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This paper discusses the techno-economic potential of solar thermal calciner technology in the cement industry. On the basis of a solar calciner test rig built at the German Aerospace Center (DLR), a solar cement plant is designed and the heliostat field is calculated. The energy balance in the solar calciner is analyzed and different scenarios are...
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Currently, the economy of Middle Eastern countries relies heavily on fossil fuel sources. The direct and indirect adverse consequences of fossil fuel utilization for power generation enforce the region’s countries to raise the share of renewable energy. In this context, various incentive policies have been developed to encourage the residential and...
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... The cement manufacturing industry alone contributes up to 8% of the global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions around the world. This percentage is increasing steadily due to the continuous upward trend in cement production [4,5]. Consequently, these issues have become the subject of policies and programs at the national and international levels, and in many cases, they are also being proactively addressed by the construction industry itself [6]. ...
To minimize environmental impact and make the industrial processes more sustainable owing to the overexploitation of natural resources in the construction industry, various strategies have been explored to make reuse of waste material derived from different industries more effective. This study aims to technically support reduction of Portland cement consumption in the manufacture of nonstructural masonry units, generally known as hollow concrete blocks (HCBs), by replacing cement with waste products obtained from the chemical industry in Mexico. Consequently, mortars with fresh waste material from the warehouse that complied with compressive strength requirements of current standards were prepared with which the masonry units were manufactured. The HCBs exhibited low water absorption owing to lower porosity, and their thermal conductivity was slightly superior to that of the commercially available units. The compressive strengths of the walls manufactured with these masonry units indicated that they are suitable for commercial use. Finally, the novelty of this research focuses on the fact that the waste material used has a minimal pre-treatment to design mixtures for producing hollow concrete blocks (HCBs), intending to reduce the carbon footprint of the final product by cutting down on treatment conventional practices like drying, cleaning, and the need to use more Portland cement to increase the compressive strength of HCB. Also, the methodological examination of microstructural characterization techniques applied to the waste material in question has been instrumental in enhancing its utilization and compliance with current specifications.
... Evidence shows that the production of 1 ton of Portland cement clinker results in the emit of approximately 0.98 tons of equivalent CO₂ [7]. CO₂ account for 74% of total greenhouse gas emissions [8]. To comply with The Paris Agreement's target of limiting global average temperature increase to 2 • C above pre-industrial (preferably within 1.5 • C), achieving net zero CO 2 emissions by 2050 is imperative [9]. ...
This study focuses on the preparation of red mud foam concrete using wet carbonized red mud as a substitute for cement and CO 2 foam bubbles. After 56 days of carbonation curing and standard curing, respectively, the carbonation rate, dry density, and compressive strength of the specimen was compared and analyzed under different foam content (20 g, 30 g, 40 g) and pre-carbonation methods. Additionally, CT scanning was employed to model images of red mud foam concrete specimens to analyze changes in air-void diameter and porosity characteristics. At last, the carbon footprint of red mud foam concrete was assessed using a "cradle to gate" approach. The results show that carbonation rate, dry density, and compressive strength of red mud foam concrete are negatively correlated with foam content. Specifically, the carbonation rate of RC20 is 31.92%, the compressive strength is 1.13 MPa, and the dry density is 525.52 kg/m 3. Carbonation curing can improve the compressive strength of the specimen, among which the compressive strength of RC30 increases from 0.28 MPa to 0.55 MPa and meets the corresponding strength grade required by relevant standards. The average porosity is positively correlated with the foam content. With the increase in foam content from 20 g to 40 g, the average porosity experiences a rise from 0.632 to 0.843. After carbonation curing, the air-void size distribution range reduces from a range of 150 ~ 1200μm to 50 ~ 600μm, air-void size ranging from 50 to 200μm exhibits the highest relative frequency and compressive strength. Furthermore, the RCC30 specimen demonstrates a CO 2 emission of 231.32 kg/m 3 and a CO 2 absorption rate of 35.31 kg/m 3 , indicating that pre-carbonation has a positive impact on mitigating carbon footprint.
... There are various studies to reduce the emissions of the cement industry [14][15][16][17]. The high energy cost and high carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in the production of cement make it attractive to investigate alternative binders instead of cement. ...
Due to environmental impacts and the need for energy efficiency, the cement industry aims to make more durable and sustainable materials with less energy requirements without compromising mechanical properties based on UN Sustainable Development Goals 9 and 11. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission into the atmosphere is mostly the result of human-induced activities and causes dangerous environmental impacts by increasing the average temperature of the earth. Since the production of ordinary Portland cement (PC) is a major contributor to CO2 emissions, this study proposes alkali-activated binders as an alternative to reduce the environmental impact of ordinary Portland cement production. The dataset required for the training processes of these algorithms was created using Mendeley as a data-gathering instrument. Some of the most efficient state-of-the-art meta-heuristic optimization algorithms were applied to obtain the optimal neural network architecture with the highest performance. These neural network models were applied in the prediction of carbon emissions. The accuracy of these models was measured using statistical measures such as the mean squared error (MSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). The results show that carbon emissions associated with the production of alkali-activated concrete can be predicted with high accuracy using state-of-the-art machine learning techniques. In this study, in which the binders produced by the alkali activation method were evaluated for their usability as a binder material to replace Portland cement, it is concluded that the most successful hyperparameter optimization algorithm for this study is the genetic algorithm (GA) with accurate mean squared error (MSE = 161.17) and coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.90) values in the datasets.
... However, cement stabilization in soils may increase the stiffness and may lead to brittle soil behavior. In addition, stabilizers such as cement and lime have caused serious environmental problems over the past decades, with cement production responsible for about 8% of man-made carbon dioxide emissions globally [6,7]. According to an estimation by the US Geological Survey, China, with an output of 2.5 million tons of CO 2 in 2021, continues to be the biggest cement producer. ...
Due to the large output of construction waste soils, it has become an enormous challenge for human society and the ecological environment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possibility of using a stabilized waste soil in road engineering. Cement and polymer stabilizers were added to the waste soil, and the effect of the stabilizer on the strength and water stability of the stabilized soil was studied. The structure and morphology of the specimens were analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the unconfined compressive strength increases by 25.0% and the 28-day water stability coefficient, K increases by 59.6% after the addition of the stabilizer. The XRD curve shows that the addition of the new stabilizer does not produce a new characteristic peak, but the diffraction peak strength of some minerals can be improved. SEM shows that the surface of stabilized soil particles is covered by materials, and the particles show obvious agglomeration, forming a network structure, which improves the strength and water stability of the soil.
... A recent study on cement production using a solar calciner at the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR) showed that emission reductions range between 2 and 7 % over a 30-year period and that with controlled sequestration the CO 2 emission can be reduced from 8 to 28 % (Moumin et al., 2020). ...
... The simulation of the integrated process of the SC with the rotary kiln and the preheating system, the assessment of the interaction of the preheating system and the effect of a thermochemical energy storage system for transferring solar energy from daytime to nighttime operation, are the main novelties of the present work in comparison to the approach of Moumin et al. (2020) and other simulation models of the recent literature involving solar energy (Mujumdar et al., 2007;Rodriguez et al., 2009;Salehian, 2020), alternative fuels (Kaddatz et al., 2013;Mancini et al., 2022;Rahman et al., 2014) or direct separation technology for carbon capture and storage (Driver et al., 2022). Moreover, the models examine the integration with carbon capture systems enabled by the isolation of the rich carbon dioxide stream produced from limestone decomposition. ...
... Compared to the conventional process, the SolCement and the Sol-Cement+ processes reduce the fossil fuel energy used for calcination by 33 %, which is higher than the 28 % reduction achieved by the solar calciner at DLR (Moumin et al., 2020). Taking into consideration that the amount of CO 2 released from the raw meal calcination is the same in all cases, the related total CO 2 emissions from calcination and combustion can be reduced by 9.6 %, while the CO 2 output gaseous streams (C2) can be directed towards CO 2 storage. ...
... Due to the environmental concerns arising from the high energy consumption and CO 2 emissions associated with cement production (Moumin et al., 2020;Strunge et al., 2022), the emergence and increasing attention towards alkali-activated materials (AAMs), as low-carbon and clinker-free binders, have been witnessed over the past few decades (Karikatti et al., 2023;Sun et al., 2022). AAMs can be manufactured by the reaction of aluminosilicate-based solid precursors with alkaline activators. ...
... (2018) [12] Evaluated the economics of IPH supply by SPT system and high-temperature reactor in ammonia production process. Moumin et al. (2019) [14] Conducted a techno-economic evaluation of a solar thermal calciner, based on the SPT technology, in the cement industry. Schoeneberger et al. ...
... The dimensions of the receiver (i.e., H rec and D rec , in equations (10) and (11) are obtained based on the receiver's area (equations (8) and (9), which is constrained by the allowable heat flux (equation (7) and the incident thermal power. The number of tubes and panels in the receiver (equations (12) - (14) are then calculated accordingly. The heat transfer in the tubes and the heat loss at the receiver allow for the determination of the tube's surface temperature using equation (15) and the new receiver's thermal efficiency (η rec i+1 ) of equation (16). ...
Solar power tower systems have been extensively investigated for mega-scale electricity generation, but very little is seen in applications that provide industrial process heat. The use of solar power tower systems for low to medium-temperature industrial process heat (less than 400˚C) is particularly not well addressed. In this study, an algorithm is developed to model, evaluate, and optimize the performance of a novel relocatable solar power tower system that can provide low to medium-temperature process heat for use in applications such as in oil fracking, district heating, and the mining industry. A 1.3 MWth solar power tower based industrial process heat plant is considered to supply heat at a reference location, in Tucson, Arizona. The study mainly focuses on modeling and optimizing a biomimetic heliostat field of small-size removable heliostats (4 m2) and a 40 m-high steel truss tower, based on an optimized light-weight external receiver that utilizes pressurized hot water as the heat transfer fluid for steam production in a temperature range of 120 – 220˚C, which is the dominant temperature requirement in process heating. The developed model simultaneously couples and optimizes the heat transfer and optical performance of the receiver and heliostat field at design conditions, while the annual transient thermal and optical losses are evaluated as well. The geometry of the external receiver, the biomimetic heliostat field shape factors, and the tower height were evaluated parametrically and optimized to maximize the energy yield (i.e., highest receiver’s efficiency and lowest land use). The approach of modeling and optimization was validated through the analysis of two reference solar thermal power plants with molten salt (i.e., SOLARTWO and GEMASOLAR plants), showing a very satisfactory agreement with the design parameters in the literature. A comparison with a radial staggered heliostat field modeled using SolarPILOT software was also conducted.
... Two mitigation strategies affect the steel industry process emissions: using hydrogen in the process of direct reduction (H-DR technology) and using sustainably powered electric heaters for process gas heating. H-DR steel technology has not yet been fully commercialized but the use of hydrogen as the reducing agent opens up the opportunity to eliminate process emissions in the Cement Cement solar calciner utilization [44] Partially (n%) meeting demand with geopolymer cement Partially meeting demand with high-blend cement (n% clinker substitute) Mineral carbonation (CCUS) Reducing cement demand [45,46] Aluminium Inert non-carbon anode Clean heating and steam (refining) Decarbonizing the power supply (RE) [47] Scrap recovery and recycling CCUS in aluminium Waste heat recovery [48] Steel Material efficiency-related demand reduction (n%) Technology performance CCUS in the steel industry [49] Partially meeting demand with recycled steel Renewables in the steel electricity mix Hydrogen direct reduced iron with electric arc furnace (EAF) The utilization of electric heat exchangers for process gas heating [50] Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ce/article/7/5/962/7273027 by guest on 15 September 2023 iron-and steel-making industries. Combined with sustainably powering the process gas heater, the only emissions remaining in this section would come from the manual adjustment of the carbon content of H-DR steel through the injection of limestone into the electric arc furnace (EAF), which amounts to just 0.053 tCO 2 e/tonne of steel. ...
... In terms of mitigation policy, five options were selected. About half of all cement emissions come from the calcination of cement raw meal at 900°C [44]. This process requires a lot of heat, currently produced by burning of fossil fuels, in addition to CO 2 produced in the reaction itself, where solid limestone (CaCO 3 , calcium carbonate) is converted into quick-lime (CaO) and carbon dioxide gas. ...
... To further reduce the EF (by ~18%), we can use a solar calciner. This technology is expected to be commercial by 2025 [44] so its effect begins after that year in the SD model. Further implementing mineral carbonation as a CCUS option in the cement industry only requires a 60% utilization to bring cement production to zero emissions, given the full utilization of the previous strategies. ...
In recent years, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has developed strategies to increase renewable power generation and reduce emissions to net zero by 2050. Electricity generation and energy-intensive industries (EII) have the largest potentials for emission reduction. Therefore, an up-to-date inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and a study of the pathways to achieving the 2050 targets are essential. This study focuses on power production and EII (aluminium, steel and cement). The structure of these sectors is modelled and simulated up to 2050 using a system dynamics (SD) methodology. The SD model is validated to reflect the real-world state of the system using the emissions inventory projections as reference modes. Nineteen mitigation policies are considered in the selected sectors and four policy scenarios were simulated. The results show that implementing the Energy Strategy 2050 in the power sector can result in a reduction of 63.5% in emissions in that sector, which translates into a reduction of 33.5% overall by 2050. Additionally, implementing all identified mitigation strategies to full utilization in EII yields a 94% reduction in that sector, which translates into a 78% reduction overall. Decarbonizing the aluminium industry yields the highest emissions reductions, followed by power production, then cement and finally steel. In the best-case scenario, 22.1% of the business-as-usual emissions are still released and further decarbonization—mainly in the power sector—will be required. This is achievable given the trajectory of the UAE’s successful nuclear energy programme and the prospect of utilizing carbon capture, utilization and storage even further.
... Since its invention in the early 1800s, Portland cement has been widely used in construction industry. However, the clinkering process contributes to around 7~8% of the global CO 2 emissions due to the high energy consumption and intense heat required for limestone decomposition and cement clinker production [1,2]. In the light of environmental protection and sustainable development, researchers have been exploring alternative materials to replace Portland cement. ...
... The development of this methodology involves five main steps: (1) Building a database comprising 120 BSE images and corresponding element mappings of AAMs samples at 7 and 28 days. (2) Analyzing the database by applying qualitative and quantitative analysis modes, respectively, to obtain initial component masks. categorize the unreacted SPs and reaction products. ...
... Beam-down concentrating solar technologies supply useful heat for extremely efficient power cycles and direct solar fuels with receiver reactor technology at high temperatures. Because of the high-temperature heat production and chemical reactions occur on the ground rather than at a great height, the system is safer [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] [7,13,14]. A secondary reflector is a tool for beam-down technologies. ...
... Beam-down concentrating solar technologies supply useful heat for extremely efficient power cycles and direct solar fuels with receiver reactor technology at high temperatures. Because of the high-temperature heat production and chemical reactions occur on the ground rather than at a great height, the system is safer [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] [7,13,14]. A secondary reflector is a tool for beam-down technologies. ...
Beam-down solar concentrators with a secondary reflector are receiving a lot of attention at present. Large telescopic dual-receiver solar concentrators with Gregorian and Cassegrain alignments have been modelled and investigated in the present study with each telescopic design having a unique set of receivers that are mounted and anchored to the ground. A comparative assessment of both of the telescopic alignments have been carried out along with minimum image radii The results reveal that both telescopic designs are capable of splitting incoming sunlight and facilitating the use of two receivers. For the design and simulation of telescopic designs, Tonatiuh and Soltrace have been employed for a comparative evaluation. Both of the conventional and telescopic designs using Soltrace and Cassegrain, as well as conventional designs by Tonatiuh, produced identical results in the simulation of total power on the receiver, However, a sizable peak flux discrepancy was seen between the results from Tonatiuh and Soltrace. Introduction Overhead positioning of a large heat receiver of the tower, strilling engine, and furnace has difficulties during operation, maintenance, and construction. Heat is lost during the transfer procedure because the receiver location on the tower requires a lot of energy to push up. To solve this issue, research is being done on a beam-down system with a ground-fixed receiver [1]. Beam-down concentrating solar technologies supply useful heat for extremely efficient power cycles and direct solar fuels with receiver reactor technology at high temperatures. Because of the high-temperature heat production and chemical reactions occur on the ground rather than at a great height, the system is safer [2-12][7, 13, 14]. A secondary reflector is a tool for beam-down technologies. Solar collector with a secondary reflector is the fastest-growing technology [15-25]. One of the solar thermal energy technologies with a secondary reflector is a parabolic dish [26-29]. Using secondary reflectors in parabolic dish design is highly related to the design of Gregorian and Cassegrain telescopes because these telescopes are a two-mirror system [30]. Designing and aberration correction are the main works during designing telescopes [31-33]. Applying a telescopic design for a parabolic dish may be used to increase the concentration ratio and then reduce optical and thermal losses and increase collector efficiency by correcting aberration. Optical aberration prevents the conventional parabolic dish from achieving the 46,000 geometric concentration ratio that is thermodynamically feasible. Due to the aberration, only a maximum of 11,000 is obtained with a 1.0 intercept factor [26]. This shows that optical aberration is the main problem of the solar thermal technology. Therefore, an optical aberration decreases the geometric
