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![Carbon coating on LFP particles. (a) SEM morphology of LiFePO 4 /C [16], (b) SEM morphology of LiFePO 4 /activated carbon/graphene [22], (c) TEM morphology of LiFePO 4 /C/CNT structure [27], (d) SEM image of LiFePO 4 /graphite [16].](publication/373347651/figure/fig2/AS:11431281183436388@1692883622301/Carbon-coating-on-LFP-particles-a-SEM-morphology-of-LiFePO-4-C-16-b-SEM.png)
Carbon coating on LFP particles. (a) SEM morphology of LiFePO 4 /C [16], (b) SEM morphology of LiFePO 4 /activated carbon/graphene [22], (c) TEM morphology of LiFePO 4 /C/CNT structure [27], (d) SEM image of LiFePO 4 /graphite [16].
Source publication
In the past decade, in the context of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality era, the rapid development of new energy vehicles has led to higher requirements for the performance of strike forces such as battery cycle life, energy density, and cost. Lithium-ion batteries have gradually become mainstream in electric vehicle power batteries due to t...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... to the coated carbon source, the coating method can be divided into inorganic carbon sources (e.g., carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.) and organic carbon sources (e.g., sucrose, glucose, starch, etc.). According to the morphology of coated carbon, the coating method can be divided into one-dimensional carbon (carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes), two-dimensional carbon (graphene), and three-dimensional carbon (carbon nanotube array, graphene skeleton), as shown in Figure 3. It should be pointed out that the metal oxide layer can achieve the neutralization of HF, reduce acidity, and weaken transition metal migration. ...
Context 2
... to the coated carbon source, the coating method can be divided into inorganic carbon sources (e.g., carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.) and organic carbon sources (e.g., sucrose, glucose, starch, etc.). According to the morphology of coated carbon, the coating method can be divided into one-dimensional carbon (carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes), two-dimensional carbon (graphene), and three-dimensional carbon (carbon nanotube array, graphene skeleton), as shown in Figure 3. It should be pointed out that the metal oxide layer can achieve the neutralization of HF, reduce acidity, and weaken transition metal migration. ...
Context 3
... situ carbon coating can form almost all kinds of carbon coating. Guan et al. [22] first synthesized LFP/activated carbon composite with a size of 100-300 nm using the solvothermal method, mixed the composite with graphene oxide, and finally carried out a sol heat treatment to prepare an LFP/activated carbon/graphene composite, as shown in Figure 3b. The capacity increased from 105 mAh·g −1 in LFP to 156.3 mAh·g −1 Materials 2023, 16, 5769 7 of 18 in LFP/activated carbon and 167.3 mAh·g −1 in LFP/activated carbon/graphene. ...
Context 4
... the capacity retention rate of LFP/activated carbon/graphene reached 96.3% after 300 cycles at a high rate of 30 C. Guo et al. [27] synthesized LFP/C composite materials via modification with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The surface of LFP has a carbon coating layer with a thickness of 2-3 nm, and LFP/C nanoparticles are in close contact with CNTs, forming a three-dimensional network (Figure 3c). This coating treatment reduced the polarization effect from 332.7 mV in LFP to 63.3 mV in LFP/C and 45.6 mV in LFP/C/CNTs, indicating a significant improvement in the diffusion coefficient and conductivity of lithium ions. ...
Citations
... This ion mixing is detrimental because it decreases the Li + concentration. The reason for this mixing is due to the similarity of sizes of Li + and Ni 2+ radii [31]. ...
This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the electrode materials used for Li-ion batteries. Key electrode materials for Li-ion batteries have been explored and the associated challenges and advancements have been discussed. Through an extensive literature review, the current state of research and future developments related to Li-ion battery electrodes were identified. The study also covers a wide range of subtopics, including the theoretical aspects of the basic functioning of lithium-ion batteries and the crystal structures of different electrode materials. Additionally, emerging trends and future directions in the development of high-performance commercial battery electrodes have been revealed, providing insights into promising avenues for further research. By synthesizing existing knowledge and analyzing the latest research, this review aims to provide a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders interested in developing state-of-the-art high-performance Li-ion batteries. The findings and perspectives presented in this paper contribute to a deeper understanding of electrode materials for Li-ion batteries and their advantages and disadvantages, ultimately fostering advancements and innovations in commercial lithium-ion battery (LiB) electrode technology.
... An important advantage of LFP batteries is their long lifetime of up to 6000 cycles, which is roughly three times higher than NMC cells. Unfortunately, the material has low conductivity, a low lithium-ion diffusion coefficient, high self-discharge rates, and, compared with other materials, a relatively low specific capacity of 130 mAh/g to 140 mAh/g [61,62]. ...
Significant efforts are being made across academia and industry to better characterize lithium ion battery cells as reliance on the technology for applications ranging from green energy storage to electric mobility increases. The measurement of short-term and long-term volume expansion in lithium-ion battery cells is relevant for several reasons. For instance, expansion provides information about the quality and homogeneity of battery cells during charge and discharge cycles. Expansion also provides information about aging over the cell’s lifetime. Expansion measurements are useful for the evaluation of new materials and the improvement of end-of-line quality tests during cell production. These measurements may also indicate the safety of battery cells by aiding in predicting the state of charge and the state of health over the lifetime of the cell. Expansion measurements can also assess inhomogeneities on the electrodes, in addition to defects such as gas accumulation and lithium plating. In this review, we first establish the mechanisms through which reversible and irreversible volume expansion occur. We then explore the current state-of-the-art for both contact and noncontact measurements of volume expansion. This review compiles the existing literature on four approaches to contact measurement and eight noncontact measurement approaches. Finally, we discuss the different considerations when selecting an appropriate measurement technique.
... An important advantage of LFP batteries is their long lifetime of up to 6,000 cycles, roughly three times higher than NMC cells. Unfortunately, the material has low conductivity, low lithium-ion diffusion coefficient, high self-discharge rates and, compared with other materials, a relative low specific capacity of 130 mAh/g to 140 mAh/g [49,50]. ...
Significant efforts are being made across academia and industry to better characterize lithium-ion battery cells as reliance on the technology for applications ranging from green energy storage to electric mobility increases. The measurement of short-term and long-term volume expansion in lithium-ion battery cells is relevant for several reasons. For instance, it provides information about the quality and homogeneity of battery cells during charge and discharge cycles, as well as aging over it’s lifetime. The expansion measurements are useful for the evaluation of new materials and the improvement of end-of-line quality tests during cell production. These measurements may also indicate the safety of battery cells by aiding in predicting state of charge and state of health over the lifetime of the cell. Expansion measurements can also assess inhomogeneities on the electrodes and defects such as gas accumulation and lithium plating. In this review, we first establish the known mechanisms through which short term and long term volume expansion in lithium-ion battery cells occurs. We then explore the current state-of-the-art for both contact and non-contact measurements of volume expansion. This review compiles existing literature to outline the various options available to researchers aiming to make ex situ volume expansion measurements by doing post mortem analyses on individual components and in operando measurements on entire battery cells. Finally, we discuss the different considerations when selecting an appropriate measurement technique. The selection of the optimal method for measuring battery cell expansion depends on the objective of the characterization, duration, required resolution, and repeatability of results. Costs and required space for the measurement equipment are also considered.
