-Centromochlus schultzi karyotype stained with Giemsa (a) and submitted to C-banding stained with propidium iodide (b). Ag-NORs are presented in box. There were no chromosomal differences between the sexes.

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... et al. 4 Results All chromosomal data described below were the same for both sexes. The diploid number of Centromochlus schultzi was 58 chromosomes, organized as 26 metacentric (m), 16 submetacentric (sm), 8 subtelocentric (st) and 8 acrocentric (a), with a fundamental number (FN) of 108 ( Figure 1a). Pale sites of heterochromatin were observed in the terminal regions of most chromosomes. ...

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... sites of heterochromatin were observed in the terminal regions of most chromosomes. It was also observed a large pericentromeric block on the short arm of pair 1m, on the centromere of pair 3m and on the short arm of pair 24st, which also presented the secondary constriction (Figure 1a), and in the short arm of the chromosomes 18sm and 29a (Figure 1b). The AgNOR was observed on the interstitial region of the short arm of pair 24 ( Figure 1a, box), confirmed by mapping of 18S rDNA ( Figure 2a). ...

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... sites of heterochromatin were observed in the terminal regions of most chromosomes. It was also observed a large pericentromeric block on the short arm of pair 1m, on the centromere of pair 3m and on the short arm of pair 24st, which also presented the secondary constriction (Figure 1a), and in the short arm of the chromosomes 18sm and 29a (Figure 1b). The AgNOR was observed on the interstitial region of the short arm of pair 24 ( Figure 1a, box), confirmed by mapping of 18S rDNA ( Figure 2a). ...

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... was also observed a large pericentromeric block on the short arm of pair 1m, on the centromere of pair 3m and on the short arm of pair 24st, which also presented the secondary constriction (Figure 1a), and in the short arm of the chromosomes 18sm and 29a (Figure 1b). The AgNOR was observed on the interstitial region of the short arm of pair 24 ( Figure 1a, box), confirmed by mapping of 18S rDNA ( Figure 2a). The 5S rDNA sites were found on the interstitial region of the short arm of pair 4m, terminal region of the short arm of the pairs 27a and 28a, and also in synteny with the 18S rDNA in the short arm of the pair 24sm (Figure 2a, box). ...

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... 5S rDNA sites were found on the interstitial region of the short arm of pair 4m, terminal region of the short arm of the pairs 27a and 28a, and also in synteny with the 18S rDNA in the short arm of the pair 24sm (Figure 2a, box). FISH with the telomeric probes (TTAGGG) n evidenced sites in the terminal position of all chromosomes, in addition to non-telomeric sites (ITS -Interstitial Telomeric Site) on the short arm of the pair 1m and on the centromere of the pair 3m (Figure 2b), coinciding with the location of heterochromatic blocks (Figure 1b). Double FISH with telomeric and 5S rDNA probes confirmed the lack of synteny between the ITS and the ribosomal DNA ( Figure S1). ...

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... with the telomeric probes (TTAGGG) n evidenced sites in the terminal position of all chromosomes, in addition to non-telomeric sites (ITS -Interstitial Telomeric Site) on the short arm of the pair 1m and on the centromere of the pair 3m (Figure 2b), coinciding with the location of heterochromatic blocks (Figure 1b). Double FISH with telomeric and 5S rDNA probes confirmed the lack of synteny between the ITS and the ribosomal DNA ( Figure S1). ...

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... common distribution pattern of heterochromatin in Auchenipteridae is terminal pale blocks in most chromosomes (e.g., Lui et al., 2013a,b;Machado et al., 2021;Santos et al., 2021). Centromochlus schultzi exhibited few chromosomal pairs with heterochromatic blocks and the coincidence with the NORs (Figure 1b) and ITSs (pairs 1m and 3m) sites are worthy of note. In Centromochlinae, stronger heterochromatic markings can be observed on the W chromosome of C. heckelii (Kowalski et al., 2020) and in the submetacentric pair 15 of T. neivai (Lui et al., 2013b). ...

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... schultzi exhibited few chromosomal pairs with heterochromatic blocks and the coincidence with the NORs (Figure 1b) and ITSs (pairs 1m and 3m) sites are worthy of note. In Centromochlinae, stronger heterochromatic markings can be observed on the W chromosome of C. heckelii (Kowalski et al., 2020) and in the submetacentric pair 15 of T. neivai (Lui et al., 2013b). In Auchenipterinae species, pericentromeric markings were observed only in some chromosomes (Machado et al., 2021). ...