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Lipophilic micronutrients (LM) constitute a large family of molecules including several vitamins (A, D, E, K) and carotenoids. Their ability to regulate gene expression is becoming increasingly clear and constitutes an important part of nutrigenomics. Interestingly, adipose tissue is not only a main storage site for these molecules within the body,...
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Context 1
... pigments are present in variable quantities in fruits and vegetables. Among the carotenoids, there are six found predominantly in human plasma: β-carotene, α-carotene, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin ( Figure 5). The first three belong to the carotene sub-group, while the last three are xanthophylls. ...
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Citations
... These findings were ultimately obtained as a consequence of the analysis of the radioactivity of radiolabeled vitamin D3 in adipose tissue, which was conducted in an indirect manner. ( Landrier et al., 2012). ...
There are many different kinds of cells that make up adipose tissue, and it plays a vital part in the regulation of inflammation and the maintenance of energy balance, both locally and throughout the body. It is one of the most important organs that is not skeletal in nature and serves as the principal storage location for vitamin D. Vitamin D also has an effect on this organ. It is vital to take into consideration the specific cell type, the stage of differentiation, and the length of time that the therapy is delivered in order to determine how vitamin D can affect multiple aspects of adipose tissue function and development. This is because vitamin D can help determine how vitamin D can influence these aspects. In spite of this, vitamin D has the ability to either slow down or speed up the differentiation process of adipocytes, which are cells that are responsible for the synthesis of fat. This is dependent on the specific cell type. Vitamin D is not only responsible for this, but it also plays a role in the regulation of the energy metabolism that occurs in adipose tissue. The oxidation of fatty acids, the expression of uncoupling proteins, insulin resistance, and the synthesis of adipokines are all altered as a result of this process. Furthermore, inflammation of adipose tissue is a substantial contribution to the metabolic abnormalities that are often associated with obesity. This is because adipose tissue is a major source of fat. There is evidence that vitamin D has the potential to influence the inflammatory response of immune cells, as well as the systemic response and adipocytes that are present in adipose tissue. Vitamin D also has the ability to influence the inflammatory response of immune cells. Additionally, vitamin D has the capacity to prevent the development of cancer in some people.
... The effects could be driven by the high β-carotene content supplied to IL6-2 supplemented mice (Table 1). Anti-obesogenic effect of β-carotene was previously suggested in both rodent and human studies (Amengual et al., 2011;Bonet, Canas, Ribot, & Palou, 2015;Coronel, Yu, Pilli, Kane, & Amengual, 2022;Landrier, Marcotorchino, & Tourniaire, 2012;Marcelino et al., 2020), possibly through the BCO1 (β-carotene 15,15′ oxygenase-1) mediated cleavage and conversion of β-carotene to retinoic acid. In mature adipocytes, retinoic acid may increase fatty acid oxidation, mitochondriogenesis and thermogenesis while inhibiting adipocyte differentiation (Coronel et al., 2022;Tourniaire et al., 2009Tourniaire et al., , 2015. ...
... Ample evidence exists that carotenoids, as highly fat-soluble compounds, accumulate in fat-collecting tissues, as well as in adipose tissue itself. It is believed that the content of adipose tissue in an organism may significantly affect the distribution of these compounds to other tissues and may also affect their concentration in the blood [17,23,28,34]. ...
Plasma carotenoid concentrations are associated with antioxidant defense which might be disturbed in people with excessive body weight (EBW). This study aimed at evaluating the effect of a 6-week weight reduction program on plasma concentration of β-carotene, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin in adults with EBW. A total of 130 adults were recruited for the study; 75 completed the program. Data on food consumption were collected with a 3-day recording method and a semi-quantitative FFQ. Body height, body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were measured. Lipid profile, β-carotene, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin were analyzed in blood. The AntioxObesity program resulted in a significant reduction in BW, WC, FM, SAT, and VAT. The mean plasma concentrations of β-carotene, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin increased significantly after intervention. A reduction in FM above 4 kg significantly increased the concentration of β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and total carotenoids. An increase in carotenoid levels correlated with FM reduction, as fruit and vegetable intake remained unchanged. However, this effect may vary due to gender, HDL-cholesterol, body fat content, and obesity status in the weight loss process.
... These comparisons may involve multiple tissue types, and data from whole fish samples may contain greater variability than that from a single tissue type. Such variability is likely due to different accumulation mechanisms among substances in tissues/organs (Landrier et al., 2012;Shukla et al., 2018), and possibly gut contents of individual whole fish. While this variability may have made the comparisons across tissue types less robust, it nevertheless highlights the possible range in the substance yields from the consumer's perspective. ...
Introduction
We are having pressing issues of global food insecurity and malnutrition. Mesopelagic communities in the North Atlantic have been estimated to have high biomasses of organisms. Some of these low-trophic organisms are known to be nutrient-dense and may thus contribute to food security and nutrition. Here, we aim to understand the variation in nutrient and undesirable substance concentrations in a common mesopelagic species, Maurolicus muelleri in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Methods
We sampled the M. muelleri from the Bay of Biscay (BB), Norwegian fjords (NF), and the North Sea (NS). The concentrations of micro- and macronutrients, undesirable metals, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were measured in composite whole fish samples.
Results
We found no difference across the sampling areas in the selected micronutrients except that the NF and NS samples had higher vitamin A1 concentrations than the BB samples. The NF samples had higher concentrations of fat, fatty acids, and POPs but lower concentrations of cadmium than the BB and NS samples; the differences in fat and fatty acids were only marginal in the NF-BB pair. The BB samples had lower arsenic concentrations than the NS samples, and lower concentrations of erucic acid and mercury than the NF and NS samples. Comparing the measured values against existing EU regulation values for nutrients and undesirable substances for human consumption, we found that the samples from NS and BB may cause food safety concerns due to their high cadmium concentrations, while the M. muelleri from all the sampling areas are qualified as good sources of iron, selenium, vitamin A1, and ω-3 fatty acids.
Discussion
This study confirms that M. muelleri from the North Atlantic Ocean may play an important role in food security and nutrition. However, potential variations in nutrient and undesirable substance concentrations related to seasonality, fish body size, and maturity level shall be taken into consideration prior to exploiting such a marine resource. Further understanding of trophic ecology, life cycles, and productivity of M. muelleri is essential to investigate the drivers behind the observed variation in nutrient and undesirable substance concentrations.
... However, our findings suggest that Vitamin E might increase the likelihood of BCaO in ATP participants, the bioavailability of Vitamin E from supplements is unclear [58]. Vitamin E is hydrophobic and bulk of this vitamin partitions into the adipose tissue (body fat) [59,60] and hence, more research is required to find the actual association of Vitamin E intake, bioavailability and its association with BCaO. ...
We propose a method to predict when a woman will develop breast cancer (BCa) from her lifestyle and health history features. To address this objective, we use data from the Alberta’s Tomorrow Project of 18,288 women to train Individual Survival Distribution (ISD) models to predict an individual’s Breast-Cancer-Onset (BCaO) probability curve. We show that our three-step approach–(1) filling missing data with multiple imputations by chained equations, followed by (2) feature selection with the multivariate Cox method, and finally, (3) using MTLR to learn an ISD model–produced the model with the smallest L1-Hinge loss among all calibrated models with comparable C-index. We also identified 7 actionable lifestyle features that a woman can modify and illustrate how this model can predict the quantitative effects of those changes–suggesting how much each will potentially extend her BCa-free time. We anticipate this approach could be used to identify appropriate interventions for individuals with a higher likelihood of developing BCa in their lifetime.
... There could be sex differences in the relationships of dietary vitamin E and C intakes with bone mass gain in adolescents. Vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin, mainly comes from vegetable oils, grains, nuts, and seeds [45], and it is mainly deposited in adipose tissue [46]. Females generally have more fat mass than males at the same body mass index (BMI) [47]. ...
(1) Background: Optimal bone mass accumulation during adolescence is crucial for maximising peak bone mass during adulthood. Dietary antioxidant vitamins may contribute to bone mass accumulation. This 2.5-year-long longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the relationships between dietary vitamin A, C, and E intakes and the annual changes in bone parameters among Chinese adolescents. (2) Method: Subjects aged 10–18 years (n = 1418) were recruited from a secondary school in Jiangmen, China. Dietary vitamin A, C, and E intakes were assessed using 24 h dietary records over 3 consecutive days. The Sahara Clinical Bone Sonometer was used to measure the broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and the speed of sound (SOS). Their annual changes were then calculated (i.e., BUA%/year, SOS%/year). The associations were detected after adjusting for the baseline bone phenotype; age; sex; weight; height; pubertal stage; physical activity; and dietary intakes of vitamin D, calcium and energy. (3) Results: A curvilinear relationship was found between the dietary intake of vitamin C and BUA%/year (p = 0.026); further analyses in the subgroups revealed that this relationship was observed in male adolescents (p = 0.012). A positive association was observed only in boys with a dietary vitamin C intake of ≥159.01 mg/day (β = 0.395, p = 0.036). Moreover, a linear positive association was shown between the dietary intake of vitamin E and BUA%/year in female adolescents (β = 0.082, p = 0.033). (4) Conclusion: Our findings indicated that dietary vitamin C intake has a threshold effect on bone mass gain in male adolescents and that dietary vitamin E intake could be a positive predictor of bone mass gain in female adolescents.
... After binding to ATRA, the conformation of the RARα changes, triggering the release of co-inhibitors and the recruitment of coactivators (steroid receptor co-activator, SRC-1, -2, and -3) and the recruitment of histone acetyltransferases (HATs), leading to transcriptional activation of target genes [29] (Figure 2). ATRA binds to retinoid receptors and their heterodimers, which can affect cellular processes not only through genomic pathways but also through non-genomic mechanisms [30]. ...
... After binding to ATRA, the conformation of the RARα changes, triggering the release of co-inhibitors and the recruitment of co-activators (steroid receptor co-activator, SRC-1, -2, and -3) and the recruitment of histone acetyltransferases (HATs), leading to transcriptional activation of target genes [29] (Figure 2). ATRA binds to retinoid receptors and their heterodimers, which can affect cellular processes not only through genomic pathways but also through non-genomic mechanisms [30]. In the absence of ligands, retinoic acid X receptors and RXR/RAR heterodimers bind to RAREs in the regulatory regions of target genes and inhibit transcription by recruiting HDAC or silencing mediators (SMRT and NCoR). ...
Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, which are the leading cause of death worldwide. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a natural derivative of essential vitamin A. Numerous studies have shown that ATRA plays an important role in cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, cell differentiation, and embryonic development. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a ligand of retinoic acid receptors that regulates various biological processes by activating retinoic acid signals. In this paper, the metabolic processes of ATRA were reviewed, with emphasis on the effects of ATRA on inflammatory cells involved in the process of atherosclerosis.
... Inadequate eating behavior which shifts to more fried meats, saturated fatty acid, and processed food with fewer vegetables and fruits may account for this, because the recovery with higher ascorbic acid concentrations in obese adults was shown to be associated with fruit consumption. In addition, the increased fat mass changes the physiology of micronutrient metabolism with lipophilic vitamins sequestered in adipose tissue [8], which decrease the vitamin levels. ...
Objectives
Aimed to demonstrate the association of VC and metabolism in the obesity or overweight and determine VC changes after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG).
Methods
A total of 253 overweight or people with obesity were recruited, including 61 with LSG. They were divided into group A (VC < 34 ug/ml) and group B (VC ≥ 34 ug/ml). Glucose-lipid metabolic parameters were compared, and VC status before and 6 and 12 months after LSG were measured.
Results
(1) Body weight, body mass index (BMI), neck circumference (NC), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio, heart rate (HR), diastolic systolic pressure (DBP), 2-hour postprandial glucose (2h-BG), fasting insulin (FINS), 2-hour postprandial insulin (2h-INS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HBG), homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol (TCH), triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) were higher while high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) was lower in group A than group B (p < 0.05). (2) VC was negatively correlated with body weight, BMI, NC, WC and HC, HR, SBP, DBP, and 2h-BG, FINS, 2h-INS, HGB, HOMA-IR, TG and FFA, while positively with HDL-C (p < 0.05). (3) Patients with obesity or hypertriglyceridemia or low HDL-C had lower VC than corresponding group. (p < 0.05). (4) Logistic regression analysis showed that VC was the independent risk factor of hypertriglyceridemia, obesity and low HDL-C 5) VC concentrations were slightly increased in 6 months after LSG, and unchanged in 12 months after LSG.
Conclusion
VC was closely associated with glucose-lipid metabolism, and may play a protective role in metabolic disorders. LSG would not worsen the VC status or deficiency.
... The regulation of adipose tissue by micronutrients may be one physiological mechanism underlying the effect of MMNS on body composition. Fat-soluble vitamins can modify fat mass through the regulation of adipocyte differentiation and metabolism [29]. Retinoic acid, β-carotene, and 25(OH)2D, the bioactive form of vitamin D, have shown anti-adipogenic effects through their activations of key transcription factors involved in adipocyte differentiation [30][31][32]. ...
Background
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing among African children potentially predisposing them to greater obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. This risk may be higher among growth-impaired children who may have greater fat mass. Therefore, we examined the effects of school-based physical activity (PA) promotion and multi-micronutrient supplementation (MMNS) on body composition among South African children enrolled in a longitudinal school-based randomized controlled trial.
Methods
Children were cluster-randomized by class to one of four groups: (a) a physical activity group (PA), (b) a multi-micronutrient supplementation group (MMNS), (c) a physical activity + multi-micronutrient supplementation group (PA + MMNS), and (d) control group, and were being followed for 3 years. Linear random effects regression models with random intercepts for school classes tested the associations of each intervention arm with overall fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), truncal fat mass (TrFM), and truncal fat-free mass (TrFFM) at 9 months (T2) for boys and girls. These differences were then explored among children who differed in height velocity (HV).
Results
A total of 1304 children (614 girls, 667 boys) in twelve clusters were assessed at baseline and after 9 months follow-up (T2). At baseline, approximately 15% of children were classified as overweight or obese while approximately 38% of children were classified as mildly stunted or moderately/severely stunted. Among girls, promotion of PA was associated with reduced FM and TrFM at T2 while MMNS was associated with increased FFM. Children with reduced HV in the PA arm had reduced FM while children in the MMNS arm with lower HV had increased FM compared to children in the control arm. Similarly, children with lower HV in the MM and PA groups had reduced TrFM compared to children in the control arm.
Conclusions
Our study suggests that the promotion of school-based physical activity programs and micronutrient supplementation can reduce childhood adiposity and so reduce the risk of obesity and chronic diseases later in adulthood.
Trial registration
ISRCTN, ISRCTN29534081. Registered on August 9, 2018. The trial was designed, analyzed, and interpreted based on the CONSORT protocol (Additional file 1: CONSORT checklist for randomized trial)
... 97 Currently, there is a new perspective on the role of carotenoids and their derivative products that connects these compounds with control of the accumulation of body fat and adipocyte biology, with possible implications for the treatment of obesity. 98,99 In addition, they exert antioxidant effects, but individual carotenoids may also act as a pro-vitamin A function (βcarotene) or constitute a macular pigment in the eye (lutein/ zeaxanthin). Therefore, an intake recommendation of lutein rich foods should be made for the general population. ...
The current increased industrial food production has led to a significant rise in the amount of food waste generated. These food wastes, especially fruit and vegetable byproducts, are good sources of natural pigments, such as anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids, and chlorophylls, with both coloring and health-related properties. Therefore, recovery of natural pigments from food wastes is important for both economic and environmental reasons. Conventional methods that are used to extract natural pigments from food wastes are time-consuming, expensive, and unsustainable. In addition, natural pigments are sensitive to high temperatures and prolonged processing times that are applied during conventional treatments. In this sense, the present review provides an elucidation of the latest research on the extraction of pigments from the agri-food industry and how their consumption may improve human health.
