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Background: Several lines of evidence suggest immune system derangement in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (OSAS), expressed by elevation in the circulating levels of proinflammatory markers and increase in the total number of neutrophils, but there is less information on possible alterations in lymphocyte expression. Objectives: Th...
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Background
FP-01.1 is a novel synthetic influenza A vaccine consisting of six fluorocarbon-modified 35-mer peptides that encapsulate multiple CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes and is designed to induce an immune response across a broad population.
Methods
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Objective:
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Materials and methods:
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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the economically most important pathogens for swine production worldwide. Vaccination is a powerful tool to control porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). However, it is not fully understood how PCV2 vaccination interacts with the porcine immune system. Especially knowledge on the cellular immune response aga...
Citations
... 23 Sleep apnea induced by medication may in turn induce early apoptosis of large granular lymphocytes which further compromises immunity and reduces immune surveillance. 24 A greater incidence of depression with zolpidem use has been reported. 25 A decrease in the number of natural killer T-cells has also been reported in patients with major depressive disorder. ...
Background: Zolpidem has been increasingly used in patients with sleep disorder due to its minimal respiratory depressor effects and short half-life. Materials and Methods: Recent case reports indicate that zolpidem usage may be associated with increased cancer mortality. This study aimed to determine the impact of zolpidem usage on the risk of incident cancer events in sleep disorder patients over a 3-year follow-up. Of the 6924 subjects diagnosed with sleep disorder in 2004, 1728 had used zolpidem. A Cox proportional hazard model was performed to estimate 3-year cancer event-free survival rates for patients using zolpidem and those not using it, after adjusting for confounding and risk factors. Results: At the end of follow-up, 56 patients had incident cancers, 26 (1.5%) who used zolpidem, and 30 (0.6%) who did not. After adjustments for gender, age, comorbidities, and other medications, patients using zolpidem had a 1.75 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–3) greater risk of cancer events than those not using zolpidem during the 3-year follow-up. Greater mean daily dose and longer use were associated with increased risk. Among patients with sleep disorder, mean daily dose >10 mg and length of drug use >2 months was associated with 3.74 times greater risk (95% CI, 1.42–9.83; P = 0.008) of incident cancer events. Conclusions: In this study, zolpidem use increased cancer events risk in sleep disorder patients. Risks and benefits of chronic zolpidem usage should be explained to sleep disorder patients, and long-term use should be monitored.
... Zolpidem was found to increase the apnea index and provoke greater oxygen desaturation compared to flurazepam and a placebo in a controlled double blind cross-over study, and 20 mg of zolpidem failed to overcome the existing contraindications to administration of hypnotic drugs in patients with heavy snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (Cirignotta et al., 1988). Sleep apnea induced by medication may in turn induce early apoptosis of large granular lymphocytes (Steiropoulos et al., 2009). A greater incidence of depression with zolpidem use has also been reported (Kripke, 2007). ...
Objective
Recent case reports suggest that zolpidem usage may be associated with infection events. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of infection events in patients with sleep disturbance taking zolpidem in a full 3-year follow-up study.
Methods
A total of 17474 subjects with a diagnosis of sleep disturbance in 2002 and 2003 were identified, of whom 5882 had used zolpidem after recruitment. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the 3-year infection event-free rates for the patients using zolpidem and those not using zolpidem after adjusting for confounding factors. To maximize case ascertainment, only patients hospitalized for infection events were included.
Results
A total of 646 patients had had infection events, 331 (5.63%) of whom had been taking zolpidem and 315 (2.71%) had not. Zolpidem usage increased the risk of infection events. After adjustments for gender, age, co-morbidities, and other medications, patients using zolpidem with cDDD 1-28, 29-84, and >84 had hazard ratios of 1.67 (95% CI, 1.32-2.11), , 1.91 (95% CI, 1.47-2.49) and 1.62 (95% CI, 1.32-1.98) respectively, compared with patients who did not use zolpidem.
Conclusions
Zolpidem increased the risk of infection events in sleep disturbance patients. This increased risk of infection should be explained to sleep disturbance patients, and prescriptions of zolpidem to chronic insomnia patients should be restricted.
