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Catenulostroma chromoblastomycosum (type material). A. Sporodochium on pine needle in vitro . B–H. Chains of disarticulating conidia. Scale bars: A = 350, B, E, G, H = 10 μm.
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Mycosphaerella, one of the largest genera of ascomycetes, encompasses several thousand species and has anamorphs residing in more than 30 form genera. Although previous phylogenetic studies based on the ITS rDNA locus supported the monophyly of the genus, DNA sequence data derived from the LSU gene distinguish several clades and families in what ha...
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... chromoblastomycosum Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov. MycoBank MB504505. Fig. 6. Etymology : Named after the disease symptoms observed due to opportunistic human infection. Description based on cultures sporulating on WA supplemented with sterile pine needles. Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, smooth to finely verruculose, medium to dark brown, thick-walled, 3–4 μm wide hyphae. Conidiomata brown, ...
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Neostagonosporellasichuanensis sp. nov. was found on Phyllostachysheteroclada collected from Sichuan Province in China and is introduced in a new genus Neostagonosporella gen. nov. in this paper. Evidence for the placement of the new taxon in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae is supported by morphology and phylogenetic analysis of a combined LSU, SSU, I...
Mycosphaerella, one of the largest genera of ascomycetes, encompasses several thousand species and has anamorphs residing in more than 30 form genera. Although previous phylogenetic studies based on the ITS rDNA locus supported the monophyly of the genus, DNA sequence data derived from the LSU gene distinguish several clades and families in what ha...
Citations
... The generic concepts of asexual fungi are still based on morphological characters and numerous changes are to be expected in the future. Just as in fungi with other lifestyles, phylogenetic studies have proved that many genera are polyphyletic (Verkley & Starink-Willemse 2004, Crous et al. 2007). The biology and ways of interaction of lichenicolous fungi with their hosts are still rather poorly known, although some anatomic studies have been carried out. ...
Though most of the lichenicolous fungi belong to the Ascomycetes, their phylogenetic placement based on molecular data is lacking for numerous species. In this study the phylogenetic placement of 19 species of lichenicolous fungi was determined using four loci (LSU rDNA, SSU rDNA, ITS rDNA and mtSSU). The phylogenetic analyses revealed that the studied lichenicolous fungi are widespread across the phylogeny of Lecanoromycetes. One species is placed in Acarosporales, Sarcogyne sphaerospora; five species in Dactylosporaceae, Dactylospora ahtii, D. deminuta, D. glaucoides, D. parasitica and Dactylospora sp.; four species belong to Lecanorales, Lichenosticta alcicorniaria, Epicladonia simplex, E. stenospora and Scutula epiblastematica. The genus Epicladonia is polyphyletic and the type E. sandstedei belongs to Leotiomycetes. Phaeopyxis punctum and Bachmanniomyces uncialicola form a well supported clade in the Ostropomycetidae. Epigloea soleiformis is related to Arthrorhaphis and Anzina. Four species are placed in Ostropales, Corticifraga peltigerae, Cryptodiscus epicladonia, C. galaninae and C. cladoniicola comb. nov. (= Lettauia cladoniicola). Three new species are described, Dactylospora ahtii, Cryptodiscus epicladonia and C. galaninae. © 2017 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute.
... Once the typical symptoms of gray rot appeared, the fungus was identified by comparing the morphological structures observed (mycelium type and color, septation, conidiophores, conidiophore branching, conidia length and width) using the Barnett and Hunter keys (1998). The specialized descriptions by Ellis (1971) and Crous et al. (2007) were used to determine the species. Samples of the fungus were also sent to the Laboratory of Phytosanitary Diagnosis of Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Mexico, where they were molecularly analyzed. ...
... En dichas heridas se depositaron 20 µL de una suspensión de 1×10 6 conidios por mililitro. Una vez que se observaron los síntomas típicos de pudrición gris, se procedió a la identificación del hongo comparando las estructuras morfológicas observadas (tipo y color de micelio, septación, conidióforos, ramificación de conidióforos, largo y ancho de conidios) con las claves de Barnett y Hunter (1998); mientras que para la determinación de la especie se emplearon las descripciones especializadas de Ellis (1971) y Crous et al. (2007). Adicionalmente, se enviaron muestras del hongo al Laboratorio de Diagnostico Fitosanitario del Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, México, en donde se analizaron molecularmente. ...
... Once the typical symptoms of gray rot appeared, the fungus was identified by comparing the morphological structures observed (mycelium type and color, septation, conidiophores, conidiophore branching, conidia length and width) using the Barnett and Hunter keys (1998). The specialized descriptions by Ellis (1971) andCrous et al. (2007)were used to determine the species. Samples of the fungus were also sent to the Laboratory of Phytosanitary Diagnosis of Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Mexico, where they were molecularly analyzed. ...
... En dichas heridas se depositaron 20 µL de una suspensión de 1×10 6 conidios por mililitro. Una vez que se observaron los síntomas típicos de pudrición gris, se procedió a la identificación del hongo comparando las estructuras morfológicas observadas (tipo y color de micelio, septación, conidióforos, ramificación de conidióforos, largo y ancho de conidios) con las claves de Barnett y Hunter (1998); mientras que para la determinación de la especie se emplearon las descripciones especializadas de Ellis (1971) yCrous et al. (2007). Adicionalmente, se enviaron muestras del hongo al Laboratorio de Diagnostico Fitosanitario del Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, México, en donde se analizaron molecularmente. ...
p>Extractos de hoja de vid silvestre (EHVS) (Vitis spp.) de tres accesiones (P-178, E-200 y TN-4) se evaluaron in vitro a 6, 8 y 12 % v/v con el fin de medir el efecto inhibitorio en el crecimiento de Botrytis cinerea. Comparativamente, se empleó resveratrol (RVS) (60, 90, 120 μg/ mL), extracto de cítricos (EC) (3, 5 y 8 % v/v) y cyprodinil + fludioxonil (SW) (500, 800 and 1000 μg/mL). En promedio, SW inhibió el crecimiento micelial (ICM), esporulación (IE) y germinación conidial (IGC) en 88.9, 85.5 y 93.7 %, respectivamente. RVS presentó el segundo mejor resultado.
Todos los EHVS tuvieron acción inhibitoria; especialmente, P-178 al 12 % tuvo 72, 75 y 62 % de ICM, IE e IGC, respectivamente. Esta dosis tuvo 19.9 mg/mL de compuestos fenólicos, RVS 1.7 mg/ mL, ácido gálico 3.8 mg/mL y ácido ferúlico 2.5 mg/mL. </p
... Notes — The genus Penidiellopsis (Ps.) is similar to Peni diella (Pa.), however, both genera are clearly differentiated genetically and morphologically. While Penidiella produces penicillate branched conidiophores, those of Penidiellopsis are mostly unbranched, although its conidial chains exhibit a continuous bi- or trifurcating elongation pattern (Crous et al. 2007a). The monotypic genus Xenopenidiella exhibits also similar morphological features, however, is genetically distinct and produces dimorphic conidiophores with loosely branched apices (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). ...
Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Vermiculariopsiella eucalypti, Mulderomyces natalis (incl. Mulderomyces gen. nov.), Fusicladium paraamoenum, Neotrimmatostroma paraexcentricum, and Pseudophloeospora eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus spp., Anungitea grevilleae (on leaves of Grevillea sp.), Pyrenochaeta acaciae (on leaves of Acacia sp.), and Brunneocarpos banksiae (incl. Brunneocarpos gen. nov.) on cones of Banksia attenuata. Novel foliicolous taxa from South Africa include Neosulcatispora strelitziae (on Strelitzia nicolai), Colletotrichum ledebouriae (on Ledebouria floridunda), Cylindrosympodioides brabejum (incl. Cylindrosympodioides gen. nov.) on Brabejum stellatifolium, Sclerostagonospora ericae (on Erica sp.), Setophoma cyperi (on Cyperus sphaerocephala), and Phaeosphaeria breonadiae (on Breonadia microcephala). Novelties described from Robben Island (South Africa) include Wojnowiciella cissampeli and Diaporthe cissampeli (both on Cissampelos capensis), Phaeotheca salicorniae (on Salicornia meyeriana), Paracylindrocarpon aloicola (incl. Paracylindrocarpon gen. nov.) on Aloe sp., and Libertasomyces myopori (incl. Libertasomyces gen. nov.) on Myoporum serratum. Several novelties are recorded from La Réunion (France), namely Phaeosphaeriopsis agapanthi (on Agapanthus sp.), Roussoella solani (on Solanum mauritianum), Vermiculariopsiella acaciae (on Acacia heterophylla), Dothiorella acacicola (on Acacia mearnsii), Chalara clidemiae (on Clidemia hirta), Cytospora tibouchinae (on Tibouchina semidecandra), Diaporthe ocoteae (on Ocotea obtusata), Castanediella eucalypticola, Phaeophleospora eucalypticola and Fusicladium eucalypticola (on Eucalyptus robusta), Lareunionomyces syzygii (incl. Lareunionomyces gen. nov.) and Parawiesneriomyces syzygii (incl. Parawiesneriomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Syzygium jambos. Novel taxa from the USA include Meristemomyces arctostaphylos (on Arctostaphylos patula), Ochroconis dracaenae (on Dracaena reflexa), Rasamsonia columbiensis (air of a hotel conference room), Paecilomyces tabacinus (on Nicotiana tabacum), Toxicocladosporium hominis (from human broncoalveolar lavage fluid), Nothophoma macrospora (from respiratory secretion of a patient with pneumonia), and Penidiellopsis radicularis (incl. Penidiellopsis gen. nov.) from a human nail. Novel taxa described from Malaysia include Prosopidicola albizziae (on Albizzia falcataria), Proxipyricularia asari (on Asarum sp.), Diaporthe passifloricola (on Passiflora foetida), Paramycoleptodiscus albizziae (incl. Paramycoleptodiscus gen. nov.) on Albizzia falcataria, and Malaysiasca phaii (incl. Malaysiasca gen. nov.) on Phaius reflexipetalus. Two species are newly described from human patients in the Czech Republic, namely Microascus longicollis (from toenails of patient with suspected onychomycosis), and Chrysosporium echinulatum (from sole skin of patient). Furthermore, Alternaria quercicola is described on leaves of Quercus brantii (Iran), Stemphylium beticola on leaves of Beta vulgaris (The Netherlands), Scleroderma capeverdeanum on soil (Cape Verde Islands), Scleroderma dunensis on soil, and Blastobotrys meliponae from bee honey (Brazil), Ganoderma mbrekobenum on angiosperms (Ghana), Geoglossum raitviirii and Entoloma kruticianum on soil (Russia), Priceomyces vitoshaensis on Pterostichus melas (Carabidae) (Bulgaria) is the only one for which the family is listed, Ganoderma ecuadoriense on decaying wood (Ecuador), Thyrostroma cornicola on Cornus officinalis (Korea), Cercophora vinosa on decorticated branch of Salix sp. (France), Coprinus pinetorum, Coprinus littoralis and Xerocomellus poederi on soil (Spain). Two new genera from Colombia include Helminthosporiella and Uwemyces on leaves of Elaeis oleifera. Two species are described from India, namely Russula intervenosa (ectomycorrhizal with Shorea robusta), and Crinipellis odorata (on bark of Mytragyna parviflora). Novelties from Thailand include Cyphellophora gamsii (on leaf litter), Pisolithus aureosericeus and Corynascus citrinus (on soil). Two species are newly described from Citrus in Italy, namely Dendryphiella paravinosa on Citrus sinensis, and Ramularia citricola on Citrus floridana. Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS nrDNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.
... Nevertheless, some recent studies have revealed that fungal diseases have a greater impact than was originally suspected.Since the 1990s Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD) has been found causing severe defoliation in young trees (Fig. 5.13). WhenCrous et al. (2007)showed that Mycosphaerella is polyphyletic, they transferred many of the species associated with MLD to Teratosphaeria. However, some species, even though phyloge-netically they belong in Teratosphaeria, have not yet been formally transferred and continue to be known by their name in Mycosphaerella.The first report of Mycosphaerella on eucalypts outside of Australia was when von Thümen described M. molleriana (T. ...
An overview of pest and disease problems in the main types of Portuguese forest is presented. Native pine forests, mainly Pinus pinaster and Pinus pinea have been occasionally affected by native bark beetles, cone feeders, one defoliator (the pine processionary moth) and a few fungi. Thus far, problems with these native pests and pathogens, arise mostly during outbreaks or epizootic periods. In most cases they are associated with poor forest management, fires or drought stress. Nevertheless, some alien pests and pathogens have recently become reason for concern, namely the pinewood nematode and Fusarium circinatum. Mediterranean forests composed of evergreen oaks, namely Quercus suber and Quercus ilex, were in the past mainly affected by defoliators such as Lymantria dispar and Tortrix viridana. During the second half of the 20th century, oak decline increased and was attributed to drought stress, together with a complex interaction of biotic agents. Fungi in the genera Biscogniauxia and Diplodia, the Oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi together with bark and wood borers, in particular Platypus cylindrus, were associated with the most serious cases. For more than a century the exotic Eucalyptus forest plantations were free from pests and pathogens. However, they are currently threatened by increasing numbers of pests and diseases mainly originating from Australia. Some of them cause severe damage and compromise productivity. For all these forest ecosystems, health problems are expected to be favoured by climate changes and new biological invasions, implying that efforts should be made to develop new control strategies to combat future threats.
... isolated from historical marble monuments in Anthalia, Turkey (Sert & Sterflinger 2010). If the most conspicuous portion of RIF from natural rocks pooled in the Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales (Crous et al. 2007), a different trend is visible on monuments, as well as coastal sites, where chaetothyrialean fungi predominate. Black fungi in this order are known for their ability to metabolize aromatic compounds (Prenafeta-Boldú et al. 2006; Isola et al. 2013a) and dominate in locations with higher presence of pollutants due to human activities (Onofri et al. 2011). ...
ABSTRACT
Most of the cultural heritage is in the Mediterranean area. Stone was historically the most durable and widely used building material; therefore the greatest deal of antiques are represented by stone monuments located in outdoor environments. Atmospheric agents, pollution, and various stresses are the main causes of deterioration of artistic heritage as well as many micro-organisms that often cause irreversible damages. Conservation of this invaluable patrimony, therefore, is a demanding challenge.
Rock inhabiting fungi (RIF) are very active agents causing visible alteration patterns and exfoliation of stone monuments; ecological conditions in the Mediterranean rocks are optimal for RIF development. Along with environmental conditions, fungal colonization depends also upon bioreceptivity of the surfaces and survival strategies of colonizing species. This paper represents an overview of RIF biodiversity on stone monuments known at present, mechanisms of attack and colonization and outdoor conditions allowing the settlement of RIF propagules, colonization and the following biodeterioration processes.
... More than 150 species of Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae have been identified causing diseases in Eucalyptus (Burgess et al. 2007;Crous et al. 2007;Andjic et al. 2010;Carnegie et al. 2011;Hunter et al. 2011), being collectively referred to as Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD). Teratosphaeria nubilosa is considered one of the most destructive MLD species worldwide (Mohammed et al. 2003;Hunter et al. 2009). ...
Since the first report of Teratosphaeria nubilosa (Cooke) Crous & U.Braun in Uruguay in 2007, young
plantations of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and E. maidenii F.Muell. have been severely damaged by Mycosphaerella leaf disease. The genetic variation in disease resistance and in the timing of heteroblastic phase change was examined in 194 openpollinated families of E. globulus and 86 families of E. maidenii growing in a field trial in south-eastern Uruguay, naturally infected by T. nubilosa. Disease severity, precocity of vegetative phase change and tree growth were assessed at 14 months. E. globulus was significantly more susceptible to T. nubilosa than was E. maidenii, presenting higher severity of leaf spots (10.6% and 5.6%, respectively), higher defoliation (31.9% and 22.9%, respectively) and higher crown-damage index (39.1%
and 27.4%, respectively). However, the heteroblastic transition began significantly earlier in E. globulus than in E. maidenii, with 34.1% and 2.8% of the trees having some proportion of their crown with adult foliage at 14 months, respectively. Significant individual narrow-sense heritabilities were found in E. globulus for severity of leaf spots (0.40), defoliation (0.24), crown-damage index (0.30) and proportion of adult foliage (0.64). Additive genetic variation in E. maidenii was significant only for defoliation and crown-damage index, with a moderate heritability (0.21 and 0.20, respectively). Although E. maidenii was more resistant to T. nubilosa than was E. globulus, the degree of resistance was not enough to consider this species as an alternative to E. globulus for high-risk disease sites. In addition, the small genetic variability for resistance on the juvenile foliage and the late transition to adult foliage suggested that the chances for early selection in E. maidenii are quite limited. By contrast, the genetic variation in E. globulus clearly indicated that through selection for resistance of the juvenile
foliage, and especially by selecting for early phase change, it is possible to obtain genetic stock suitable for sites with high risk of T. nubilosa infection.
... Methods and materials was the same as described by Abbas et al., (2010). Identification up to species level were carried out after consulting (Ellis, 1971Ellis, , 1976 Carmichael et al., 1980; Sutton & Ganapathi, 1978; Ahmad et al., 1997; Kirk, 2012; Crous et al., 2007). ...
... Recently molecular studies reaveld that Trimmatostroma isa heterogenous. (Crous et al., 2007) and are of the opinion that Trimmatostroma be confined to T. salicis Corda. Taeniolla is the genus which can be separated from Trimmatostroma by its superficial, semi macronomatous conidiophore, conidia arranged in acropetal manner, lacking multicelluar stromatic aggeregation of conidial cells. ...
A new species of Catenulostroma azadirachta on Azadirachta indica from Pakistan is described and campared with related species.
... The most obvious symptoms of MLD are necrotic leaf spots or lesions that grow in size and can coalesce to form large blotches (Hunter et al., 2009). MLD is caused by fungi of the genus Teratosphaeria (previously Mycosphaerella; Crous et al., 2007), which infect eucalypts growing in native forests as well as plantations around the world (Mohammed et al., 2003; Hunter et al., 2009). ...
Indirect genetic effects ( IGE s) are heritable effects of individuals on trait values of their conspecifics. IGE s may substantially affect response to selection, but empirical studies on IGE s are sparse and their magnitude and correlation with direct genetic effects are largely unknown in plants.
Here we used linear mixed models to estimate genetic (co)variances attributable to direct and indirect effects for growth and foliar disease damage in a large pedigreed population of E ucalyptus globulus .
We found significant IGE s for growth and disease damage, which increased with age for growth. The correlation between direct and indirect genetic effects was highly negative for growth, but highly positive for disease damage, consistent with neighbour competition and infection, respectively. IGE s increased heritable variation by 71% for disease damage, but reduced heritable variation by 85% for growth, leaving nonsignificant heritable variation for later age growth. Thus, IGE s are likely to prevent response to selection in growth, despite a considerable ordinary heritability.
IGE s change our perspective on the genetic architecture and potential response to selection. Depending on the correlation between direct and indirect genetic effects, IGE s may enhance or diminish the response to natural or artificial selection compared with that predicted from ordinary heritability.
... As such, they are regularly intercepted during phytosanitary inspections. Many of these species have no known teleomorph, or are anamorphs of Teratosphaeriaceae, or other species belonging to Dothideomycetes (Schoch et al. 2006, Crous et al. 2007a, 2009a, b, Zhang et al. 2009). Recent studies have shown that many species of Phoma produce conidia that become dark and thick-walled with age, appearing Coniothyrium-like in morphology (Aveskamp et al. 2009). ...
... Teratosphaeria) and 18 associated anamorph species occurring on Proteaceae. Since this date, however, numerous additional species have been described from this host family (Crous et al. 2007aCrous et al. , 2008Crous et al. , 2009b). Species of Teratosphaeria are commonly associated with leaf spots and blotches on Proteaceae, though not much is known about their host specificity (Crous & Groenewald 2005). ...
Species of Leucadendron, Leucospermum and Protea (Proteaceae) are in high demand for the international floriculture market due to their brightly coloured and textured flowers or bracts. Fungal pathogens, however, create a serious problem in cultivating flawless blooms. The aim of the present study was to characterise several of these pathogens using morphology, culture characteristics, and DNA sequence data of the rRNA-ITS and LSU genes. In some cases additional genes such as TEF 1-α and CHS were also sequenced. Based on the results of this study, several novel species and genera are described. Brunneosphaerella leaf blight is shown to be caused by three species, namely B. jonkershoekensis on Protea repens, B. nitidae sp. nov. on Protea nitida and B. protearum on a wide host range of Protea spp. (South Africa). Coniothyrium-like species associated with Coniothyrium leaf spot are allocated to other genera, namely Curreya grandicipis on Protea grandiceps, and Microsphaeropsis proteae on P. nitida (South Africa). Diaporthe leucospermi is described on Leucospermum sp. (Australia), and Diplodina microsperma newly reported on Protea sp. (New Zealand). Pyrenophora blight is caused by a novel species, Pyrenophora leucospermi, and not Drechslera biseptata or D. dematoidea as previously reported. Fusicladium proteae is described on Protea sp. (South Africa), Pestalotiopsis protearum on Leucospermum cuneiforme (Zimbabwe), Ramularia vizellae and R. stellenboschensis on Protea spp. (South Africa), and Teratosphaeria capensis on Protea spp. (Portugal, South Africa). Aureobasidium leaf spot is shown to be caused by two species, namely A. proteae comb. nov. on Protea spp. (South Africa), and A. leucospermi sp. nov. on Leucospermum spp. (Indonesia, Portugal, South Africa). Novel genera and species elucidated in this study include Gordonomyces mucovaginatus and Pseudopassalora gouriqua (hyphomycetes), and Xenoconiothyrium catenata (coelomycete), all on Protea spp. (South Africa).
