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Carthage, necropolis?: female mask, ca. midseventh-early sixth century BCE. Louvre Museum, Department of Near Eastern Antiquities, inv. no. MNB 849. From Orsingher 2016, fig. 1.
Source publication
This volume brings together scholars in religion, archaeology, philology, and history to explore case studies and theoretical models of converging religions. The twenty-four essays presented, which derive from Hittite, Cilician, Lydian, Phoenician, Greek, and Roman cultural settings, focus on encounters at the boundaries of cultures, landscapes, ch...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... pls. XX:3, XXI:1-3), as shown by a contemporary example from from Tomb 1 (Phase 3: ca. late ninth-seventh centuries BCE) of the northern necropolis at Akhziv (Mazar 2004, 79, fig. 18). The relationship between masks and protomes remains a debated issue, as regards differentiating their function and meaning. While female protomes are widespread in the western Mediterranean, the occurrence of female masks is currently limited to Carthage, where only two examples have been tentatively identified (Orsingher 2016). One ...
Context 2
... the occurrence of female masks is currently limited to Carthage, where only two examples have been tentatively identified (Orsingher 2016). One ( fig. 1) comes from the excavations of Maurice Vézat on the Terrain Clariond at Dermech (Picard 1946(Picard -1949Cintas 1976, 78, 93−95, 249), whereas the other was reportedly found at La Malga ( fig. 2; on its find context, see Orsingher 2016 nn. 5-6). In both cases, very little is known about the find contexts. The limited occurrence of female masks and the contemporary widespread distribution of female protomes bearing the same iconography may represent two sides of the same coin: new attempts at iconographic strategies (albeit ...
Context 3
... this second stage, grinning masks are attested in other settlements of the central Mediterranean (e.g., Motya, San Sperate, Sinis di San Vero Milis, and Ibiza). From this period onwards, the grinning iconography was also reproduced in some Carthaginian amulets (Cintas 1976, 406, pl. LXXIII:7. See also an amulet from Sardinia: Acquaro 1984, 111, fig. 124) and cretulae (Berger 1997, 142, nos. 394−397, pl. 73;Morstadt 2010, 209, fig. 14). The few masks of the third period (ca. fifth-early fourth century BCE) were of low quality: they show less care and are finished in less detail. During the final decades of the third century BCE, the occasional resumption of the archaic iconography is ...
Context 4
... from tomb 10 of the Dermech necropolis ( Gauckler 1915, 1:3, pl. CXCVIII;Cintas 1946, 49, pl. IX:70;Picard 1965Picard -1966 fig. 1), which is dated to the second quarter of the seventh century BCE; while a plain-ware mask has been found in the cemetery at Douimes (Delattre 1897, 3-5, fig. 8; Cintas 1946, 49, pl. IX:71;Picard 1965Picard -1966 fig. 2). The find context of the second example is unknown. However, on the basis of the chronology assigned to other graves in the same cemetery (Bénichou-Safar 1982, 300-301 n. 66, 419), a date within the first half of the sixth century BCE seems ...
Context 5
... nos. 72-73;1976, 406, pl. LXXIII:6, Bénichou-Safar 2004, pl. XXXIII:1), the settlement ( Nukoop 2007, 793, no. 6387, fig. 439, pl. 54) and the cemetery ( Gauckler 1915, pls. CLI- CLII). Two further amulets of this type have been found in Sardinia: one has no context (Moscati 1988b, 697, no. 670), while the other comes from the tophet of Sulky (Bartoloni 2009, 250, fig. ...
Context 6
... chronology to the third century BCE assigned to the mask by Picard is based on this burial ground's period of use (Bénichou-Safar 1982, 317-19) and on stylistic and iconographic elements. 14 Another mask (h. 20 cm) comes from a tomb explored by Merlin near the theater ( Merlin 1916, ccxxx-ccxxxi, pl. XXXV;Bénichou-Safar 1982, 31-32, 41, no. 47, fig. 29, 63), on the Odeon hill ( fig. 7). This burial also included two transport amphorae, a painted domestic amphora, four unguentaria, one lamp of the 12. According to its only published image (Delattre 1903, 268-69 pl. XXIV:3), it seems better to assign this mask (h. 5.7 cm), from the necropolis of Sainte Monique, to the grinning type. ...
Context 7
... more doubts: judging by 16. Moscati (1988a, 107) has suggested instead that they are due to chronological discrepancies. 17. Ferron and Pinard 1955, 76-77, nos. 155-157, pls. LXXXII-LXXXIII;1960-1961. Theatrical masks also occurred on appliques and relief moldings (Ferron and Pinard 1955, 70, nos. 127-128, pl. LXVIII;1960-1961Lancel 1982, 174, fig. 219). The masks were already included in the inventory of Picard (1965Picard ( -1966. the hairstyle, it shows some resemblance to the Téleion hetairikón, the perfect hetaera (Bernabò Brea 1981, 225-29;2001, 255-58, figs. 356-362). Since both of these masks show facial features recalling figures already appearing in the Carthaginian ...
