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Centruroides margaritatus from Guayaquil (A-B, D, F) and Loja (C, E), Ecuador. A-C, male: A, habitus, dorsal; B-
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Context 1
... Centruroides margaritatus morenoi Mello-Leitão, 1945: 261-262;Stahnke & Calos, 1977: 119;Armas, 1977: 4;Armas, 1981a: 8;Armas, 1981b: 53, 54, table 1;Armas, 1982: 6;Armas, 1988: 55-56;Fet & Lowe, 2000: 114. New synonymy. Centruroides gracilis: Lourenço & Flórez, 1990a: 122, 133, fig. 19 (misidentification) ; Lourenço & Flórez, 1990b: 68, 69, fig. 2 Fig. 1 F), the most modern of which has obviously erroneous locality data, i. e.: "Cordillière des Andes, La Puna" [Gervais (1841) stated that "Il habite l'île de la Puna, dans la rivière de Guayaquil"]. Sissom & Lourenço (1987) gave a complete redescription, drawings, and measurements of this ...
Context 2
... (emended). A large species (65-100 mm). Carapace and tergites dark yellow-brown with underlying fuscous pattern; tergite VII lighter than I-VI, similar in colour to basal metasomal segments (Fig. 2 A). Carinae and granulation dark brown. Sternites yellow-brown with dark brown shade. Metasomal segments I-IV yellow-brown, darker on IV; V and telson dark reddish brown. All the segments are ventrally darker than dorsally or laterally. Pedipalp femur and patella are yellow-brown, lighter than body; chela reddish brown. Carapace with ...
Context 3
... Centruroides margaritatus morenoi Mello-Leitão, 1945: 261-262;Stahnke & Calos, 1977: 119;Armas, 1977: 4;Armas, 1981a: 8;Armas, 1981b: 53, 54, table 1;Armas, 1982: 6;Armas, 1988: 55-56;Fet & Lowe, 2000: 114. New synonymy. Centruroides gracilis: Lourenço & Flórez, 1990a: 122, 133, fig. 19 (misidentification) ; Lourenço & Flórez, 1990b: 68, 69, fig. 2 Fig. 1 F), the most modern of which has obviously erroneous locality data, i. e.: "Cordillière des Andes, La Puna" [Gervais (1841) stated that "Il habite l'île de la Puna, dans la rivière de Guayaquil"]. Sissom & Lourenço (1987) gave a complete redescription, drawings, and measurements of this ...
Context 4
... (emended). A large species (65-100 mm). Carapace and tergites dark yellow-brown with underlying fuscous pattern; tergite VII lighter than I-VI, similar in colour to basal metasomal segments (Fig. 2 A). Carinae and granulation dark brown. Sternites yellow-brown with dark brown shade. Metasomal segments I-IV yellow-brown, darker on IV; V and telson dark reddish brown. All the segments are ventrally darker than dorsally or laterally. Pedipalp femur and patella are yellow-brown, lighter than body; chela reddish brown. Carapace with ...
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For several decades, Troglotayosicus Loureno, 1981, remained an enigmatic, monotypic scorpion genus believed to be troglobitic. The discovery and description in recent years of several endogean species of the genus, inhabiting the leaf litter of tropical rainforests in Colombia and Ecuador, advanced knowledge about these scorpions. The known distri...
Citations
... C. limbatus are reported in Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and in Bocas del Toro province in Panama (Armas 2003;Armas and Trujillo 2010). The endemic C. granosus is reported from Veraguas to Colon province whereas C. panamensis is restricted to Cordillera Central of Chiriquí province (Armas et al. 2011a;Arias and Esposito 2014). There is also one report of C. margaritatus in a particular urban location in Panama City (Armas et al. 2012;Miranda et al. 2014), however, the status in Panama is not validated since there have been no more reports. ...
... The specimens were searched in the night with a UV blacklight flashlight, collected and transported to the Center for Research Information of Drugs Toxics (CII-MET), at the University of Panama. An identification code was assigned to each specimen and taxonomic identification was carried out at the species level using different taxonomic keys (Stahnke 1970;Prendini 2000;Armas and Maes 2000;Armas et al. 2011a). The morphological characteristics and colouration patterns of representative specimens for each species are presented in figure 2. ...
With more than 33,000 sting cases and 47 deaths recorded between 2000 and 2016, Panama is the country with the highest incidence of envenomations by scorpions in Central America. Species in the genus Centruroides are responsible for most scorpion sting reports, however, identification at the species level is complicated because the genus has considerable intraspecific morphological variation. To date, no molecular data have been reported from Panama that would help to estimate their genetic diversity and validate morphometric identification methods. We provide here the first genetic diversity data of the two endemic species (C. granosus and C. panamensis) and other two species reported in Panama (C. bicolor and C. limbatus). A total of 41 specimens were sequenced for COI and 16S rDNA mitochondrial genes. The phylogenetic concatenated analysis separates the Panamanian samples into four well-supported clades represented by C. bicolor, C. granosus and (C. panamensis + C. limbatus). The two endemic species are not the closest relatives in the tree. Low diversity in combination with its very narrow distribution suggest that C. panamensis is susceptible to environmental degradation. A single specimen of Coiba island is intermediate in the tree structure between C. bicolor and C. panamensis and may represent an early stage of speciation. The haplotype network is also consistent with the phylogenetic trees.
... Although the taxonomy of the genus Centruroides is relatively stable, recent reviews reveal some confusion regarding the identity of some species inhabiting South America (Armas et al., 2012), a situation that complicates our understanding of venom toxicity in the region. This is the case of the bark scorpion Centruroides edwardsii (Gervais, 1843), a widely distributed species that inhabits seasonal areas from Mexico to Colombia, with populations introduced in Cuba and Senegal (Armas et al., 2011). Until a few years ago, C. edwardsii was considered a junior synonymous of C. margaritatus, although recently Armas et al. (2011Armas et al. ( , 2012 established it as a valid species based on some morphological characters. ...
... This is the case of the bark scorpion Centruroides edwardsii (Gervais, 1843), a widely distributed species that inhabits seasonal areas from Mexico to Colombia, with populations introduced in Cuba and Senegal (Armas et al., 2011). Until a few years ago, C. edwardsii was considered a junior synonymous of C. margaritatus, although recently Armas et al. (2011Armas et al. ( , 2012 established it as a valid species based on some morphological characters. ...
... Although the taxonomy of the genus Centruroides is relatively stable, recent reviews reveal some confusion regarding the identity of some species inhabiting South America (Armas et al., 2012), a situation that complicates our understanding of venom toxicity in the region. This is the case of the bark scorpion Centruroides edwardsii (Gervais, 1843), a widely distributed species that inhabits seasonal areas from Mexico to Colombia, with populations introduced in Cuba and Senegal (Armas et al., 2011). Until a few years ago, C. edwardsii was considered a junior synonymous of C. margaritatus, although recently Armas et al. (2011Armas et al. ( , 2012 established it as a valid species based on some morphological characters. ...
... This is the case of the bark scorpion Centruroides edwardsii (Gervais, 1843), a widely distributed species that inhabits seasonal areas from Mexico to Colombia, with populations introduced in Cuba and Senegal (Armas et al., 2011). Until a few years ago, C. edwardsii was considered a junior synonymous of C. margaritatus, although recently Armas et al. (2011Armas et al. ( , 2012 established it as a valid species based on some morphological characters. ...
In this study, we characterize the venom of Centruroides edwardsii, one of the most abundant scorpions in urban and rural areas of Costa Rica, in terms of its biochemical constituents and their biological activities. C. edwardsii venom is rich in peptides but also contains some higher molecular weight protein components. No phospholipase A2, hemolytic or fibrinogenolytic activities were found, but the presence of proteolytic and hyaluronidase enzymes was evidenced by zymography. Venom proteomic analysis indicates the presence of a hyaluronidase, several cysteine-rich secretory proteins, metalloproteinases and a peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase like-enzyme. It also includes peptides similar to the K+-channel blocker margatoxin, a dominant toxin in the venom of the related scorpion C. margaritatus. MS and N-terminal sequencing analysis also reveals the presence of Na+-channel-modulating peptides with sequence similarity to orthologs present in other scorpion species of the genera Centruroides and Tityus. We purified the hyaluronidase (which co-eluted with an allergen 5-like CRiSP) and sequenced ∼60% of this enzyme. We also sequenced some venom gland transcripts that include other cysteine-containing peptides and a Non-Disulfide Bridge Peptide (NDBP). Our in vivo experiments characterizing the effects on potential predators and prey show that C. edwardsii venom induces paralysis in several species of arthropods and geckos; crickets being the most sensitive and cockroaches and scorpions the most resistant organisms tested. Envenomation signs were also observed in mice, but no lethality was reached by intraperitoneal administration of this venom up to 120 μg/g body weight.
... As pointed out by Lourenço (1983: 767) and Francke (1978: 70), C. koesteri and C. edwardsii (misidentied as C. margaritatus by authors previous to Armas et al., 2011) are sympatric species, but the former appears to be arboreal in habits (Francke, 1978: 70), although in the Momotombo Volcano area both species were found inside buildings. From the same area, Lourenço (1983) and Armas (1995) also recorded the diplocentrine scorpion Didymocentrus krausi Francke, 1978. ...
... When the species is ecologically adaptable and the new territory appropriate, then a new population may be established. The most relevant cases are those of the buthid Isometrus maculatus (De Geer, 1778), at this moment widespread around the world, and the New World species Centruroides gracilis (Latreille, 1805) and Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais, 1841), which have introduced populations in Canarias Islands and the West Indies, respectively (Vachon, 1972;Fet & Lowe, 2000;Armas et al., 2011). ...
We recorded a pregnant female of the Central American bark stripped scorpion Centruroides thorellii (Kraepelin, 1891), which arrived to England as a stowaway in the bag of a woman that previously visited the Departments of Sacatepéquez, Sololá and San Marcos, Guatemala. On January 2, this C. thorellii female had a litter of three off-spring and three infertile eggs, but she has eaten them, probably as consequence of the stress caused by the hard travel and the environmental changes. We provide a map with the geographical distribution of this species and photos of the female detected in a British train.
... Lourenço [18] reports this species roughly within the province of Santa Elena but no specific locations are provided. Identity of true Ecuadorian C. gracilis populations is pending since records of this species in South America have been questioned [50]. ...
... This species (Fig. 3) is by far the most abundant scorpion along the Ecuadorian coast and responsible for the majority of envenoming cases in the metropolitan area of Guayaquil, province of Guayas, the most populated city of Ecuador [14,16,]. It is a large species (65-100 mm), with carapace and tergites dark yellow-brown and metasomal segments I-IV yellow-brown, darker on IV; V and telson dark reddish brown [50]. ...
... The type locality of this species is Isla Puná, at the entrance of the Gulf of Guayaquil, currently belonging to the province of Guayas [50]. This species has been reported from the coastal provinces of Los Ríos and Santa Elena, and the "Sierra" province of Loja ( Fig. 1), but no data are available on its presence in the coastal provinces of Esmeraldas and El Oro [50]. ...
Ecuador harbors one of the most diverse Neotropical scorpion faunas, hereby updated to 47 species contained within eight genera and five families, which inhabits the “Costa” (n =17), “Sierra” (n=34), “Oriente” (n =16) and “Insular” (n =2) biogeographical regions, corresponding to the western coastal, Andean, Amazonian, and the Galápagos archipelago regions, respectively. The genus Tityus Koch, in the family Buthidae, responsible for severe/fatal accidents elsewhere in northern South America and the Amazonia, is represented in Ecuador by 16 species, including T. asthenes, which has caused fatalities in Colombia and Panama, and now in the Ecuadorian provinces of Morona Santiago and Sucumbíos. Underestimation of the medical significance of scorpion envenoming in Ecuador arises from the fact that Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais) (family Buthidae) and Teuthraustes atramentarius Simon (family Chactidae), whose venoms show
low toxicity towards vertebrates, frequently envenom humans in the highly populated Guayas and Pichincha
provinces. This work also updates the local scorpion faunal endemicity (74.5 %) and its geographical distribution, and reviews available medical/biochemical information on each species in the light of the increasing problem of scorpionism in the country. A proposal is hereby put forward to classify the Ecuadorian scorpions based on their potential medical importance.
... In the Greater Antillean island of Hispaniola, an adequate picture of Centruroides diversity can be gathered, mostly due to the important contributions published during the last 30 years (Armas, 1976(Armas, , 1981(Armas, , 1988(Armas, , 2001(Armas, , 2002Armas & Marcano Fondeur, 1987, 1992Armas et al., , 2011bTeruel, 2005). From these sources, the number of species confirmed to occur in the island is five: Centruroides alayoni , C. bani Armas et Marcano Fondeur, 1987 jaragua , C. marcanoi Armas, 1981, and C. nitidus (Thorell, 1876. ...
... Three additional species correspond to questionable and/or erroneous records, and thus have been excluded from the list above. Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais, 1841) was recorded by Armas (1981) from "Santo Domingo", but later Armas et al. (2011b) regarded this record as a wrong label interpretation, the correct origin of the sample being a homonymous town located in Heredia Province, Costa Rica. Two other enigmatic species, Centruroides tenuis (Thorell, 1876) and C. zayasi Armas, 1976, were described from Hispaniola, but their taxonomic status and validity have remained controversial for many years (Armas, 1981(Armas, , 2001Armas & Marcano Fondeur, 1987;Fet & Lowe, 2000;Teruel, 2005). ...
... desde el sur de Norte América hasta el norte de Sur América (Colombia, Perú, Ecuador); y establecieron que Centrurus edwardsii (Gervais, 1843), Centruroides danieli (Prado y Rios-Patino, 1939) y Centruroides argentinus (Werner, 1939) como sinonimias de C. margaritatus. Posteriormente, Armas et al. (2011a), reorganizan la distribución y clasificación taxonómica de C. margaritatus y dan de nuevo validez a C. edwardsii; también delimitan la distribución geográfica de C. margaritatus para la zona noroccidental de Sur América (Colombia, Ecuador, Perú), con poblaciones en Cuba y Jamaica, y de C. edwardsii para Centroamérica y Colombia (Armas et al., 2011b). En 2012, Armas et al., reportan la distribución de C. edwardsii, C. margaritatus y C. gracilis en el territorio colombiano, junto con la descripción de una nueva especie, Centruroides sanandres (Armas et al., 2012). ...
We report the distribution of the Centruroides edwardsii (Gervais, 1843) in the Antioquia province, and the urban area of the capital, Medellín, Colombia, based in the material examined in the collection of the Universidad de Antioquia Serpentarium (SUA). A sexual dimporphism were established in C. edwardsii when a multidimensional analysis and using for the statistical significance the ANOSIM model were performed founding higher sizes in males. An important colony of this scorpion is reported in the central and nororiental zone of Medellín, aspect that is very relevant since this scorpion is considered clinically relevante. The species distribution rank is also expanded from the sea level, up to 2200 m a.s.l.
... The genus Centruroides Marx, 1890 is represented in the Guatemalan fauna by six species: Centruroides exilimanus Teruel et Stockwell, 2001, C. fallassisimus , C. gracilis (Latreille, 1804, C. schmidti Sissom, 1995, C. tapachulaensis Hoffmann, 1932, and C. thorelli (Kraepelin, 1891 (Sissom, 1995;Viquez & Armas, 2005;Armas et al., , 2011. None of these species is a Guatemalan endemic. ...
A new species of the genus Centruroides Marx, 1890 is described from northeastern Guatemala on basis to an adult male. By its general pattern and slight sexual dimorphism, the new species looks like C. flavopictus (Pocock, 1898), a larger species from Veracruz, Mexico, with higher pectinal tooth count (males: 21 to 24 teeth) and stronger subaculear tubercle. It also resembles Centruroides chamulaensis Hoffmann, 1932, from Chiapas, Mexico, a smaller species with small to obsolete subaculear tubercle, stronger metasomal carinae, pedipalp chelae narrower than patella, and anterior margin of carapace almost straight (V-shaped in the new species).
... En Costa Rica se distribuye desde tierras bajas de boques tropicales secos, en la costa Pacífica hasta el Valle central (1300m) (Víquez 1999). Sin embargo autores como Armas et al. (2011) determinan que las poblaciones presentes desde México hasta Colombia son parte de un taxa restituido y descrito como C. edwardsii (Gervais, 1843). Para efectos de este estudio se mantiene la especie C. margaritatus hasta no darse un cambio oficial en la taxonomía de esta especie para Costa Rica. ...
La función de los pectenes en escorpiones ha sido objeto de debate por largo tiempo. En general, se sabe que estos órganos están conformados por proyecciones sensitivas cilíndricas que permiten detectar vibraciones y han sido involucrados en la localización de pareja y en el reconocimiento de comportamientos reproductivos de la misma. Una función que ha sido sugerida para los pectenes es la identificación de presas a partir de cambios en las vibraciones del medio. El presente estudio investiga la función de los pectenes del escorpión centroamericano Centruroides margaritatus como estructuras relacionadas a la detección de presas. Pruebas experimentales de comportamiento fueron realizadas para comparar las habilidades de detección de presa en animales con o sin alteración de los pectenes. Sesenta hembras adultas fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a cuatro grupos en números iguales. Los grupos incluyen tres tratamientos (aplicación de parafina, corte de un pecten y corte de ambos pectenes) y un grupo dejado intacto como control. El tiempo de reacción y la detección de presa no difieren entre tratamientos y grupo control. Las frecuencias de los comportamientos observados en cada tratamiento difieren de los controles. La modificación del apéndice sugiere un efecto cualitativo sobre la capacidad para localizar presas. Otros receptores (tricobotrios, órganos tarsales y basitarsales) ubicados en pedipalpos o patas del escorpión C. margaritatus posiblemente sean más importantes para percibir vibraciones emitidas por la presa.
ABSTRACT
Function of pectines for prey detection in female Centruroides
margaritatus scorpions (Scorpiones: Buthidae): an experimental
test with control group. Scorpions have two mid-ventral organs
called pectines, conformed by a row of sensitive tooth-like cylindrical
projections. The functions of these appendages are varied, but those
related with the detection of preys are controversial. Here, I investigate
the prey-detection function of the pectines in the Central American
scorpion Centruroides margaritatus. Experimental behavior tests
were performed to compare prey detection skills of scorpions with or
without alteration of the pectines using an experimental setup. Sixty
mature females were assigned randomly to four groups of similar size.
The groups include three treatments (application of paraffin, cutting
of a pectine and cutting both pectines) and a control group (pectines
intact). There was no significant difference in the time of reaction and
prey detection between treatments and group control. The frequencies
of the behaviors in each treatment differ with those of the control. The
modification of the structure suggests a qualitative effect on the capacity
to locate prey. The results are discussed in terms of the functionality of
the pectines to detect prey. Other receptors (such as trichobothria, tarsal
and basitarsal organs) located in pedipalps and legs of the scorpion C.
margaritatus are possibly more important to perceive substrate-borne
vibrations from the prey.
