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Many actions have been undertaken worldwide to cope with climate change and to effectively reach the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Top-down approaches, based on both policies for the development of enabling technologies and incentives to promote their wide applications, have been largely adopted in most of the cases. However, the potenti...
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... the bottom part of Figure 1 three scenarios of possible final output are simulated, where different combinations of actions from Table 2 are proposed. In particular: scenario 1 combines actions 1, 3 and 4; scenario 2 combines actions 2 and 5; scenario 3 combines all the five proposed actions. ...
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... A key area of inequality in climate change is an individual's environmental impact (Chancel & Piketty, 2015;Ogunbode, 2022;Oswald et al., 2020). Carbon footprints provide a quantifiable indication of environmental impact and are increasingly being used in academia as a variable to explore not only carbon footprints as an outcome, but also as a driver of behaviour (Marchi et al., 2021;Tolppanen & Kang, 2021;Zhong et al., 2019). As explored throughout this thesis, the intent-impact gap suggests that individuals with higher carbon footprints are more likely to intend to act pro-environmentally but less likely to take significant act pro-environmental action. ...
Behaviour change is a crucial tool for mitigating climate change, but it should be applied ethically and equitably. Nudge interventions and liberal paternalism have become increasingly popular, but are also subject to various ethical criticisms and challenges. To explore some of these criticisms, this study investigates how pro-environmental nudges, which subtly influence people's choices without restricting their options, affect decision-making consciousness and climate justice outcomes.
The study draws on dual process theory, which distinguishes between conscious (System 2) and non-conscious (System 1) decision-making, and values theory, which suggests that value-action alignment is associated with conscious choices. Climate justice and equity elements were also included, via individuals' carbon footprint measurements. Data was collected via an online survey, which included a charity selection question as a proxy measure for pro-environmental behaviour choice. Half of the participants received a neutral charity question, and the other half received a default-framing nudge with the pro-environmental charity presented as the default. The control group showed signs of System 2 decision-making, and biospheric values and carbon footprints correlated with the pro-environmental charity choice. The default-framing nudge was effective at non-consciously encouraging participants to make the pro-environmental choice (95% versus 58% in the control). The treatment group showed signs of System 1 decision-making, and only, carbon footprints correlated with the pro-environmental charity choice. Unlike biospheric values, carbon footprints moderate the effectiveness of a nudge. The nudge was less effective for participants with higher carbon footprints.
The study confirmed that nudges can promote pro-environmental behaviour. However, it highlighted key ethical risks including inequitable results and reduced decision-making consciousness. Future research can benefit from these findings, by acknowledging these risks, and including elements such as carbon footprints to build more holistic, equitable, measures of success.
... As buildings become smarter and more energy efficient (towards net zero or positive energy), it has been estimated that the role of end-users in shaping the energy demand will also increase [24]. Accordingly, the topic has been progressively researched and considered in a variety of sectors [25][26][27]. Energy conservation options and user energy profiles are increasingly studied to drive the development of policies, strategies, and tools more effectively. However, great uncertainty on the actual role and weight of home occupants in energy conservation is still observed in the literature, which partly depends on what behaviors are considered (e.g., only those dependent on routines, or also one-shot investments in energy-saving appliances) [28] and partly on the fact that the determinants of user behavioral change are still unclear. ...
The recent literature emphasizes the significance of occupants' behavior in shaping home energy demand. Several policies have been defined and tools and technologies have been developed to raise people's awareness and encourage energy-saving practices at home, but households' energy demand keeps rising. The thesis is that the fundamentals on this topic are still unclear and that available tools, strategies and measures should be approached in a more integrated way, as they are not now effective enough to encourage energy savings. How these could be successfully combined is still a major knowledge gap. Thus, this article proposes a critical review of the literature to discuss the potential role of end users in energy conservation at home, preparing the ground for truly effective engagement strategies and tools to encourage behavioral change. To that end, a systematic literature review is performed, including over 130 relevant articles. According to the critical interpretation of their content, after years of technologically driven strategies, the most promising approaches capable of overcoming the intention-action gap are those more user-centered. However, relying solely on the social aspect is not effective. Synergistic integration of the two main clusters of studies has been identified as a promising field of research for the future.
... Moving from a traditional, linear to an efficient, circular flow requires a new approach to triggering environmental awareness. It is well known that conscious action and personal behavioral change have potential to reduce carbon footprints [56], new behaviors of consumers to reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R), and new solutions to process and turn waste into resources and energy are entirely encouraged in Ulaanbaatar. ...
Current environmental challenges invite us to deeply revise policies, governance models, and resource management toolkits towards a circular approach, in order to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requirements. In this framework, circular waste management is one of the pillars of responsible and foresighted planning for territorial sustainability. The “3Rs for a sustainable use of natural resources in Ulaanbaatar” (3R4UB) project aims at transferring a sustainable approach to urban solid waste management, especially focusing on providing effective opportunities for developing circular supply chains locally. In this framework, an integrated approach has been developed in order to adapt the communication/exploitation plan of sustainable waste management within a SWITCH-Asia Country (EU Program) by combining engagement tools and participatory processes for the collaborative design of a waste management masterplan. This paper explores the spatialization of resources/waste flows in the formal and informal settlements, while also considering cultural traditions, social structures, and community habits, in terms of a purposely designed combination of spatial planning, governance modeling, and capacity building activities. Starting from a preliminary communication plan, this paper sets the frame for discussing the role of community engagement tools and protocols in producing an effective and generalizable collaborative waste management masterplan.
... The results of the study are in line with other studies investigating the impacts of behavioural changes on GHG emission reduction (McKinsey & Company, 2009;Ivanova et al., 2017;Faber et al., 2017;Marchi et al., 2021). It is necessary to stress that the household's carbon footprint depends highly on socio-economic factors and geographical situation of the countries (Ivanova et al., 2019). ...
... McKinsey and Company (2009) evaluated that due to behavioural change, it is possible to achieve total GHG emission reduction from 3.5 to 5.0 Gt CO2e per year in 2030 globally. Marchi et al. (2021) provided in their study that annual household carbon footprint of 14.01 tons of CO2e is possible to split into the following sectors: 51% of carbon footprint is influenced by the lifestyle linked to food, water consumption and waste and the 17% of carbon footprint is driven by energy consumption in households. Accoding to Marchi et al. (2021), the rest of the carbon footprint is allocated to transport. ...
... Marchi et al. (2021) provided in their study that annual household carbon footprint of 14.01 tons of CO2e is possible to split into the following sectors: 51% of carbon footprint is influenced by the lifestyle linked to food, water consumption and waste and the 17% of carbon footprint is driven by energy consumption in households. Accoding to Marchi et al. (2021), the rest of the carbon footprint is allocated to transport. This study (Marchi et al., 2021) also evaluated that the impact of behavioural changes on the household's GHG emission footprint and showed that it is possible to reduce GHG emission footprint almost 15% by changes in lifestyles. ...
The European Union (EU) has set an ambitious goal to achieve a carbon neutral society by 2050. In response, several EU member states, including Lithuania, pledged to achieve 100% renewables in the final energy consumption. The main ways of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the energy sector are (1) the energy efficiency improvement and (2) the use of renewable energy sources (RES). Although many policies and measures were implemented to promote a fast penetration of renewables, especially in the supply sector, there is a massive GHG emissions reduction potential in households. However, there are several social and behavioral barriers hampering a fast penetration of renewables into households. Therefore, new well-targeted policies are necessary to overcome these barriers. The community based social marketing (CBSM) can be applied to promote GHG emissions reduction in households through behavioral changes. This paper evaluates the carbon emissions reduction potential at the household level driven by CBSM. The research is conducted in the Kaunas district municipality in Lithuania, having quantitative and qualitative components. The results show that ~20% energy could be saved in households through behavioral changes initiated by CBSM; and that it is possible to achieve significant GHG emissions reduction, save energy and money without making any major investments in households. The average realistically achievable GHG emissions reduction potential for one Lithuanian household is ~500 kg CO 2 equivalent per year. These results can be used to roughly assess the energy saving and GHG emissions reduction potential of all Lithuanian households due to behavioral changes. This study also shows that the main obstacles to behavioral changes in households (after the implementation of intervention measures) are: lack of knowledge, lack of trust in information sources, inertia, values, etc.
... Climateology, which includes both natural and man-made climate and air quality events, is linked with GHG analysis [1], [2]. Human behaviour impacts the composition of the global atmosphere and natural climatic variability, whether directly or indirectly, and these changes can be measured easily [3], [4]. Greenhouse gas emissions are pollutants that contribute to environmental degradation because of rising global temperatures [5], [6]. ...
Climate change has attracted the attentions of every nation on earth, including Indonesia. Indonesia’s commitment to minimize greenhouse gas emissions through the ratification of the Kyoto decree in Law no. 17 / 2004. Other regulations for the National Action Plan for Reducing Carbon dioxide are regulated in Presidential Regulation No. 61/2011 and No. 7/2021 for the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. The East Java provincial government adopted this policy through East Java’s Province Regulation No. 67/2012. This article predicted an increase in carbon dioxide from the daily vehicles. The study will be done in Jember, a third city in East Java Province. Data is calculated using IPCC formula. The secondary data from 2018 to 2020 was analyzed, as well as predictions for 2030. The number of motorized vehicles growth is 4.5% each year. CO2 emissions from the daily transportation sector will reach 3,846,049.49 tons in 2030. Motorcycles contribute 2,055,244.87 tons. CO2 gas emissions from the 8 main streets of the Jember Gold Triangle are 62,190.52 tons.
