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Carissa spinarum L fruit before harvesting (a), harvesting by hand-picking (b) and packaging sorted fruits (c)
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Carissa spinarum L. is one of the wild plants that gives a fruit and it consumed by the peoples who are lived in the study areas without any knowledge of its nutrients. Thus, this research work was designed to explore the physicochemical properties and nutritional values of the Carissa spinarum L. fruits which were collected from two different geog...
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... African peach fruit showed inferior contents of moisture, protein, ash, and fiber compared to the values reported by Onyekwere and Ernest (2014), and lower moisture content compared to the value reported by Yesufu and Hussaini (2014). This could be attributed to geographical and environmental factors that affect the physiochemical, nutritional, and sensorial characteristics of fruits (Siyuma and Meresa, 2021;Wang et al., 2024). Lower moisture content, in general, was presumed to reduce the vulnerability of products to microbial and chemical degradation and thereby increase their shelf life (Fellows, 2000). ...
Sudan is a rich country in wild plants that play significant roles in securing food and medicine in rural areas, especially. This study explored Sarcocephalus latifolius (African peach) and Vitex doniana (black plum) for their fruits’ proximate composition, minerals, total soluble phenols, phenolic acids, total carotenoids, lutein, β–carotene, α–tocopherol, δ–tocopherol and total antioxidant capacity. African peach fruit and black plum pulp showed total soluble phenols amounting to 16.89 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of Dry Weight (DW) and 7.56 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. The paramount phenolic acids were cinnamic acid (895 mg/kg DW) in African peach fruit and protocatechuic acid (1200 mg/kg DW) in black plum pulp. Total antioxidant capacities reached 268 µmoles trolox equivalents (TE)/g DW in African peach and 214 µmoles TE/g DW in black plum, when measured from hydrophilic extracts (HPE) using 2, 2-DiPhenyl-1-PicrylHydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The contents of total carotenoid were 47 mg/kg DW and 22.6 mg/kg DW, lutein reached 18.50 mg/kg DW and 15 mg/kg DW whereas β–carotene showed 0.31 mg/kg DW and 0.23 mg/kg DW in African peach and black plum, respectively. African peach showed α–tocopherol (167 mg/kg DW) whereas black plum showed δ–tocopherol (398 mg/kg DW). From this study, we concluded that African peach fruit and black plum pulp could be good sources of nutrition and antioxidants and have high potential for human health.
... In Fig. 4b the EDAX spectrum of the CB dye loaded TiO 2 film reveals a significant change. In addition to Ti and O, the spectrum incorporates elements such as Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca) which originate from the CB natural dye [20]. This difference between the elemental profiles before and after sensitization signifies the successful incorporation of dye molecules into the film matrix, emphasizing its relevance in optimizing the performance of DSSCs. ...
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) employing bioactive materials have emerged as a pivotal solution to the ever-increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly energy generation in the photovoltaic sector. In the present work, we investigate the utilization of Conkerberry (CB) extract as a sensitizer in conjunction with two different electrolytes for DSSCs: CB1 employing potassium iodide and CB2 utilizing lithium iodide as the respective electrolytes. The optical and functional analysis of the CB dye confirmed the presence of anthocyanin. Morphological and compositional analyses assessed the structural characteristics, porosity and uniformity of bare and CB-loaded TiO2 films. The evaluation of current conversion efficiency revealed a significant difference between CB1 and CB2 devices. CB2 achieved a remarkable efficiency of 2.24%, a 1.42-fold enhancement over CB1, with a Jsc of 5.47 mA cm⁻², Voc of 0.729 V, and a FF of 48%. Furthermore, in terms of stability, CB2 exhibited a slower rate of degradation, making it 1.6 times more stable than CB1. This remarkable advancement positions CB2 as a promising candidate for future solar energy conversion applications, surpassing many existing bioactive material-based DSSCs and signifies a notable step forward in the development of efficient and environmentally sustainable solar energy technologies.
... In terms of pH, the results of this study demonstrate that fresh karonda fruit has a pH of 8.1, which is quite higher than the previously reported study of Siyuma and Meresa (2021), and this might be due to the environmental and growing conditions of soil in two different countries. Regarding moisture content, the findings of this study reveal that fresh karonda fruit contains 67% moisture which is little higher than the findings of Siyuma and Meresa (2021) while dried karonda fruit contains 36%. ...
... In terms of pH, the results of this study demonstrate that fresh karonda fruit has a pH of 8.1, which is quite higher than the previously reported study of Siyuma and Meresa (2021), and this might be due to the environmental and growing conditions of soil in two different countries. Regarding moisture content, the findings of this study reveal that fresh karonda fruit contains 67% moisture which is little higher than the findings of Siyuma and Meresa (2021) while dried karonda fruit contains 36%. The moisture content is higher than that of other dried berries like cranberries (8.5%-14.9%) ...
Karonda is an indigenous berry fruit known for its unique sour taste and high nutritional value. The lack of awareness portrays the fruit as undervalued and neglected, despite its vast nutritional benefits. The study aimed to explore the physicochemical properties of fresh and dried karonda fruit and its application in formulating a jam product. The physicochemical parameters, including pH, acidity, reducing sugars, moisture content, ash content, and others, were analyzed for both fresh and dried fruits. The
... Nitrogen content was estimated as per the standard Kjehdahl method [28] using the nitrogen estimation system [Model: KEL PLUS Classic DX VATS (E), Pelican Equipments, Chennai, India]. After determination, the factor of 6.25 was used to obtain the protein content values [29]. ...
The presence of carbon and nitrogenous compounds in mango processing by-products makes them excellent substrates for the biosynthesis of many microbial metabolites using the fermentation process. Pre-treatment of the substrate with retention of crucial microbial growth supporting compounds is vital for designing and optimizing fermentation media for enhanced production of desired metabolites. Keeping this in mind, we analyzed the effect of convective hot air drying (50, 60, 70, and 80 °C) conditions on the bioactive compounds (especially carbohydrates and nitrogen), physico-chemical attributes, mineral elements, fermentable sugar, and microbial safety of mango peels (Cv-chausa) powder. Results indicated that different drying temperatures insignificantly (P > 0.05) affected the carbohydrates and reducing sugar (except at 80 °C) along with nitrogen and protein contents. The pH, ascorbic acid, total phenolic, and antioxidant activity decreased with an increase in drying temperatures. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry analysis revealed increased concentrations of majority nutrients with incremental temperature, possibly due to excessive desiccation and substantial dry matter increase. After 30 days at room temperature storage, the microbial load was within safe limits, as samples were devoid of food pathogens. Briefly, the study suggests the effectiveness of convective hot air drying (at 70–80 °C) for efficient drying and prolonged storage of stable powdered form mango peels (MP). The obtained MP powder can be used as a feedstock (with safe storability, preserved bioactive, primarily carbon and nitrogen compounds) for the year-round use in the microbial fermentation process and potential development of functional food.
Carissa spinarum L. belongs to the family Apoc-ynaceae. It is a native shrub of Asia, locally known as Karonda or Karanda, and is an underutilized crop throughout the Asian region. The Karonda fruit is a rich source of vitamin C, minerals, phenolics, antioxidants, flavonoids, and other biofunctional compounds. The lack of awareness and knowledge among the community results in the wastage of fruits. Therefore, the present research was designed to formulate an easy-to-prepare beverage drink using C. spinarum fruit to evaluate the nutritional potential of the undervalued Karonda fruit. A beverage drink was formulated with three pulp concentrations: 20, 30, and 40%, each having 12, 14, and 16°Brix, respectively. A total of nine treatments were prepared and stored for up to 10 weeks in refrigerated storage. The physicochemical parameters, such as pH, titratable acidity, vitamin C, total sugars, anthocyanin, total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants, were measured at two-week intervals from 0 to 10 weeks. Additionally, a sensory assessment of the beverage was conducted. A decreasing trend in titratable acidity was exhibited among all the treatments (from treatment 1 to treatment 9), with the values decreasing from 0.815 to 0.556 as the fruit concentration increased. On the other hand, an increasing trend was observed for pH (from 3.04 to 3.37), vitamin C (from 22.2 to 31.48), reducing and non-reducing sugars, anthocyanin (from 31.95 to 110), total phenolics (from 19.86 to 32.16), flavonoids (from 0.64 to 0.77), and antioxidants (from 48.8 to 67.6) from treatment 1 to treatment 9, respectively. The sensory studies of the beverage formulations revealed that treatment 9, which consisted of a 40% fruit base and 16°Brix, was the most acceptable for further development of the beverage at a commercial scale. This study represents a novel scientific contribution toward the utilization of the undervalued fruit of C. spinarum L. for the development of a beverage product. Ultimately, it has the potential to address food insecurity issues worldwide while offering its associated health benefits.
Wild and underutilized plants bearing fruits widely grow throughout the northern Himalayas, including Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, and Uttarakhand states of India. The fruits of these plants have the potential for
rural development in Northern Himalayas by developing more commercial products. Ficus auriculata, Rubus ellipticus,
Myrica esculenta, Ficus palmata, Pyracantha crenulate, Prunus armeniaca, Berberis asiatiica, Pyrus pashia, Rubus niveus,
Carissa spinarum, Cordia dichotoma, Flacourtia indica, Malus sikkimensis, Olea ferruginea, Elaeagnus latifolia, Corylus
jacquemontii, and Pinus gerardiana are some examples of the plant species. Local people mainly consume the fruits
of these plant species and a few of them are used for diferent processed food items such as jam, jelly, juice, squash,
and sauce on a small scale. Therefore, fruits of wild and underutilized plants have potential nutritional values. They
are widely used as sources of protein, fat, carbohydrate, macronutrients, and micronutrients. These fruits also contain
multipurpose and diversifed classes of phytochemical compounds such as favonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins,
glycosides, and alkaloids, which are applied to treat various human and livestock health ailments. The extracts of
underutilized fruits are widely applied to treat cold, fever, fertility disorders, diabetes, and skin diseases. Their phytochemical compounds also demonstrated antipyretic, analgesic, anti-infammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, and antinociceptive activities. Thus, this review highlights the current research status about the nutritional
profling, chemical composition, and utilization of these valuable fruits efectively/adequately to develop new food
and pharmaceutical products.
Fruits are a quintessential part of a healthy eating pattern and are a source of many vital nutrients. Heed in understanding the nutraceutical potential of underutilized fruits is a sore subject. Globally, a myriad of research has been carried out on many underutilized fruits, and these studies have highlighted their nutritional, ethnobotanical, and ethnomedicinal value. The present chapter focuses on the nutraceutical potential of underutilized wild edible fruits endemic to the south Western Ghats of India. The region is one of the hottest biodiversity hot spots, and the prevailing climatic conditions there, including the topography, wide rainfall variation, and varied temperature, have made it home to many flora and fauna. In recent years, rain-fed orchards have grabbed attention at a national level, and these wild fruits have gained further importance because of their availability all around the year. Apart from this, these serve as a source of food and medicine to native dwellers. The continuous depletion of forest areas due to human intervention has led to the loss of their habitat. The present chapter discusses the nutraceutical potential of selected underutilized fruits endemic to the southern Western Ghats of India.KeywordsUnderutilizedSouth-western GhatsNutraceuticalsBiodiversityEndemic
