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![Fig. 4. Street categorisations by area [57] .](profile/Karam-Al-Obaidi/publication/365591796/figure/fig3/AS:11431281104252275@1669985007423/Street-categorisations-by-area-57_Q320.jpg)
The concept of future-proofing cities seeks to minimise environmental impacts by utilising various mitigation and adaptation techniques, specifically by improving urban fabric. Studies on urban forms and parameters have been extensively conducted in hot, arid and humid climates while they have been less investigated in temperate climates. In the UK...
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... two high streets in each city were considered. Both are route and resting spaces for pedestrians and within the walkable catchment areas and activity nodes of Cardiff and Bristol city centres ( Fig. 6 ). ...
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... has 149 days of rainfall per year and varying cloud cover and humidity levels depending on the month. Within Cardiff city centre, Saint Mary Street and The Hayes are considered the main high streets and have high occupancy rates ( Fig. 6 ). The street widths are 28.42m and 24.69m respectively with average building heights ranging from 9m to 18m on Saint Mary Street and 9m to 21m on The Hayes making the Aspect Ratio of both streets of a wide nature ( Fig. 7 ). ...
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... city centre area is of a highly dense urban fabric and is comprised of an organic grid street layout with most streets in the N-W and S-E orientation with close proximity to the River Avon and an expressway that runs all the way to the North of England ( Fig. 6 ). On average the climatic conditions in Bristol are similar to that of Cardiff, with temperatures ranging between 2.2°C to 13.3°C during winter and 11.1°C to 21.5°C during summer with wind speed and direction ranging from 1.8 m/s to 11 m/s from the WSW and W. Bristol has 123 days of rainfall per year and varying cloud cover and humidity levels depending on the month. ...
Citations
... Al Haddid, H., and Al-Obaidi, K. M. (2022). [53] Cardiff and Bristol England Aswan Egypt ...
The exponential growth of urban populations and city infrastructure globally presents distinct patterns, impacting climate change forecasts and urban climates. This study conducts a systematic review of the literature focusing on human thermal comfort (HTC) in outdoor urban environments. The findings indicate a significant surge in studies exploring HTC in open urban spaces in recent decades. While historically centered on Northern Hemisphere cities, there is a recent shift, with discussions extending to various metropolitan contexts in the Southern Hemisphere. Commonly employed urban categorization systems include Sky View Factor (SVF), Height × Width (H/W) ratio, and the emerging Local Climate Zones (LCZs), facilitating the characterization of urban areas and their usage. Various thermal indices, like Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET), Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), and Standard Effective Temperature (SET), are frequently utilized in evaluating external HTC in metropolitan areas. These indices have undergone validation in the literature, establishing their reliability and applicability.
... The building envelope plays a vital role in distributing light within indoor spaces [25]. Additionally, the intensity of daylight may vary based on factors such as climatic conditions, earth rotations, sky cover, and seasonal changes [26][27][28]. Energy efficiency can be improved through the implementation of daylighting technology and efficient lighting systems. This includes the use of high-reflectance materials on walls, ceilings, floors, and furniture [29,30]. ...
Abstract: This paper introduces a comprehensive methodology for creating diverse layout generation configurations, aiming to address limitations in existing building optimization studies that rely on simplistic hypothetical buildings. This study’s objective was to achieve an optimal balance between minimizing the energy use intensity (EUI) in kWh/m2, maximizing the views percentages to the outdoor (VPO), achieving spatial daylight autonomy (sDA), and minimizing annual sunlight exposure (ASE). To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the simulation, the research included calibration and validation processes using the Ladybug and Honeybee plugins, integrated into the Grasshopper platform. These processes involved comparing the model’s performance against an existing real-world case. Through more than 1500 iterations, the study extracted three multi-regression equations that enabled the calculation of EUI in kWh/m2. These equations demonstrated the significant influence of the window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and space proportions (SP) on the EUI. By utilizing these multi-regression equations, we were able to fine-tune the design process, pinpoint the optimal configurations, and make informed decisions to minimize energy consumption and enhance the sustainability of residential buildings in hot arid climates. The findings indicated that 61% of the variability in energy consumption can be attributed to changes in the WWR, as highlighted in the first equation. Meanwhile, the second equation suggested that around 27% of the variability in energy consumption can be explained by alterations in space proportions, indicating a moderate correlation. Lastly, the third equation indicated that approximately 89% of the variability in energy consumption was associated with changes in the SP and WWR, pointing to a strong correlation between SP, WWR, and energy consumption. The proposed method is flexible to include new objectives and variables in future applications.
... The distribution and effects of daylight within internal spaces are significantly influenced by the design of building envelopes [6]. Variations in the amount of daylight are caused by climate, earth rotation, cloud cover, time of day, and season [7][8][9]. Energy efficiency can increase by incorporating daylighting techniques with energy-efficient lighting systems and suitable reflective materials on walls, ceilings, floors, furniture, and other intelligent lighting systems [10]. In residential buildings, window design and glazing significantly improve visual comfort and energy efficiency. ...
The present study investigates the effects of visible light transmittance in glazing and window-to-wall ratios on the ground floor daylighting performance in a two-storey residential building in a warm-humid climate.
... One of the most actual issues of our time is the climatic comfort in the city [1][2][3]. The form of urban development, local microclimate, thermal comfort influences the formation of wind processes [4,5]. ...
The purpose of the study is to analyze and identify the most unfavorable pedestrian comfort zones in the Krasnodar Territory. The article uses a methodology for assessing pedestrian comfort, which takes into account the distribution of wind speeds along the wind rose, the pulsation component and the average wind speed, the duration of the manifestation of wind speeds in a certain direction. The assessment of comfort occurs according to three levels of comfort, the excess of which indicates the negative impact of wind on a person. As a result of the work, calculations were carried out according to the methodology used. Cartographic materials have been created and the most unfavorable wind zones have been identified, where the critical value of pedestrian comfort is exceeded.
... The distribution and effects of daylight within internal spaces are significantly influenced by the design of building envelopes [6]. Variations in the amount of daylight are caused by climate, earth rotation, cloud cover, time of day, and season [7][8][9]. Energy efficiency can increase by incorporating daylighting techniques with energy-efficient lighting systems and suitable reflective materials on walls, ceilings, floors, furniture, and other intelligent lighting systems [10]. In residential buildings, window design and glazing significantly improve visual comfort and energy efficiency. ...
Sustainable Day lighting is crucial for enhancing visual comfort indoors, which helps to reduce energy consumption on artificial lighting and so improves the psychological well-being of the residents. Various research on sustainable daylighting have been undertaken, but little emphasis has been placed on vernacular architecture, which is the outcome of hundreds of years of optimisation in creating a comfortable shelter utilising accessible materials and established construction techniques. This climate responsive design is being lost to universal architecture in emerging countries such as India owing to modernity. Therefore, this paper tries to evaluate the performance of sustainable day lighting techniques of four different typologies of roofs of traditional houses in Tamil Nadu, India. The study qualitatively and quantitatively examines the climate, geographical location and evaluates the total number of door and window openings and calculates the Window to wall ratio, uniformity ratio, threshold values and average daylight factor. The Quantitative evaluation has been carried out using simulation (DESIGN BUILDER) and experimental method (Illuminance meter) for all the four typologies. The study found that the Wind catcher houses, courtyard houses and clear storey houses achieved visual comfort than the Tiled roof houses. However, Clerestory house achieves the needed threshold value and average daylight factor with uniform spread of daylighting thereby achieving visual comfort without glare. Thus, this study will help us to identify the best typology in terms of achieving visual comfort and the final recommendations will be used by the architects to create sustainable day lighting strategies in modern buildings using solutions from vernacular houses which is usually a deserted area of research.
Arus Urbanisasi yang meningkat mengakibatkan perubahan guna lahan dan meningkatnya aktivitas perkotaan yang berimbas pada munculnya fenomena Urban Heat Island (UHI), terutama pada area perkotaan. Kawasan Terpadu Karet Tengsin Platinum merupakan salah satu kawasan superblok terpadu berlokasi strategis di Jakarta yang sedang berkembang. Karakter lokasi strategis yang dimiliki oleh Kawasan tersebut menyebabkan terjadinya perkembangan yang pesat dan berpotensi meningkatkan intensitas UHI pada kawasan tersebut. Untuk mengantisipasi hal tersebut, Kawasan Terpadu Karet Tengsin Platinum perlu memiliki kesiapan dalam mitigasi UHI. Pendekatan urban cooling dapat menjadi salah satu pendekatan dari segi perancangan dalam menilai kesiapan mitigasi UHI pada kawasan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan sudi terkait kesiapan Kawasan Terpadu Karet Tengsin Platinum dalam mitigasi UHI berdasarkan pendekatan urban cooling. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan dua tahap, yakni melakukan penilaian untuk menilai pemenuhan prinsip urban cooling melalui evaluasi semu dan melakukan penilaian untuk mengetahui indeks mitigasi panas rancangan kawasan melalui urban cooling modelling pada aplikasi InVEST 3.12.1. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa rancangan kawasan hanya memenuhi 41,7% prinsip urban cooling dan 92,8% kawasannya memiliki nilai indeks mitigasi panas yang sangat buruk. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa rancangan kawasan masih memiliki kesiapan yang untuk menangani permasalahan UHI. Maka pada penelitian ini diberikan beberapa rekomendasi yang diharapkan dapat membantu pemerintah dan para perencana maupun perancang kota untuk mengintegrasikan strategi urban cooling dalam merancang kawasan guna memitigasi UHI.
