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Carboniferous regional and international chronostratigraphy (modified from Wang and Jin, 2005; International Chronostratigraphic Chart, 2015). 1
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Variability in stratigraphic accumulation rates and distribution of stratal hiatuses along with strong endemism of index fossils hinder regional to global stratigraphic correlation of the Visean–Serpukhovian (V–S) boundary interval (late Mississippian) and thus geological inferences regarding the onset of the late Paleozoic ice age. Here we integra...
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... outcrop sections that were previously measured by colleagues as part of the effort to define the GSSPs for the Serpukhovian, Moscovian, Kasimovian, and Gzhelian stages of the Carboniferous (Fig. 2) were utilized in this study to define a platform-to-slope transect. Bed-by-bed sedimentologic logging and description (Fig. 3) were car- ried out using a metric tape and the aluminum spikes with metric marks that were previously placed every meter by colleagues. This paper focuses on a ~20-m-thick interval that straddles the V-S ...
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... The continuous sections B and C are the reference sections of the regional Dewuan Stage, characterized by the thick limestone with abundant corals and brachiopods (Wu, 2008;Lin et al., 2012;Lin, 2013). The beds with paleokarsts or storm-sorted brachiopods may indicate intervals of disturbed deposition (Chen et al., 2016;Yao et al., 2016a). Conodonts are rare in this section, and foraminifers are the primary biochronostratigraphic indexes. ...
... Conodonts are rare in this section, and foraminifers are the primary biochronostratigraphic indexes. The Visean-Serpukhovian boundary was tentatively put within a paleokarst bed in the upper part of Shangsi Formation, about 5 m below the regional Shangsian-Dewuan boundary (Wu, 2008;Groves et al., 2012;Chen et al., 2016). ...
The typical Mississippian shallow-water deposits of the Jiusi and Shangsi formations are well exposed in the Yashui section in southern Guizhou, South China. The strata are composed mainly of platform limestones intercalated with shales and sandstones. Conodonts obtained from the limestones are dominated by two assemblages of cavusgnathids: the Cavusgnathus aff. Cav. unicornis and Clydagnathus windsorensis assemblage from the upper Jiusi Formation and the Cavusgnathus unicornis assemblage from the lowest Shangsi Formation. Vogelgnathus campbelli (Rexroad, 1957) is reported for the first time in Eastern Paleotethys and is characterized by small lateral denticles. The evolutionary first occurrence of Cavusgnathus unicornis Youngquist and Miller, 1949 is recognized as a marker for the regional Shangsian stage. This biostratigraphic datum is interpreted to be correlative with other shallow-water conodont zones marked by Cavusgnathus unicornis s.l. and similar species from North America and Europe.
... Common radiolarian and sponge spicules as well as rare bioturbation indicate that thin-bedded lime mudstones to wackestones were deposited in relatively deep-water conditions, below the storm wave base. Periodically concentrated normal-graded calcirudite-bearing beds, typically characterizing the base of turbidite sequences, are interpreted to be the result from turbidity currents on a slope environment during relative sea-level falls (Reijmer et al. 2012;Chen et al. 2016). Bioclast-bearing beds intercalated within muddy limestones were probably formed by distal turbidity currents during relative sea-level rises. ...
... 6. Evaluating the diachronism in the FODs of Lochriea ziegleri 6.a. Constraints from sequence stratigraphy High-amplitude sea-level falls related to the onset of the main phases of glaciation during the LPIA have been suggested to In the Naqing section of South China, Chen et al. (2016) attributed the Viséan-Serpukhovian transition to a lowstand systems tract, which was suggested to correlate with a palaeokarst with development of thick paleosols in the platform-top Yashui section. In the Danlu section, the FOD of L. ziegleri is at the uppermost part of a regressive systems tract (Fig. 2). ...
The Viséan–Serpukhovian boundary is poorly defined in South China, hampering
regional and global stratigraphical correlations. The foraminiferal and conodont distribution of the Baping Formation in the carbonate-slope Danlu section permits the recognition of an interval from the middle Viséan to the uppermost Serpukhovian in a continuous succession. The base of the Serpukhovian in Danlu is recognized by the first occurrences of Janischewskina delicata, Howchinia subplana, and questionable ‘Millerella’ tortula. At a slightly younger level, the conodont Lochriea ziegleri is first recorded. A calibration on the first occurrence of L. ziegleri in different basins at a global scale has been revised compared to auxiliary markers within the ammonoids and foraminifers. The late occurrence of L.
ziegleri in the Danlu section also supports a lack of synchronicity in the global first
occurrence of this taxon. This study calls for the recognition of a new base for the
Serpukhovian under a far better correlation between different zonal schemes and fossil groups.
... This positive excursion is bounded by two narrow negative excursions having amplitudes of about 1-2‰. These carbon isotope excursions are clearly distinguished in several South China successions and biostratigraphically well constrained (Chen et al., 2016;Liu et al., 2022). This article is focused on the evaluation of the correlation potential of the carbon isotope excursions near the Viséan/Serpukhovian boundary, with special attention to the northern Laurussia region (north-eastern Europe). ...
The fauna provincialism in the Viséan/Serpukhovian boundary interval led to the appearance of some problems with the tracing this boundary with biostratigraphic methods. Therefore, it is important to determine auxiliary non-biostratigraphic markers of the boundary. The article is focused on the evaluating of the correlation potential of the carbon isotope excursions near the Viséan/Serpukhovian boundary with special attention to the northern Laurussia region. The biostratigraphically constrained carbon isotope record is revealed from the terminal Viséan lower Serpukhovian (Mississippian) shelf successions of the northern Laurussia (6 key sections located in the north of Urals and Cis-Urals, NE Europe). Onset of the negative excursion in the middle part of the Lochriea ziegleri conodont Zone (lower Serpukhovian) shows amplitude of 1-2‰ and high spatial stability, and can be used as a stratigraphic marker in regional and global correlations.
... The occurrence of abundant bioclasts, angular intraclasts, and lime mud matrix collectively represent a relatively moderate-energy condition (Chen et al., 2016b). Abrasive and subrounded fossil fragments indicate short-distance transportation (Flügel, 2010). ...
... Furthermore, δ 13 C carb can also be used as a tool for stratigraphic correlation (Cramer and Jarvis, 2020). However, δ 13 C carb records can be influenced by many factors, such as the global carbon cycle, δ 13 C gradient of the marine DIC, regional cycle of water mass, stratigraphic discontinuity, and diagenesis (Patterson and Walter, 1994;Holmden et al., 1998;Raven and Falkowski, 1999;Swart and Eberli, 2005;Batt et al., 2007;Swart, 2008Swart, , 2015Buggisch et al., 2011;Chen et al., 2016b). These factors may have resulted in highly variable δ 13 C carb records during the late Pennsylvanian to early Cisuralian ( Fig. 1; Buggisch et al., 2011Buggisch et al., , 2015Nakazawa et al., 2011;Koch and Frank, 2012;Zeng et al., 2012;Liu et al., 2017;Yu et al., 2020). ...
... The middle part (middle Asselian to mid-late Sakmarian) is characterized by coarse-grained carbonate facies including thick-bedded grainstones, rudstones, and slumps. Frequent sediment failure on the carbonate slope most likely resulted from cyclic glacio-eustatic changes due to repeated advance and retreat of Gondwanan glaciers (Hilbrecht, 1989;Spence and Tucker, 1997;Nichols, 2009;Chen et al., 2016b;Tian et al., 2020). Transgression during late Asselian resulted in flourishing of carbonate factories on the shelf/platform (Fig. 8B). ...
... School of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Shiji Road 2001, 454003 Jiaozuo, PR China;Daniel Vachard [daniel.vachard@free.fr], 1 rue des Tilleuls,59152 Gruson,France; with isotopic analyses (e.g. Chen et al. 2016Chen et al. , 2018Chen et al. , 2019Wang et al. 2019), and some attempts of correlation with shallow-water platforms have been published (e.g. Chen et al. 2016). ...
... Chen et al. 2016Chen et al. , 2018Chen et al. , 2019Wang et al. 2019), and some attempts of correlation with shallow-water platforms have been published (e.g. Chen et al. 2016). ...
Ten foraminiferal zones are proposed in the Youjiang Basin (South China): Pojarkovella, Pojarkovella nibelis-Endothyranopsis compressa, Cribrospira panderi-Eostaffella ikensis, Climacammina, Janischewskina delicata, Eostaffellina decurta, Bradyina cribrostomata, Eostaffellina actuosa-Eostaffellina protvaensis, Plectostaffella and Pseudostaffella antiqua zones. These zones span the interval from the middle Viséan to the late Serpukhovian in a continuous succession, and above, a final zone characteristic of the Severokeltmian Substage in the middle part of the early Bashkirian. These zones are compared with other foraminiferal zones described from China, particularly with those from South China and allow to uniformize the foraminiferal stratigraphical records in the region, and to standardize the foraminiferal zones defined in those regions. The stratigraphic range of some taxa is still debated, but the Viséan-Serpukhovian and the lower-upper Serpukhovian boundaries are well constrained by well-known cosmopolitan taxa. Foraminifers during the lower Middle Mississippian (middle Viséan to the earliest late Viséan) are more similar to the foraminiferal assemblages described from Western Europe, whereas from the upper Middle to Late Mississippian (i.e., latest Viséan-Serpukhovian) are more similar to those in the Russian Platform, and thus, the use of the Russian zonal scheme and biostratigraphy is more practical than to use the biozones defined in Western Europe.
... Medium-to thick-bedded wackestone indicates a moderate-to-low energy hydrodynamic setting (Chen et al., 2019). The high biodiversity of fossil fragments indicates that this facies formed in the nutrientrich, photic marine environment (Chen et al., 2016;Palma et al., 2007). ...
... During the LPIA, the eustatic fluctuation was primarily controlled by waxing and waning of ice sheets in high-latitude regions (Fielding, 2021;Heckel, 1986;Ross and Ross, 1985). The temporal changes in the magnitude of eustatic fluctuations can be used as a proxy for changes in ice volume and thus to constrain the onset and demise of the LPIA as well as the glacial-interglacial cycles (Chen et al., 2016;Chen et al., 2019;Davies, 2008;Rygel et al., 2008). The lower Outangdi succession (from − 15.9 m to − 3.8 m) is primarily composed of supratidal to upper intertidal facies, punctuated by several exposure surfaces, indicating overall very shallow water and low-amplitude sea-level fluctuations. ...
The late Paleozoic ice age was the longest icehouse of the Phanerozoic with complex terrestrial ecosystems and metazoan life. Simulations of late Paleozoic climate have confirmed the coupled relationship between Gondwanan ice dynamics and paleotropical climate on a multitude of timescales. However, it is still unclear how precipitation in the tropical zone would respond to changes in paleoclimate during the late Paleozoic ice age. Here, we present detailed sedimentological and biostratigraphic works on a late Carboniferous mixed carbonate-siliciclastic succession from the southeastern South China Block to explore sedimentary responses to paleoclimate variations. Conodont and fusulinid biostratigraphy indicate that the Outangdi succession formed during the middle to late Moscovian. Detailed facies analysis suggests that the succession was deposited on a carbonate ramp, episodically punctuated by braid delta sedimentation. Given the relatively stable tectonic setting and well-correlated, coeval siliciclastic deposition in the paleotropical peri-Paleotethys regions, the abrupt increase in siliciclastic influx in the late Moscovian resulted from an enhanced precipitation event associated with the glacial-to-interglacial shift.
... The mud was transported through the shedding of carbonate sediments from the adjacent platforms. The carbonate turbidite intercalations consist mainly of thin-to thick-bedded, normally graded, bioclastic packstone to wackestone with intraclasts, which were mostly transported from shallow-water marine carbonates through turbidity currents moving down the slope (e.g., Chen et al., 2016Chen et al., , 2019. Three intervals of slumped carbonates, including 367.55 m-369.85 ...
Late Paleozoic deglaciation is Earth's first icehouse-to-greenhouse transition with extensive vegetation, but the response of tropical climate to this transition has not yet been fully addressed. Here, cyclostratigraphic analysis was conducted on the magnetic susceptibility (MS) record of a deep marine carbonate succession in South China to construct the astrochronology of late Cisuralian (Early Permian), and decipher the evolutionary response to the climate transition in the MS and δ13Ccarb time series. The constructed astronomical time scale indicates an age of 272.83 ± 0.2 Ma for the Cisuralian–Guadalupian boundary in South China. Synchronizing global records demonstrates a complicated linkage between low and high latitudes, involving secular changes in atmospheric pCO2, ice volume, tropical climate and carbon cycling. In the final stage of the Early Permian icehouse (~290–288.2 Ma), the delivery of moisture from low to high latitudes was reduced in comparison with that in the icehouse apex. A more humid climate facilitated the development of tropical coal forests and more storage of 12C on land. In a full greenhouse condition (~281–272 Ma), the tropical responses to a rise in atmospheric pCO2 involved continental drying and ocean stagnation. On a shorter time scale, the nodes of 1.36 Myr obliquity cycles triggered ice-sheet expansion and enhanced tropical precipitation during an icehouse condition. With the gradual transition to an arid greenhouse, the insolation-climate relationship began to change at ~285.1 Ma, and the obliquity nodes became associated instead with terrestrial aridity and marine anoxia. These results bring into a focus pattern of shifting dynamics involving Earth's astronomical parameters and climate change for icehouse and greenhouse worlds in the Late Paleozoic Era.
... inol et al. 2015). In lower-latitude successions, the 'mid-Carboniferous' glaciation is recorded by a basin-wide shift in sedimentation and by the development of widespread erosional and karst surfaces, and, in places, a multimillion-year unconformity (Blake and Beuthin 2008;Rygel et al. 2008;Bishop et al. 2009;Martin et al. 2012;Eros et al. 2012b;J. Chen et al. 2016). Notable cooling and increased ice accumulation at this time is further indicated by a large-scale increase in biogenic δ 18 O values (Fig. 3c) (Buggisch et al. 2008;B. Chen et al. 2016;Montañez et al. 2018;Grossman and Joachimski 2020). A contemporaneous increase in brachiopod δ 13 C values (Fig. 3d) is interpreted as a major increase ...
Icehouses are the less common climate state on Earth, and thus it is notable that the longest lived (∼370 to 260 Ma) and possibly most extensive and intense of icehouse periods spanned the Carboniferous Period. Mid- to high-latitude glaciogenic deposits reveal a dynamic glaciation-deglaciation history with ice waxing and waning from multiple ice centers and possible transcontinental ice sheets during the apex of glaciation. New high-precision U-Pb ages confirm a hypothesized west-to-east progression of glaciation through the icehouse, but reveal that its demise occurred as a series of synchronous and widespread deglaciations. The dynamic glaciation history, along with repeated perturbations to Earth System components, are archived in the low-latitude stratigraphic record revealing similarities to the Cenozoic icehouse. Further assessing the phasing between climate, oceanographic, and biotic changes during the icehouse requires additional chronostratigraphic constraints. Astrochronology permits the deciphering of time, at high resolution, in the late Paleozoic record as has been demonstrated in deep- and quit-water deposits. Rigorous testing for astronomical forcing in low-latitude cyclothemic successions, which have a direct link to higher latitude glaciogenic records through inferred glacioeustasy, however, will require a comprehensive approach that integrates new techniques with further optimization and additional independent age constraints given challenges associated with shallow-marine to terrestrial records.
... III) Stable isotope distribution. A synoptic screening diagram based on Huck et al. (2017), Immenhauser et al. (2003), Lohmann (1988) and Chen et al. (2016) was used (Fig. 2). IV) Total organic content. ...
Details of the Early-Middle Frasnian boundary interval of the Pymvashor River section (Timan-Pechora Basin, Cis-Urals, in the far north of European Russia) are revealed by biostratigraphically constrained carbonate (δ13Ccarb) and organic carbon (δ13Corg) stable data. The studied interval corresponds to the lower part of the Domanik Formation, which consists of interbedded limestone and shale beds. Organic-rich black shale that lacks bioturbation and benthic organisms indicates an oxygen-depleted depositional environment. Detection of isorenieratene derivatives in organic matter indicates that anoxia was present in the photic zone during deposition. The Pymvashor River section contains δ13Ccarb andδ13Corg isotope records related to the Early-Middle Frasnian isotope Event. The similarity between the Cis-Uralian (this study) and the Chinese δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg oscillations, including the two-step pattern of the recorded major positive excursions, suggests a robust correlation of the Late Devonian Early-Middle Frasnian isotope Event and minor intra-event excursions. Magnitude of variations and values of δ13Corg and δ13Ccarb in the punctata Zone in the Pymvashor River section are minor than those observed in the North American, Polish, and Chinese successions. Such difference may reflect specific variation of the local environments.
... This would be seen in a succession by an upward change in the range in formative water depths recorded by lithofacies and in the development of a clearly cyclical stacking pattern. Such changes have been recognized in a number of regions to estimate the late Mississippian onset of the main phase of Gondwanan glaciation (Smith and Read, 2000;Wright and Vanstone, 2001;Al-Tawil and Read, 2003;Bishop et al., 2009;Barham et al., 2012;Fielding and Frank, 2015;Chen et al., 2016;Huang et al., 2020;Ahern and Fielding, 2021). Although estimates vary from one region to another, it is nonetheless clear that the eustatic signal became widespread and significant at about 330 Ma (Fig. 16). ...
... In carbonate-dominated successions, evidence of repeated exposure and inundation has been recognized in late Mississippian successions (e. g., Wright and Vanstone, 2001;Bishop et al., 2009;Chen et al., 2016), whereas in more clastic sediment-rich cyclothems, alternating palaeosols and marine facies denote significant base-level fluctuations. An example is given by the late Mississippian succession of eastern Scotland where a long interval of coastal plain fluvial and estuarine deposits abruptly passes upward into cyclothems preserving both marine limestones/shales and palaeosols, including coal beds. ...
The term “cyclothem” was coined by Wanless and Weller (1932) to characterize a repetitive stratigraphic motif in the Pennsylvanian succession of the Illinois Basin, central USA, and it subsequently became popular among geologists as a general term for similarly repetitive successions worldwide. Although use of the term has become somewhat indiscriminate in the interim, it is here considered best reserved for the distinctive stratal rhythms characteristic of the late Palaeozoic in the palaeotropical realm of Laurussia, recording repeated alternation of marine and nonmarine depositional conditions. Cyclothems comprise arrays of terrigenous clastic, organic, and chemical/biochemical lithologies that record accumulation mainly on slowly-subsiding platforms and ramps, under limited accommodation and limited sediment supply, often strongly seasonal tropical and subtropical climates, and forcing by repeated, large-magnitude excursions of sea level. A spectrum of variation is recognized, from carbonate-mudrock-dominated variants at one extreme to coarse clastic-dominated styles at the other. Cyclothems can be rationalized as depositional sequences which are thin (metres to a few tens of metres), condensed, incomplete in terms of systems tracts, and top-truncated. Given their demonstrated widespread extent, cyclothems have been attributed by many researchers to forcing by eustatic sea-level fluctuations, and a variety of evidence suggests they correlate to 100 kyr glacial cycles on Gondwana. By analogy with Quaternary 100 kyr glacial cycles, much of the time in a cycle was taken up by a protracted, complex drawdown of sea-level, during which valleys and channels were excavated and interfluves were pedogenically modified. Most of the depositional record of cyclothems probably formed in the relatively short interval following lowstand/glacial maximum when sea-level rose to its interglacial maximum. Analysis of cyclothemic successions can contribute to a fuller understanding of the magnitude of sea-level excursions and palaeoclimatic changes during the late Palaeozoic, and can help to pinpoint the timing of key events such as the main onset of the late Palaeozoic Ice Age.
