; therefore, taxonomy of the genus has undergone continual alteration. Amongst the genomic loci used in Cercospora taxonomy for species discrimination, none of them alone could act as DNA barcode, and DNA sequence data of multiple loci are prerequisite for species identification, particularly for discriminating closely related Cercospora spp. ...
The genus Cercospora contains many devastating plant pathogens linked to leaf spot diseases afflicting various plants. Identification of Cercospora species based on morphology or host plant association has proven unreliable due to simple morphology and wide host range in many cases; hence, multi-gene DNA sequence data are essential for accurate species identification. Considering the complexity and cost involved in application of multi-locus DNA phylogenetic approaches for species delineation in Cercospora; rapid and cost-effective methods are urgently needed for species recognition. In this study, we applied rep-PCR (repetitive-sequence based polymerase chain reaction) fingerprinting methods referred to as BOX-PCR to differentiate species of Cercospora. Cluster analysis of the banding patterns of 52 Cercospora strains indicated the ability of BOX-PCR technique using BOXA1R primer to generate species-specific DNA fingerprints from all the tested strains. Since this technique was able to discriminate between all the 20 examined Cercospora species during this study, which corresponded well to the species identified based on multi-gene DNA sequence data, our findings revealed the efficiency of BOX-PCR system as a suitable complementary method for molecular identification of the genus Cercospora at species level.
... In several recent molecular phylogenetic studies, multi-locus sequence data have proven highly effective in distinguishing Cercospora species Bakhshi & al. 2015aBakhshi & al. , 2015b. Bakhshi & al. (2018) put forward glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) as a promising gene for species delimitation in Cercospora when supplemented with calmodulin (cal), translation elongation factor (tef-1α), and β-tubulin (tub2). ...
Cercosporoid fungi are important fungal pathogens significant for quarantine as well as bio-security regulations. This group of fungi also produces many secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical importance. Cercosporoid fungi have not been reviewed by sequence-based classification and identification in India. This review covers a total of 1871 cercosporoid fungi reported from India up to 2021. Currently, out of 1871, only 1252 cercosporoid fungi (67%) from India are accepted in global fungal databases. Most of the cercosporoid reported from India are based on the genus concept proposed by Deighton (1976), and most type specimens of these species are not available in the form of cultures for re-investigation and reevaluation of the holotypes.
... Optimal media and cultivation conditions: MEA incubated at 25 °C in dark for 2-4 wk, to determine growth rates, colour and shape of the colony. Bakhshi et al. (2015aBakhshi et al. ( , 2018 Cer. cyperacearum Bakhshi et al. (2015aBakhshi et al. ( , 2018 Cer. ...
... Bakhshi et al. (2015aBakhshi et al. ( , 2018 Cer. cyperacearum Bakhshi et al. (2015aBakhshi et al. ( , 2018 Cer. ischaemi Groenewald et al. (2013) Cer. ...
... rodmanii Groenewald et al. (2013) Cer. rumicis Bakhshi et al. (2015aBakhshi et al. ( , 2018 CPC 5439 JX143648 JX143161 JX142915 - Bakhshi et al. (2015aBakhshi et al. ( , 2018 CPC 5438 JX143682 JX143196 JX142950 MH496304 JX142704 -JX143442 MH496474 Groenewald et al. (2013), Bakhshi et al. (2018) Cercospora sp. Distribution: Worldwide, but mostly in humid, tropical and subtropical climates. ...
This paper is the fourth contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions and information about the pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms, as well as DNA barcodes for the taxa covered. Moreover, 12 whole-genome sequences for the type or new species in the treated genera are provided. The fourth paper in the GOPHY series covers 19 genera of phytopathogenic fungi and their relatives, including Ascochyta , Cadophora , Celoporthe , Cercospora , Coleophoma , Cytospora , Dendrostoma , Didymella , Endothia , Heterophaeomoniella , Leptosphaerulina , Melampsora , Nigrospora , Pezicula , Phaeomoniella , Pseudocercospora , Pteridopassalora , Zymoseptoria , and one genus of oomycetes, Phytophthora . This study includes two new genera, 30 new species, five new combinations, and 43 typifications of older names.
... The gene prediction resulted in 14,856 gene models/14,721 protein coding genes. Bakhshi et al. (2018) recent studies have revealed multi-gene DNA sequence data to be highly informative for species identification in Cercospora, especially when used in a concatenated alignment and recommended glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) as an encouraging gene for species delimitation in Cercospora when amplify with cmdA, Lef-l and tub 2. Wilken et al. (2020) firstly drafted the genome sequences of Cercospora citrullina and C. brassicicola from India and these genomes provide a valuable resource for understanding the molecular processes in these economically important fungi. Bhartiya et al. (2003) reported four new species of Cercospora viz., C. atylosigena, C. celosiicola, C. moghamicola and C. pouzolziicola, occurring on Atylosia sp., Celosia coronata, Pouzolzia indica and Moghamia prostrata respectively, in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. ...
The kingdom fungus is considered as an important component of biodiversity. Cercospora is one of the major genera in Hyphomycetes infecting mostly the aerial parts of host plants. They are widely prevalent and most destructive all over the country. Cercospora species causes leaf spots on most of the major flora. Cereals, pulses, vegetables, plantation crops, medicinal and aromatic plants and forest flora are also infected by Cercospora spp. There are various approaches used to manage the diseases caused by Cercospora such as cultural, chemical and biological. Presently, numerus systemic fungicides and protectants registered globally which may be used for the management of thease diseases. As a crop protection measure, spraying of these chemicals are required for 1–2 sprays, sometimes 6–7 per season depening on the climatic conditions and tolerance level of the variety grown. With the integration of chemical along with and other preventive cultural methods, a significant progress has been done in the area of disease management. In this review, symptomology and histopathology of Cercospora species; identification and new host records; spread and host range; effects of disease on crop growth and yield characterstics; development, dispersal and epidemiology; management; disease prediction models; molecular diagnosis along with genetic diversity and future directions have been covered.
... Thus, specific loci of the studied isolates were sequenced and compared with those of species of the genus Cercospora present in GenBank to accurately identify the genus of the isolates. The three genomic regions used for phylogenetic inference in the present study (ITS, TEF and ACT) have been used to classify Cercospora species in several studies (Bakhshi et al., 2018;Groenewald et al., 2013) and allowed all evaluated isolates from the lesions of pink spot disease to be confirmed as belonging to the genus Cercospora. ...
Guava producers in Brazil have reported the occurrence of small, pink spot lesions on the surface of fruits in orchards. Symptomatic fruits were harvested from commercial guava orchards, and 18 monosporic isolates were obtained. All tested isolates were pathogenic to guava fruit and showed colony and conidial characteristics indicative of cercosporoid fungi. Phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated gene sequences showed that all isolates belonged to the genus Cercospora and clustered into four haplotypes. Conidia released 3–5 germ tubes, and penetration occurred through the stomata. All isolates produced cercosporin. Histopathological analyses showed that hyphal growth occurred intercellularly and that there was a collapse of epidermal and subepidermal cells in the injured areas. In addition, the oil cavities in the lesioned tissue had large numbers of lipid droplets compared with the nonlesioned tissue. This is the first report of Cercospora spp. as the causal agent of pink spot disease of guava fruit in Brazil.
... Accurate identifications of plant pathogenic fungi are pre-requisites for proper disease managements. As emphasized by different researchers, species identifications based solely on morphological characteristics often led to confusion in the taxonomy of cercosporoid fungi Groenewald et al. 2013;Bakhshi et al. 2014Bakhshi et al. , 2015aBakhshi et al. , 2018. Hence, comprehensive attempts to collect, cultivate, and examine cercosporoid plant pathogens from diverse host plants in various geographical regions of Iran are urgently needed. ...
Species of Passalora s. lat. are phytopathogenic fungi that generally cause leaf spot diseases on a broad variety of plants throughout the world. During our investigations exploring cercosporoid fungi associated with leaf spot symptoms of fruit and forest trees in northern and north-western Iran, several passalora-like fungi were isolated from symptomatic leaves of trees belonging to the Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Rosaceae, and Ulmaceae. A polyphasic taxonomic approach applying molecular data, morphological features, and host data was employed to identify the isolates. In a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis (LSU, ITS, and RPB2), these isolates are clustered in four clades in the Mycosphaerellaceae. The taxa encompassed Paracercosporidium microsorum on Tilia platyphyllos, Prathigadoides gleditsiae-caspicae gen. et. sp. nov. on Gleditsia caspica, Pruniphilomyces circumscissus on Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus, and Sirosporium celtidis on Celtis australis. The new genus Prathigadoides and its type species Prathigadoides gleditsiae-caspicae are molecularly distinct from all phylogenetically related genera, and some characteristics of the conidiophores and conidia differ from those of the morphologically similar species Prathigada condensata on the North America Gleditsia triacanthos.
