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Cercospora chenopodii (CCTU 1033). a. Leaf spots; b. c. fasciculate conidiophores; d – g. conidia. — Scale bars = 10 μm.
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The genus Cercospora includes many important plant pathogenic fungi associated with leaf spot diseases on a wide range of hosts. The mainland of Iran covers various climatic regions with a great biodiversity of vascular plants, and a correspondingly high diversity of cercosporoid
fungi. However, most of the cercosporoid species found to date have b...
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... (translation elongation factor 1α), actA (actin), cmdA (calmodulin), his3 (histone H3), gapdh (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase), cyb (cytochrome b) and Cercospora-specific mating type (MAT) genes allowed for the identification at the species level of the vast majority of the isolates studied as causal agents or associated with CLB Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babai-Ahari, Groenewald, Braun, & Crous, 2015;Groenewald et al., 2013;Shrestha et al., 2024;Soares et al., 2015). In contrast, the partial sequences derived from the ITS regions and intervening 5.8S nrRNA (nrITS) do not provide information to distinguish between the species that cause CLB/PSS. ...
Abstract
Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) and purple seed stain (PSS) are major diseases of soybean
responsible for significant yield loss. These diseases are caused by Cercospora species,
such as C. kikuchii and C. cf. flagellaris, among the main species. These pathogens overwinter in infested debris and infected seed. Due to the combination of no-till farming,
monoculture in large soybean cultivation areas and climate changes, these diseases
have become serious and prevalent. At present, in addition to the practice of monoculture soybean cultivation, there is a lack of soybean varieties with genetic resistance
to these diseases. As a result, the application of fungicides becomes an essential tool
for effectively managing this pathosystem. However, in the main soybean-producing
countries, resistance to quinone outside inhibitors and benzimidazole fungicides has
already been studied and documented. Furthermore, Cercospora spp. are believed to
be naturally insensitive to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Consequently, there
is a growing interest in innovative and integrated tools for managing crop diseases.
These new approaches include the use of biofungicides, biostimulants and plant defence inducers. Research testing new management tools in a complementary and integrated approach involves a short-term challenge to improve CLB/PSS management
in the field. This review provides comprehensive details on the taxonomy, identification and genetic diversity of the pathogen, its disease symptoms and host range.
Additionally, it outlines epidemiological aspects, fungicide resistance and the latest
advancements in tools and technologies, aiming to guide future research and strategies to address the escalating threat to soybean crops globally.
K E Y W O R D S
Cercospora cf. flagellaris, Cercospora cf. nicotianae, Cercospora cf. sigesbeckiae, Cercospora
kikuchii, disease management
... In addition, members of this genus are associated with many woody and herbaceous plants and cause necrotic lesions on fruits, flowers, bracts, and seeds. These fungi are widespread worldwide in various climatic conditions (Bakhshi et al. 2015a(Bakhshi et al. , b, 2018Chen et al. 2022;Groenewald et al. 2013). ...
... Host plant association has little taxonomic value. Multiple Cercospora species have been reported to sporulate on necrotic tissues of diverse plants (Bakhshi et al. 2015a(Bakhshi et al. , b, 2018Chen et al. 2022;Groenewald et al. 2013;Nguanhom et al. 2015;Vaghefi et al. 2021). Groenewald et al. (2013) discovered that Cercospora collections on certain hosts with agreeing morphology found in different geographical regions do often not belong to a single species, thus most of the clades treated as "cf." based on their morphological similarities to existing species and pending comparison of those species with DNA sequence data of (epi)type material from the original country and host. ...
... To date, there are several isolates morphologically similar and phylogenetically related to C. flagellaris, obtained from plants of 27 families from seven countries demonstrating diversity in ecological features and phylogenetic polymorphism, all of them were identified as C. cf. flagellaris sensu Groenewald (Albu et al. 2016;Bakhshi et al. 2015a;Bakhshi and Zare 2020a;Groenewald et al. 2013;Soares et al. 2015). ...
Soybean diseases induced by Cercospora spp. exhibit a global prevalence worldwide. Cercospora kikuchii causes both Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) and purple seed stain (PSS), whereas Cercospora sojina is a causal agent of frogeye leaf spot (FLS). Eighteen Cercospora isolates originating from soybean plants exhibiting CLB, PSS, and FLS symptoms were obtained from continental Russia, the Crimea Peninsula, and South America. The identification was based on the Consolidated Species Concept and involved multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, assessment of cercosporin production capacity, and pathogenicity testing. Ten isolates were identified as C. sojina; the eight remaining ones were categorized into seven distinct species. Two isolates of C. kikuchii were obtained from South America, along with a single isolate each of Cercospora cf. sigesbeckiae and Cercospora sp. Q from the Russian Far East and South America, respectively. Three isolates from the Russian Far East were identified as Cercospora cf. alchemillicola and Cercospora celosiae. A single isolate formed a distinct monophyletic clade that did not include ex-type or representative Cercospora strains and is, therefore, considered a candidate for a new Cercospora species. Cercosporin production in vitro is not a stable and reliable feature for species identification; it could vary and depends on factors such as the nutrient medium composition and the specific lighting conditions during the culturing process. In Russia, multiple Cercospora species are associated with PSS: at least C. cf. alchemillicola, C. cf. sigesbeckiae, and C. celosiae, which are new records for Russia. Cercospora kikuchii and Cercospora sp. Q emerge as causal agents of PSS in South America. PSS and CLB symptoms evident on soybeans are intricate features; thus, they can no longer be definitively regarded as unequivocal signs for the presence of C. kikuchii.
... Cercospora is a species-rich genus that includes at least 281 distinct species (Bakhshi et al. 2015) and contains numerous important plant-pathogenic fungi from a diverse range of hosts (Groenewald et al. 2013). To date, limited genomic data have been available for the Cercospora genus, with only two chromosome-level reference-quality assemblies, C. sojina (assembly ASM429982v1) (Gu et al. 2020) and C. beticola (assembly CB0940_V2) (de Jonge et al. 2018), available in NCBI genomes. ...
... Species in the genus Cercospora Fresen. ex Fuckel (Mycosphaerellaceae, Mycosphaerellales, Dothideomycetes) are known to cause leaf spot diseases on a wide range of crops including sugar beet, oilseeds, ornamentals, cereals, legumes and vegetables [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. ...
... Currently the accurate identification of Cercospora species relies on the sequencing of at least four genomic loci [3,6,9]. To overcome the existing obstacles regarding the high cost of sequencing of multiple loci for large collections, application of genomic fingerprinting methods is a necessity for taxonomic studies on the genus Cercospora. ...
... flagellaris showed intraspecific variation and this is also in agreement with the previous multi-gene Fig. 3 The dendrogram obtained from UPGMA cluster analysis of DNA banding profiles generated with primer BOXA1R. Similarity between the patterns was estimated with Jaccard's correlation coefficient phylogenetic analysis of the genus Cercospora [3,6,9] which revealed that C. cf. flagellaris is a complex species. ...
The genus Cercospora contains many devastating plant pathogens linked to leaf spot diseases afflicting various plants. Identification of Cercospora species based on morphology or host plant association has proven unreliable due to simple morphology and wide host range in many cases; hence, multi-gene DNA sequence data are essential for accurate species identification. Considering the complexity and cost involved in application of multi-locus DNA phylogenetic approaches for species delineation in Cercospora; rapid and cost-effective methods are urgently needed for species recognition. In this study, we applied rep-PCR (repetitive-sequence based polymerase chain reaction) fingerprinting methods referred to as BOX-PCR to differentiate species of Cercospora. Cluster analysis of the banding patterns of 52 Cercospora strains indicated the ability of BOX-PCR technique using BOXA1R primer to generate species-specific DNA fingerprints from all the tested strains. Since this technique was able to discriminate between all the 20 examined Cercospora species during this study, which corresponded well to the species identified based on multi-gene DNA sequence data, our findings revealed the efficiency of BOX-PCR system as a suitable complementary method for molecular identification of the genus Cercospora at species level.
... ex Fuckel by having pigmented conidiophores, with conspicuously thickened and darkened conidiogenous loci (scars) and hyaline conidia and conspicous, thickened and darkened conidial hila (Crous and Braun 2003). Although, primary molecular evidences Bakhshi et al. 2015a) suggested that Cercospora could be a monophyletic genus within Mycosphaerellaceae, phylogenetic analyses of sequences retrieved from two cercospora-like isolates obtained from Bishop's flower (Ammi majus L.), raised doubts over the monophyly of this genus, and led to the introduction of the new genus Neocercospora M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babaiahari & Crous (Bakhshi et al. 2015b) to accommodate these cercospora-like isolates. Bakhshi et al. (2015b) presumed that (IRAN 18152F). ...
Maples (Acer spp., Sapindaceae) are one of the most important and dominant groups of trees in Hyrcanian forests of Iran. During our survey of leaf-inhabiting fungi associated with trees in Hyrcanian forests, several hyphomycetous fungal strains were recovered from leaf spot symptoms of maple trees. The identification of these isolates was performed using phylogenetic analyses coupled with morphological observations. Based on these data, two new genera of the Dothideomycetes were discovered. Acericercospora gen. nov. (Mycosphaerellaceae) is introduced to accommodate Acericercospora hyrcanica sp. nov. associated with leaf lesions on Acer cappadocicum and A. velutinum. Paramycocentrospora gen. nov. (Dothidotthiaceae) with Paramycocentrospora acericola sp. nov. as type species, is associated with leaf lesions on seedlings of A. velutinum. In this paper, detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided for the new taxa, supplemented by comprehensive comparisons with allied and similar taxa.
... Most of the findings by Crous & Braun (2003) about generic circumscriptions were confirmed by Bakhshi & al. (2015b). Recently, many cercosporoid genera have been introduced, and previous genera have been resurrected to obtain monophyletic clades, e.g., Pallidocercospora, Paracercospora, Phaeocercospora, Porocercospora, and Neopseudocercospora (Bakhshi & al. 2015a). Many previous generic names, such as Cercosporidium, Fulvia, Phaeoramularia, and Raghnildiana, have been resurrected to other genera (Videira & al. 2017). ...
... Therefore, analysis of additional loci is required (Stielow & al. 2015) for correct species identification. In several recent molecular phylogenetic studies, multi-locus sequence data have proven highly effective in distinguishing Cercospora species Bakhshi & al. 2015aBakhshi & al. , 2015b. Bakhshi & al. (2018) put forward glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) as a promising gene for species delimitation in Cercospora when supplemented with calmodulin (cal), translation elongation factor (tef-1α), and β-tubulin (tub2). ...
Cercosporoid fungi are important fungal pathogens significant for quarantine as well as bio-security regulations. This group of fungi also produces many secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical importance. Cercosporoid fungi have not been reviewed by sequence-based classification and identification in India. This review covers a total of 1871 cercosporoid fungi reported from India up to 2021. Currently, out of 1871, only 1252 cercosporoid fungi (67%) from India are accepted in global fungal databases. Most of the cercosporoid reported from India are based on the genus concept proposed by Deighton (1976), and most type specimens of these species are not available in the form of cultures for re-investigation and reevaluation of the holotypes.
... Optimal media and cultivation conditions: MEA incubated at 25 °C in dark for 2-4 wk, to determine growth rates, colour and shape of the colony. Bakhshi et al. (2015aBakhshi et al. ( , 2018 Cer. cyperacearum Bakhshi et al. (2015aBakhshi et al. ( , 2018 Cer. ...
... Bakhshi et al. (2015aBakhshi et al. ( , 2018 Cer. cyperacearum Bakhshi et al. (2015aBakhshi et al. ( , 2018 Cer. ischaemi Groenewald et al. (2013) Cer. ...
... rodmanii Groenewald et al. (2013) Cer. rumicis Bakhshi et al. (2015aBakhshi et al. ( , 2018 CPC 5439 JX143648 JX143161 JX142915 - Bakhshi et al. (2015aBakhshi et al. ( , 2018 CPC 5438 JX143682 JX143196 JX142950 MH496304 JX142704 -JX143442 MH496474 Groenewald et al. (2013), Bakhshi et al. (2018) Cercospora sp. Distribution: Worldwide, but mostly in humid, tropical and subtropical climates. ...
This paper is the fourth contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions and information about the pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms, as well as DNA barcodes for the taxa covered. Moreover, 12 whole-genome sequences for the type or new species in the treated genera are provided. The fourth paper in the GOPHY series covers 19 genera of phytopathogenic fungi and their relatives, including Ascochyta , Cadophora , Celoporthe , Cercospora , Coleophoma , Cytospora , Dendrostoma , Didymella , Endothia , Heterophaeomoniella , Leptosphaerulina , Melampsora , Nigrospora , Pezicula , Phaeomoniella , Pseudocercospora , Pteridopassalora , Zymoseptoria , and one genus of oomycetes, Phytophthora . This study includes two new genera, 30 new species, five new combinations, and 43 typifications of older names.
... Identification limited to species level was also observed in RFLP analysis of the ITS region of C. cassiicola isolates obtained from rubber trees in different areas of Thailand (Romruensukharom et al., 2005). In fact, low intraspecific C. cassiicola resolution of the ITS region has been also observed for other fungal genera such as Cercospora isolates from 74 different hosts (Bakhshi et al., 2015) and 69 Colletotrichum isolates (Crouch et al., 2009). Improved levels of intraspecific resolution in comparison with the ITS region were observed among our C. cassiicola isolates when tef-1α gene information was used. ...
Corynespora cassiicola isolates display morphological, pathogenic, and ecological diversity, inducing target spot-like diseases in more than 500 hosts worldwide, including tomato and cucumber. Nevertheless, there is a scarce number of studies about the genetic variability of Corynespora isolates in the New World. Here, we characterized a collection of 58 Corynespora isolates from tomatoes and distinct hosts in Brazil and Florida (USA). All isolates were identified as C. cassiicola according to the sequencing information of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of 18S–28S nuclear ribosomal DNA as well as the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1α) and β-tubulin (tub2) genes. However, intraspecific resolution was observed in phylogenetic analyses according to the geographical and host origin of the isolates. The β-tubulin (tub2) haplotype network was in agreement with phylogenetic analyses, revealing a polyphyletic structure with three well-defined phylogenetic lineages. The concatenated trees (encompassing all three genomic regions) showed superior intraspecific resolution than the individual phylogenetic trees. Thirteen selected C. cassiicola isolates (representing all three phylogenetic lineages) displayed variability in colony morphology (color, texture, growth rate, and shape) and in conidial morphometrics. Three selected C. cassiicola isolates confirmed their pathogenicity to the original hosts and to other plant species. Novel natural and experimental host-pathogen interactions were identified, including cabbage, Commelina benghalensis, eggplant, Eruca sativa, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and melon. The diversity of C. cassiicola isolates indicates that these phylogenetic lineages may represent a complex of closely related species with distinct patterns of host and cultivar-specificity.
... Previuosly, various assumptions made by Crous and Braun (2003) followed by Kamal (2010) relating to generic circumscriptions have been confirmed and Cercosporoid genera into separate clades have been sepparated e.g. Pallidocercospora, Paracercospora, Phaeocercospora, Porocercospora and Neopseudocercospora (Bakhshi et al. 2015). Orner et al. (2015) submitted drafgenome of Cercospora arachidicola with a total of 8077 bp in 21 sequences to the NCBI-GenBank database, with half of these entries equivalent to rRNA and have only 61 bp each, the genome sequence of C. arachidicola will provide relevant information for the advancement of leaf-spot resistant cultivars, be a useful resource to aid in the selection of target genes for disease control, and contribute to the study of genetic diversity of C. arachidicola.. Sautua et al. (2019) reported the genome sequence of Cercospora kikuchii and grouping of this pathogen and predicted protein-coding genes using FunGAP (Fungal Genome Annotation Pipeline). ...
The kingdom fungus is considered as an important component of biodiversity. Cercospora is one of the major genera in Hyphomycetes infecting mostly the aerial parts of host plants. They are widely prevalent and most destructive all over the country. Cercospora species causes leaf spots on most of the major flora. Cereals, pulses, vegetables, plantation crops, medicinal and aromatic plants and forest flora are also infected by Cercospora spp. There are various approaches used to manage the diseases caused by Cercospora such as cultural, chemical and biological. Presently, numerus systemic fungicides and protectants registered globally which may be used for the management of thease diseases. As a crop protection measure, spraying of these chemicals are required for 1–2 sprays, sometimes 6–7 per season depening on the climatic conditions and tolerance level of the variety grown. With the integration of chemical along with and other preventive cultural methods, a significant progress has been done in the area of disease management. In this review, symptomology and histopathology of Cercospora species; identification and new host records; spread and host range; effects of disease on crop growth and yield characterstics; development, dispersal and epidemiology; management; disease prediction models; molecular diagnosis along with genetic diversity and future directions have been covered.
... Tissues stained with toluidine blue (a-c, e-f) and Sudan IV (d, g). CT, cuticle; CV, cavity; EP, epidermis; PA, parenchyma; SC, sclereid; ST, stomata have limitations (Bakhshi et al., 2015). Thus, specific loci of the studied isolates were sequenced and compared with those of species of the genus Cercospora present in GenBank to accurately identify the genus of the isolates. ...
Guava producers in Brazil have reported the occurrence of small, pink spot lesions on the surface of fruits in orchards. Symptomatic fruits were harvested from commercial guava orchards, and 18 monosporic isolates were obtained. All tested isolates were pathogenic to guava fruit and showed colony and conidial characteristics indicative of cercosporoid fungi. Phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated gene sequences showed that all isolates belonged to the genus Cercospora and clustered into four haplotypes. Conidia released 3–5 germ tubes, and penetration occurred through the stomata. All isolates produced cercosporin. Histopathological analyses showed that hyphal growth occurred intercellularly and that there was a collapse of epidermal and subepidermal cells in the injured areas. In addition, the oil cavities in the lesioned tissue had large numbers of lipid droplets compared with the nonlesioned tissue. This is the first report of Cercospora spp. as the causal agent of pink spot disease of guava fruit in Brazil.
