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... mitotype sequences were obtained for 28 modern wildcat samples with the exception of a single individual for which the final seven base pairs could not be determined. Five new mitotypes were discovered (see Genbank JQ245443eJQ245447 and Inline Supplementary Fig. S2), novel mutations discovered within the wildcat species are summarized in Table 2. In this dataset, each wildcat maintained species-specific mutations: F. s. tristrami had a deletion of base 262 from the SRS, F. s. silvestris consistently presented a diagnostic 2 bp deletion of SRS 367e368, and F. chaus had 12 mutations not seen in any other felid species to date. ...Context 2
... appears to be a derivative of domestic cat mitotype G but contains a SNP that makes it unique among all samples and sequences evaluated. Fmu2 represents mitotype C and Fmu3 may belong to mitotypes B, D, J, or one of their closely related mitotypes (see Table 2 and Inline Supplementary Fig. S2). None of the mummified samples contained any diagnostic mutations indicative of a wild felid, although Fmu3 cannot conclusively be determined (see Table 2 and Inline Supplementary Fig. S2). ...Context 3
... represents mitotype C and Fmu3 may belong to mitotypes B, D, J, or one of their closely related mitotypes (see Table 2 and Inline Supplementary Fig. S2). None of the mummified samples contained any diagnostic mutations indicative of a wild felid, although Fmu3 cannot conclusively be determined (see Table 2 and Inline Supplementary Fig. S2). Divergence calculations estimate that Fmu1 and Fmu2 diverged between 1.99 and 7.5 thousand years before their existence, and Fmu3 diverged from the other two between 1.97 and 4.1 thousand years prior to their birth. ...Citations
... Domestic cats (Felis catus) are one of the most popular pets throughout the world and more than 600 million cats live with humans (Driscoll et al., 2009). Although the skeletal remains of domestic cats date back to about 4000 BC due to mummification and artistic activities in Egypt, archaeological evidence shows that the remains of the first domestication of wild cats were found in the Near East, together with important finds in Cyprus about 9000-10000 years ago (Vigne et al., 2004;Lipinski et al., 2008;Kurushima et al., 2012). The human/cat relationship is thought to have started about 10,000-11,000 years ago, especially in the Fertile Crescent, with the domestication of some wild grains and grasses, when humans began to switch to sedentary agriculture, and cats were used to control crop-destroying rodents (Lipinski Abbreviations: mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; Cyt b, cytochrome b; COI, cytochrome oxidase I; CR, control region; mtDNA CR, mitochondrial DNA control region. ...
... Daily direct contact between pets and their owners is a risk for spreading harmful bacteria (Varela et al. 2022). After being domesticated since ancient Egypt, cats are susceptible to many ailments (Kurushima et al. 2012). Viruses, parasites, and bacteria can cause cat diseases (Maggi et al. 2022). ...
Over the past ten years, the rise of bacterial disease resistance to antibiotics has presented challenges for veterinarians treating pets. Every day direct contact between pets and their owners is a risk for the spread of harmful bacteria. One of the most frequent patients in veterinary hospitals or clinics is cats. The prevalence of S. aureus infection is rising and becoming more serious as a result of antibiotic resistance, or what is known as multi-drug resistance (MDR). Pet owners and their pets may carry MDR S. aureus through zoonotic transmission. In 2018, MDR events were reported to infect ICU patients at Madiun City Hospital, East Java, Indonesia. Based on this backdrop, the authors decided to perform a study on the S. aureus bacteria resistance test of cefoxitin, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, and ampicillin bacteria obtained from cat nasal swabs in Madiun City. Making an MSA medium is the first step in bacterial isolation. Then, the Gram stain test identifies the species of Gram bacteria present in the colony. The following step is the catalase and coagulase assays, pinpointing the S. aureus bacterium. The Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method was used to conduct an antibiotic sensitivity test. With the aid of tweezers, paper discs containing the medicines cefoxitin 30 µg, tetracycline 30 µg, erythromycin 15 µg, gentamicin 10 µg and ampicillin 10 µg, are set apart from one another by 25 to 30 mm on an MHA medium. According to sample examination findings, S. aureus was present in 80 (80%), and six isolates (7.5%) were confirmed to be Multi-drug Resistance (MDR). The spread of MDR bacteria in people and animals can result in recurrent infections, a rise in complications, and an increase in morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, rational antibiotic use must be made for both humans and animals to stop the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the veterinary clinic in Madiun City. © 2023, Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. All rights reserved.
... A small piece of formalin-fixed tissue or thin slices from paraffin-em- Mummified material. Ancient DNA research on mummified material, many animal species besides humans, is challenging, not only because mummification techniques, such as desiccation and anointment comprised the use of bandages and chemicals (e.g., heated oils, resins, natron) that are unfavourable to PCR conditions, but also because sometimes it is not anymore possible to verify how the original field collection occurred (Kurushima et al. 2012). ...
... Working with aDNA requires a specialised laboratory that is physically isolated from any post PCR area and other laboratories, with an independent HEPA-filtered air source and, ideally it should include separate areas for sample preparation, DNA extraction and sequencing library preparation/PCR setup (Kurushima et al. 2012). It should follow rigorous protocols to deal with contamination and problems with authentication (Shapiro and Cooper 2003). ...
... It should follow rigorous protocols to deal with contamination and problems with authentication (Shapiro and Cooper 2003). All equipment should be periodically sterilised with bleach and DNA Away wipes (Molecular Bio-Products) or similar products, and sterile personal protective equipment should be used including full isolation gowns, gloves, face shields, facemasks, hair coverings, and shoe coverings (Kurushima et al. 2012). In addition, PCR products from other lab facilities should never be transferred to the aDNA lab. ...
... hunting, searching, company) [35]. On the other hand, domestication of modern cats is believed to had happen several thousands of years before the domestication of dogs [36,37]. The relationship between cats and humans had a pest control purpose, aiding human populations in keeping the rodent and other vermin populations under control, eventually favoring the transformation of a hunting-based society to a farming, stable human population. ...
One of the most common behaviors of cats that have an indoor/outdoor lifestyle is to bring hunted “gifts” to their owners, represented by small mammals, reptiles and birds. Access to the outdoors by dogs and cats may represent
a problematic issue, since they may be at risk of diseases, traffic accidents and ingestion of toxins. Yet, the impact of this population of roaming dogs and cats predating wildlife is another concerning issue that receives less attention. Despite these risks, most owners still prefer to give outdoor access to their pets to allow them to express their “natural instincts,” such as hunting. Therefore, with a growing population of > 470 million dogs and 373 million cats worldwide, predation not only represents a threat to wildlife, but also a door of transmission for parasitic diseases, some of them of zoonotic concern. In this review, the role played by dogs, and especially cats, in the perpetuation of the biological life cycle of zoonotic parasites through the predation of rodents, reptiles and birds is discussed. Feral and domestics dogs and cats have contributed to the population collapse or extinction of > 63 species of reptiles, mammals and birds. Although the ecological impact of predation on wild populations is well documented, the zoonotic risk of trans- mission of parasitic diseases has not received significant attention. The parasitic diseases associated to predation vary from protozoan agents, such as toxoplasmosis, to cestodes like sparganosis and even nematodes such as toxocariasis. Raising awareness about predation as a risk of zoonotic parasitic infections in dogs and cats will aid to create responsi- ble ownership and proper actions for controlling feral and free-roaming cat and dog populations worldwide.
... Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by obligate intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii and with domestic cats as definitive hosts for pathogen sexual reproduction [22]. Cats played a prominent role in Egyptian mythology with the likely presence of domestic cats with risks of zoonotic transmission of T. gondii as evidenced by pathogen identification in human mummies [23,24]. Evidence of visceral leishmaniasis-causing Leishmania donovani mitochondrial DNA was reported in Egyptian mummy samples [25]. ...
... Feline remains, buried alongside human remains, were discovered at an archeological site dating tõ 9500 years ago, suggesting humans had formed a relationship with cats and transported cats to Cyprus (Vigne et al. 2004(Vigne et al. , 2012. The earliest remains of suggested tamed cats in Egypt date to the fourth millennium BC (Baldwin 1975;Málek 2006;Van Neer et al. 2014) and suggest felines became integral to Egyptian culture, culminating in thousands of mummified cats as votive offerings (Baldwin 1975;Faure and Kitchener 2009;Ikram and Hawass 2004;Kurushima et al. 2012). Beginning in the first millennium BC, progeny of the Egyptian tamed cats were spread through trade and maritime routes by Phoenician, Carthaginian, Greek, Etruscan "cat-thief" traders and later by the Romans (Baldwin 1975;Faure and Kitchener 2009;Ottoni et al. 2017). ...
... The slightly lower diversity could also be an influence of ancient cultural selections. Mummified Egyptian cats have control region mtDNA mitotypes specific to the mitotype G of contemporary Egyptian cats and a mitotype D highly common in Near and Middle Eastern populations but one mummified cat also had a common mitotype C that has a worldwide distribution (Kurushima et al. 2012), perhaps supported by the Egyptian domestication origin suggested by ancient DNA studies (Ottoni et al. 2017). Further studies on ancient, regional wildcat populations would further decipher cat origins. ...
Cat domestication likely initiated as a symbiotic relationship between wildcats ( Felis silvestris subspecies) and the peoples of developing agrarian societies in the Fertile Crescent. As humans transitioned from hunter-gatherers to farmers ~12,000 years ago, bold wildcats likely capitalized on increased prey density (i.e., rodents). Humans benefited from the cats’ predation on these vermin. To refine the site(s) of cat domestication, over 1000 random-bred cats of primarily Eurasian descent were genotyped for single-nucleotide variants and short tandem repeats. The overall cat population structure suggested a single worldwide population with significant isolation by the distance of peripheral subpopulations. The cat population heterozygosity decreased as genetic distance from the proposed cat progenitor’s ( F.s. lybica ) natural habitat increased. Domestic cat origins are focused in the eastern Mediterranean Basin, spreading to nearby islands, and southernly via the Levantine coast into the Nile Valley. Cat population diversity supports the migration patterns of humans and other symbiotic species.
... Mummified material. Ancient DNA research on mummified material, many animal species besides humans, is challenging, not only because mummification techniques, such as desiccation and anointment comprised the use of bandages and chemicals (e.g., heated oils, resins, natron) that are unfavourable to PCR conditions, but also because sometimes it is not anymore possible to verify how the original field collection occurred (Kurushima et al. 2012). ...
... Working with aDNA requires a specialised laboratory that is physically isolated from any post PCR area and other laboratories, with an independent HEPA-filtered air source and, ideally it should include separate areas for sample preparation, DNA extraction and sequencing library preparation/PCR setup (Kurushima et al. 2012). It should follow rigorous protocols to deal with contamination and problems with authentication (Shapiro and Cooper 2003). ...
... It should follow rigorous protocols to deal with contamination and problems with authentication (Shapiro and Cooper 2003). All equipment should be periodically sterilised with bleach and DNA Away wipes (Molecular Bio-Products) or similar products, and sterile personal protective equipment should be used including full isolation gowns, gloves, face shields, facemasks, hair coverings, and shoe coverings (Kurushima et al. 2012). In addition, PCR products from other lab facilities should never be transferred to the aDNA lab. ...
... Human cultural practices have long affected animal populations either directly via exploitation for religious, nutritional, or agricultural use, or indirectly through modifications of the landscapes and habitats where species are found (Rubin et al. 2012;Boivin et al. 2016;MacHugh, Larson, and Orlando 2017;Merheb et al. 2019). The study of bioarchaeological collections can help us to better understand the ecological and cultural contexts of animal exploitation (Rowe et al. 2011;Drew, Philipp, and Westneat 2013;Fumagalli et al. 2013;Ottoni et al. 2013;Staats et al. 2013;Fordham et al. 2014), and analyses of additional animal mummies from cultural heritage collections (Kurushima et al. 2012;Wasef et al. 2019) will continue to clarify our understanding of their meaning, the ancient Egyptians' recognition of different species, and the response of those species to changes in the environment, whether of anthropogenic or natural origin. ...
We used isotopic and genomic data to explore the ecological and social context of cultural practices associated with the mummification of crocodiles in ancient Egypt. Ancient DNA was recovered from four mummified crocodile hatchlings held in the collections of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. Previous genetic analyses of crocodile mummies have indicated that most mummies represent the newly resurrected taxon, Crocodylus suchus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1807. However, mitogenomic data for the Yale Peabody Museum mummies indicates that these specimens represent the first genomically authenticated representatives of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti, 1768) in museum collections. We explore these findings within the broader context of modern and historical distributions of both crocodile species and the potential implications for our understanding of funerary practices involving crocodiles in ancient Egypt.
... Yapılan kazılarda Firavun III. Amenhotep'in (MÖ 1411-1349) oğlu Prens Thutmose'nin mezarında kendi mumyasının yanında mumyalanmış kedisi de bulunmuştur (27). Ayrıca Mısır'da bir mimar olan ve aynı zamanda devlet yetkilisi olarak görev yapan Senenmut'un (ö. ...
Ölümden sonra ikinci bir hayatın başlayacağına inanan Mısırlılar, öteki yaşamda var olabilmek için ölümden önceki bedenlerine ihtiyaç duyacaklarını düşünmüşlerdir. Bu nedenle, ölen kişilerin bedenlerini, dış etkilerden korumak ve bozulmasını önlemek için bir takım kimyasallar kullanarak mumyalamışlardır. Aynı işlemi öteki yaşamda birlikte olmak istedikleri hayvanlarına da uygulamışlardır. Hayvan mumyaları, mumyalanma amaçlarına göre dört ayrı kategoride incelenmektedir. Bunlar; tanrının dünyadaki temsilcisi olduğu düşünülen kutsal hayvan mumyaları, sahiplerinin isteğiyle ölümden sonra da varlıklarının devam etmesi amacıyla mumyalanan evcil hayvan mumyaları, ölen kişilerin tüketebilmeleri için yiyecek olarak mumyalanan erzak hayvan mumyaları ve tanrıya bağışlandığında, insanlar ile tanrılar arasında aracı olacaklarına inanılan adak hayvan mumyalarıdır. Mumyalar üzerinde yapılan incelemelerde, hayvan mumyalarında, paraziter hastalıklara ilişkin bulgulara, bakteriyel hastalık bulgularına kıyasla daha fazla rastlanılmıştır. Bu hastalıklardan önemli kısmı zoonotik karakterli hastalıklardır. Ayrıca mumyalanan hayvanlar üzerinde yapılan cerrahi girişimlerin fazlalığı da dikkat çekicidir. Hayvanlara uygulanan bu sağaltıcı girişimler incelendiğinde, müdahaleyi yapan kişilerin, veteriner hekimliği hizmetleri alanında uzmanlaşmış kişiler olduğu şeklinde yorumlanmıştır. Dünya çapında müze koleksiyonlarında tutulan hayvan mumyalarına ve mumyalarla ilgili bilgilere (elde edilme şekilleri, coğrafik kökenleri, tarihleri, fotoğrafları), çevrimiçi bir veri tabanı olan Antik Mısır Hayvan Biyo Bankası (Ancient Egyptian Animal Bio Bank) aracılığıyla ulaşılabilmektedir. Antik Mısır'da, insanlara uygulanan mumyalama yönteminin benzer şekilde hayvanlara da uygulanmış olması, insanlar ve hayvanlar arasında dini inançlardan beslenen güçlü bir bağın ve yakın ilişkinin varlığına işaret etmektedir. Mumyalama tekniklerinin hayvanlar arasında farklılık göstermesi, hayvanlara yönelik tutum ve davranışların onlara atfedilen değere göre farklılıklar gösterdiği şeklinde yorumlanabilir. Ayrıca insan hayatında önemli bir yer edinen hayvanların, ihtiyaçları ve hastalıklarıyla da ilgilenilmesinin, veteriner hekimliği mesleğinin gelişmesine olumlu yönde katkı yaptığı sonucuna varılabilir.
Believing in the presence of a second life after death, the Egyptians thought that they need their bodies in order to exist in that life. For this reason, they mummified the bodies of the deceased using a number of chemicals to protect them from external influences and prevent them from deteriorating. They applied the same process to the animals they wanted to be with in the next life. Animal mummies are divided into four different categories according to their mummification purposes. These are sacred animal mummies, which were thought to be the representative of the god in the world, pet mummies, mummified with the requests of their owners to continue their existence after death, animal mummies as food for consumption of the deceased and animal mummies dedicated to gods as votive offerings to act as intermediaries between humans and gods. In the examinations made on mummies, findings related to parasitic diseases were found more frequently in animal mummies compared to bacterial disease findings. Most of these diseases are zoonotic diseases. In addition, the excess of surgical interventions on mummified animals is striking. When these therapeutic interventions applied to animals were examined, it was interpreted that the people who carried out the intervention were experts in the field of veterinary medicine. Animal mummies held in museum collections around the world and information about mummies (how they were obtained, geographical origins, dates, photographs) are available through the Ancient Egyptian Animal Bio Bank, an online database. The fact that the mummification method applied to humans in ancient Egypt was applied to animals in a similar way indicates the existence of a strong bond and close relationship between humans and animals, nourished by religious beliefs. The fact that mummification techniques differ among animals can be interpreted as attitudes and behaviors towards animals differ according to the value attributed to them. In addition, it can be concluded that taking care of the needs and diseases of animals, which have an important place in human life, contributes positively to the development of the veterinary profession.
... Yapılan kazılarda Firavun III. Amenhotep'in (MÖ 1411-1349) oğlu Prens Thutmose'nin mezarında kendi mumyasının yanında mumyalanmış kedisi de bulunmuştur (27). Ayrıca Mısır'da bir mimar olan ve aynı zamanda devlet yetkilisi olarak görev yapan Senenmut'un (ö. ...
Ölümden sonra ikinci bir hayatın başlayacağına inanan Mısırlılar, öteki yaşamda var olabilmek için ölümden önceki bedenlerine ihtiyaç duyacaklarını düşünmüşlerdir. Bu nedenle, ölen kişilerin bedenlerini, dış etkilerden korumak ve bozulmasını önlemek için bir takım kimyasallar kullanarak mumyalamışlardır. Aynı işlemi öteki yaşamda birlikte olmak istedikleri hayvanlarına da uygulamışlardır. Hayvan mumyaları, mumyalanma amaçlarına göre dört ayrı kategoride incelenmektedir. Bunlar; tanrının dünyadaki temsilcisi olduğu düşünülen kutsal hayvan mumyaları, sahiplerinin isteğiyle ölümden sonra da varlıklarının devam etmesi amacıyla mumyalanan evcil hayvan mumyaları, ölen kişilerin tüketebilmeleri için yiyecek olarak mumyalanan erzak hayvan mumyaları ve tanrıya bağışlandığında, insanlar ile tanrılar arasında aracı olacaklarına inanılan adak hayvan mumyalarıdır. Mumyalar üzerinde yapılan incelemelerde, hayvan mumyalarında, paraziter hastalıklara ilişkin bulgulara, bakteriyel hastalık bulgularına kıyasla daha fazla rastlanılmıştır. Bu hastalıklardan önemli kısmı zoonotik karakterli hastalıklardır. Ayrıca mumyalanan hayvanlar üzerinde yapılan cerrahi girişimlerin fazlalığı da dikkat çekicidir. Hayvanlara uygulanan bu sağaltıcı girişimler incelendiğinde, müdahaleyi yapan kişilerin, veteriner hekimliği hizmetleri alanında uzmanlaşmış kişiler olduğu şeklinde yorumlanmıştır. Dünya çapında müze koleksiyonlarında tutulan hayvan mumyalarına ve mumyalarla ilgili bilgilere (elde edilme şekilleri, coğrafik kökenleri, tarihleri, fotoğrafları), çevrimiçi bir veri tabanı olan Antik Mısır Hayvan Biyo Bankası (Ancient Egyptian Animal Bio Bank) aracılığıyla ulaşılabilmektedir. Antik Mısır'da, insanlara uygulanan mumyalama yönteminin benzer şekilde hayvanlara da uygulanmış olması, insanlar ve hayvanlar arasında dini inançlardan beslenen güçlü bir bağın ve yakın ilişkinin varlığına işaret etmektedir. Mumyalama tekniklerinin hayvanlar arasında farklılık göstermesi, hayvanlara yönelik tutum ve davranışların onlara atfedilen değere göre farklılıklar gösterdiği şeklinde yorumlanabilir. Ayrıca insan hayatında önemli bir yer edinen hayvanların, ihtiyaçları ve hastalıklarıyla da ilgilenilmesinin, veteriner hekimliği mesleğinin gelişmesine olumlu yönde katkı yaptığı sonucuna varılabilir. Believing in the presence of a second life after death, the Egyptians thought that they need their bodies in order to exist in that life. For this reason, they mummified the bodies of the deceased using a number of chemicals to protect them from external influences and prevent them from deteriorating. They applied the same process to the animals they wanted to be with in the next life. Animal mummies are divided into four different categories according to their mummification purposes. These are sacred animal mummies, which were thought to be the representative of the god in the world, pet mummies, mummified with the requests of their owners to continue their existence after death, animal mummies as food for consumption of the deceased and animal mummies dedicated to gods as votive offerings to act as intermediaries between humans and gods. In the examinations made on mummies, findings related to parasitic diseases were found more frequently in animal mummies compared to bacterial disease findings. Most of these diseases are zoonotic diseases. In addition, the excess of surgical interventions on mummified animals is striking. When these therapeutic interventions applied to animals were examined, it was interpreted that the people who carried out the intervention were experts in the field of veterinary medicine. Animal mummies held in museum collections around the world and information about mummies (how they were obtained, geographical origins, dates, photographs) are available through the Ancient Egyptian Animal Bio Bank, an online database. The fact that the mummification method applied to humans in ancient Egypt was applied to animals in a similar way indicates the existence of a strong bond and close relationship between humans and animals, nourished by religious beliefs. The fact that mummification techniques differ among animals can be interpreted as attitudes and behaviors towards animals differ according to the value attributed to them. In addition, it can be concluded that taking care of the needs and diseases of animals, which have an important place in human life, contributes positively to the development of the veterinary profession.
