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The use of blockchain has received great attention in its adoption as a financial instrument in cryptocurrencies. This phenomenon needs to be considered in the sense not only as a form of financial transactions but also in other fields such as health, which is also a challenge for modern society. In addition, several government policies have also s...
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... a centralized system, nodes are located around the server and are connected to one server node, which functions as a coordination center, whereas decentralized, on the other hand, has several connected nodes without a central node where everything acts as a server. Figure 2 illustrates the differences between the two architectures. There are several advantages of a distributed system, namely having greater computing power by combining the computing power of all connected nodes, increasing reliability because it has no single failure, and so on. ...
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... Additionally, the availability of real-world healthcare insurance claims (HIC) datasets has been constrained due to legal, privacy, and competitive considerations, as well as issues related to the sharing of HIC data across different regions or countries that have distinct legal and regulatory frameworks. It's worth noting that there are also other pertinent studies in [216]- [221], which contribute to the broader understanding of this field. Table VII illustrates some relevant studies exploring the potential integration areas of blockchain technology in HCPSs. ...
Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are recognized for their intelligence as they seamlessly interact with humans, enhancing the physical world through computation, communication, and control. Over the last few years, the evolution of CPS, including IoT components, has significantly impacted many facets of people’s lifestyles. It has been immersed in a wide range of services and applications in various areas, including manufacturing, healthcare, and energy. However, the interrelationship between the cyber and physical worlds gives rise to a multitude of research problems and challenges. In the healthcare field, for instance, CPS introduces complexities related to interoperability, privacy, data security, and real-time data processing with critical implications for the reliability and safety of medical processes. To address these challenges and harness the full potential of CPS in healthcare, this paper, through a comprehensive literature review, aims to discuss cutting-edge CPS technologies and solutions that hold promise for healthcare applications. To this end, we propose a comprehensive architectural model that can serve as a benchmark for implementing CPS in healthcare applications. This model thoroughly details how services, components, and technologies can be integrated to transform massive raw data collected from the physical world into valuable information for an enhanced decision-making process. Finally, a use case on healthcare CPS is presented, outlining its characteristics, the role that different technologies have played in its development, and the major challenges in implementing such systems successfully. This study provides a cohesive understanding of the role CPS can play in empowering healthcare while offering insights into the challenges, and future research trends.
... Quantitative study of effects of pooling in the context of blockchain mining in pools [28] Proposing a novel medical insurance claim scheme based on smart contracts, blockchain and zero-knowledge proof for ensuring the privacy and authenticity of patients' medical data in the medical insurance claim process Zero-knowledge proof technology used to ensure the privacy and authenticity of patients' medical data in the medical insurance claim process [29] Designing a system by using UML diagram and simulating the use of DApps offered by the Vexanium Ecosystem to integrate blockchain for health insurance in Indonesia with hash authentication UML diagram and DApps used to integrate blockchain for health insurance in Indonesia with hash authentication [19] Analysing how blockchain might reshape the insurance industry from an economic and business perspective and identifying challenges and enablers that specifically affect blockchain adoption within this industry through a Systematic Literature Review (SRL) SRL used to identify challenges and enablers affecting blockchain adoption within the insurance industry [30] Developing an Ethereum blockchain-based framework, ChainSure, to provide an automated, tamperproof, transparent, scalable system for healthcare insurance management Ethereum blockchain-based framework, ChainSure, used to provide an automated, tamperproof, transparent, scalable system for healthcare insurance management [26] x x x [20] x x x [8] x x x [27] x x x [28] x x x [29] x x x x [19] x x x x [30] x x x x ...
... Quantitative study of effects of pooling in the context of blockchain mining in pools [28] Proposing a novel medical insurance claim scheme based on smart contracts, blockchain and zero-knowledge proof for ensuring the privacy and authenticity of patients' medical data in the medical insurance claim process Zero-knowledge proof technology used to ensure the privacy and authenticity of patients' medical data in the medical insurance claim process [29] Designing a system by using UML diagram and simulating the use of DApps offered by the Vexanium Ecosystem to integrate blockchain for health insurance in Indonesia with hash authentication UML diagram and DApps used to integrate blockchain for health insurance in Indonesia with hash authentication [19] Analysing how blockchain might reshape the insurance industry from an economic and business perspective and identifying challenges and enablers that specifically affect blockchain adoption within this industry through a Systematic Literature Review (SRL) SRL used to identify challenges and enablers affecting blockchain adoption within the insurance industry [30] Developing an Ethereum blockchain-based framework, ChainSure, to provide an automated, tamperproof, transparent, scalable system for healthcare insurance management Ethereum blockchain-based framework, ChainSure, used to provide an automated, tamperproof, transparent, scalable system for healthcare insurance management [26] x x x [20] x x x [8] x x x [27] x x x [28] x x x [29] x x x x [19] x x x x [30] x x x x ...
Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the insurance industry by bringing unprecedented levels of transparency, security and autonomous continuity. By leveraging this technology, insurance companies can streamline their processes, reduce costs, and provide better services to their customers. The proposed framework represents a significant step forward in the industry’s evolution, with the potential to create a more efficient and effective insurance ecosystem for all stakeholders involved. This framework offers a new and innovative approach to addresses many of the challenges associated with traditional processes in the insurance applications. By utilizing Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, the framework aims to provide greater transparency, security, efficiency and real-time data decision ultimately leading to an improved customer experience. The accomplished work serves as a foundation for further research and development in the field of blockchain-based insurance applications, with the goal of designing a lightweight, platform-agnostic, auditable, real-time and provable solution.
... This resource thoroughly explores many applications and problems, making it a great asset for anybody interested in the wide range of opportunities to utilize BT in the healthcare industry. Sutanto et al. [7] examined the incorporation of BT into the health insurance sector in Indonesia. The focus is mostly on using hash authentication to guarantee the security and genuineness of data in health insurance procedures. ...
... 88 [8] Review of BT in healthcare Offers a comprehensive examination of current blockchain implementation in healthcare, exploring applications and challenges systematically. [7] BT into health insurance Focuses on using hash authentication to ensure data security and genuineness in health insurance procedures. [6] BT in healthcare Investigates the potential of BT to enhance data security, integrity, and access control in healthcare information systems. ...
The utilization of blockchain technology (BT) has arisen as a viable remedy for tackling crucial challenges in financial system (bitcoin) and the healthcare sector, including data security, interoperability, and transparency. The integration of BT in the healthcare industry has significant promise, but it is a complex process that is impacted by several variables. This systematic review seeks to provide a thorough comprehension of the models, obstacles, and forthcoming research pertaining to the use of BT in the healthcare sector. The paper examines the fundamental ideas and models that are crucial in comprehending the implementation of BT in the healthcare sector. The theories encompassed in this list are the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Innovation Diffusion Theory, Trust and Transparency Theories. These theories together provide a systematic framework for evaluating the process of adoption. The systematic review results provide an overview of the present state of blockchain implementation in the healthcare sector. The challenges that have been highlighted include obstacles related to regulations, difficulties in achieving interoperability, concerns over data privacy, and the need for a strong and reliable infrastructure. Furthermore, the advantages of using BT, including heightened data protection and increased healthcare services.
... Healthcare providers that accept cashless payments mark a significant change from earlier payment methods that relied heavily on physical cash or lengthy payment procedures that are carried out during the procedure and after the consultation of the patients [5]. Instead, to streamline interactions between patients, healthcare facilities, and insurance providers, this revolutionary approach makes use of cutting-edge technologies, including mobile applications, digital wallets, and secure internet platforms [6,7]. This concept change, which embraces the digital era, aims to optimize the utilization of resources within the healthcare ecosystem and improve the overall patient experience [8,9]. ...
As cashless hospital services have grown in popularity, the healthcare sector has seen a tremendous transition. That means the payments are done in an electronic manner which is also known as e-pay. The article discusses the benefits of cashless healthcare services, which are transforming the healthcare sector by providing a streamlined, secure, and effective experience for patients and healthcare providers. Cashless healthcare facilities make use of cutting-edge technologies, including mobile applications, digital wallets, and secure internet platforms, to optimize the utilization of resources within the healthcare ecosystem and improve the overall patient experience. The incorporation of technology has led to revolutionary innovations that continue to redefine the way people access and experience health services. The advantages of cashless hospital services have transformed the healthcare sector by enhancing data security, facilitating transparent billing, and encouraging a patient-centered approach. Cashless services are a preferred method of payment for both consumers and organizations due to their convenience and accessibility. Patients can make payments using digital channels such as mobile payment applications, online payment gateways, or contactless payment cards, whether they are paying for medications, lab tests, or complicated surgeries. Cashless transactions drastically reduce administrative challenges for healthcare providers by eliminating the requirement for manual documentation, which facilitates quick electronic transactions and reduces processing times. As the billing and payment process becomes digitized and streamlined, doctors and medical personnel can focus more on treating and caring for patients. Additionally, much faster insurance claim processing and verification processes result in quicker pay-outs and minimize the financial burden on patients.
... This risk includes unauthorized access and potential misuse of private data due to variations in data management systems used by different healthcare facilities. Additionally, policyholders lack control over data sharing access and the ability to trace their data [10] [11]. The traceability feature is essential for policyholders, considering health facilities carry out the insurance claim process after completing all treatment procedures, which are only traceable by them [12][13] [14]. ...
... Blockchain research has proven its results in many fields, including insurance, healthcare, and data exchange. The insurance industry uses blockchain features to prevent fraud, increase data management efficiency, shorten claim time, increase audit transparency, and protect data privacy [1][2] [11]. Sutanto et al. proposed to shorten the authentication time and cut the bureaucracy's long steps using smart contracts supporting startups in the healthcare sector [11]. ...
... The insurance industry uses blockchain features to prevent fraud, increase data management efficiency, shorten claim time, increase audit transparency, and protect data privacy [1][2] [11]. Sutanto et al. proposed to shorten the authentication time and cut the bureaucracy's long steps using smart contracts supporting startups in the healthcare sector [11]. They designed the system using a UML diagram and simulated it using the Vexanium ecosystem. ...
... However, though these types of attacks are achievable, the likelihood of a successful one is very low [89]. Recent studies also highlighted this issue in similar contexts, including COVID-19 [90] and health insurance authentication [91]. ...
Medical errors are recognized as major threats to patient safety worldwide. Lack of streamlined communication and an inability to share and exchange data are among the contributory factors affecting patient safety. To address these challenges, blockchain can be utilized to ensure a secure, transparent and decentralized data exchange among stakeholders. In this study, we discuss six use cases that can benefit from blockchain to gain operational effectiveness and efficiency in the patient safety context. The role of stakeholders, system requirements, opportunities and challenges are discussed in each use case in detail. Connecting stakeholders and data in complex healthcare systems, blockchain has the potential to provide an accountable and collaborative milieu for the delivery of safe care. By reviewing the potential of blockchain in six use cases, we suggest that blockchain provides several benefits, such as an immutable and transparent structure and decentralized architecture, which may help transform health care and enhance patient safety. While blockchain offers remarkable opportunities, it also presents open challenges in the form of trust, privacy, scalability and governance. Future research may benefit from including additional use cases and developing smart contracts to present a more comprehensive view on potential contributions and challenges to explore the feasibility of blockchain-based solutions in the patient safety context.
Blockchain technology has surfaced as a formidable catalyst, capable of reshaping the operational dynamics of conventional businesses. The integration of blockchain technology within the insurance industry has prompted a need for comprehensive understanding and assessment. This study aims to elucidate the relevance of blockchain in the insurance sector, identify key trends, influential research, and the overarching goals motivating the incorporation of blockchain in insurance practices. The study employed a systematic review to collect 125 research articles published between 2017 and 2023 focused on blockchain in insurance from the Web of Science database. This study used Biblioshiny. The analysis encompasses a wide range of parameters, including publication trends, influential authors, thematic clusters, and the geographic distribution of research. IEEE Access emerges as a prominent platform, hosting 11 articles dedicated to this topic. The results of keyword co-occurrence highlighted two keywords: blockchain and insurance. The results of the country collaboration map highlighted particular shortcomings, such as the concentration of research in countries like China, the USA, India, KSA, Malaysia, and Australia. A lack of research in developing and underdeveloped countries and insufficient knowledge sharing among researchers highlights a research gap. In conclusion, the analysis offers valuable insights into the evolving landscape of blockchain within the insurance industry.
Perkembangan sistem klaim pada asuransi di Indonesia umumnya masih menerapkan pengajuan klaim dengan menggunakan sistem secara manual dengan metode cashless dan reimbursement. Penerapan sistem klaim pada asuransi tersebut memiliki proses administrasi yang cukup panjang sehingga dapat memakan waktu yang lama dan penerapan sistem tersebut tidak dapat memberikan proses tranparansi transaksi pada klaim asuransi. Dengan permasalahan tersebut dapat menimbulkan permasalahan terkait dengan keamanan informasi berupa integritas data, kerahasiaan data, dan transparansi data pada klaim asuransi. Penelitian ini mengusulkan pengembangan sistem klaim pada asuransi yang dapat dilakukan secara online dengan menerapkan teknologi blockchain. Teknologi blockchain menggunakan sistem penyimpanan data dengan menerapkan sistem desentralisasi aplikasi yang berfungsi untuk memberikan kendali penuh terhadap pengguna atas data mereka dengan tidak adanya perantara terpusat. Dengan menerapkan desentralisasi aplikasi tersebut dapat diwujudkan integritas, kerahasiaan dan transparansi transaksi pada klaim asuransi. Penelitian ini mengajukan usulan implementasi teknologi blockchain dengan sistem smart contract pada proses klaim asuransi untuk dijadikan solusi terhadap masalah yang terdapat pada proses klaim asuransi. Abstract The development of the insurance claim system in Indonesia generally still applies the submission of claims using a manual system with cashless and reimbursement methods. The application of the insurance claim system has a fairly long administrative process that can take a long time and the application of the system cannot provide a transparent transaction process for insurance claims. With these problems can cause problems related to information security in the form of data integrity, data confidentiality, and data transparency on insurance claims. This research proposes the development of an insurance claim system that can be done online by applying blockchain technology. Blockchain technology uses a data storage system by implementing a decentralized application system that functions to give users full control over their data in the absence of a centralized intermediary. By implementing a decentralized application, integrity, confidentiality and transaction transparency in insurance claims can be realized. This study proposes the implementation of blockchain technology with a smart contract system in the insurance claim process to be used as a solution to problems in the insurance claim process
