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Introduction
Inhalation of herbs and other compounds has a long history but habits for medical treatment are intertwined with rituals to obtain hallucinatory effects and pleasurable sensations. Several examples of inhaled herbs, and the diseases they were used for, based on early translations of ancient manuscripts related to inhalation were found...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... device is, basically, a rubber squeeze ball containing the medicinal powder, which in the formulation of Roe contains powdered glycyrrhiza and hellebore (both perennial plants) and carbolic acid, also known as phenol, an aromatic (solid and volatile) alcohol. The squeeze ball is attached to an ebonite (vulcanized rubber, also incorrectly named vulcanite which is a telluric mineral) tube-like part in its opening, which has a double function by being the mouthpiece and the holder of a gauze for refining the powder aerosol, see Figure 4. The Roe invention is mostly not remembered as inhaler, but some may recognize it as the basic design of an insect, or bulb duster for the aerosolization of insecticides like the currently forbidden dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane presentation in 1891 of the Carbolic Smoke Ball that was meant to cure influenza and a number of cold-associated complications, was invigorated with a special offer. ...
Citations
... In fact, the most common administration route for antiviral drugs is still the oral route (Fig. 1). This is remarkable as inhalation of pharmaceutical compounds for the treatment of common lung diseases is widespread (5) and has its origin in ancient history (54). Also, bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract are already treated successfully with inhalable antibiotics and several other inhaled antibiotics are currently in development (55). ...
Many of the current pandemic threats are caused by viruses that infect the respiratory tract. Remarkably though, the majority of vaccines and antiviral drugs are administered via alternative routes. In this perspective, we argue that the pulmonary route of administration deserves more attention in the search for novel therapeutic strategies against respiratory virus infections. Firstly, vaccines administered at the viral portal of entry can induce a broader immune response, employing the mucosal arm of the immune system; secondly, direct administration of antiviral drugs at the target site leads to superior bioavailability, enabling lower dosing and reducing the chance of side effects. We further elaborate on why the pulmonary route may induce a superior effect compared to the intranasal route of administration and provide reasons why dry powder formulations for inhalation have significant advantages over standard liquid formulations.
... That was the first inhaler to deliver productive elements that were successful against the conditions for which it was developed. Based on these features, the Aerohalor could be described as the first modern DPI [23]. ...
A Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) is a technique as well as a device used to inhale formulation which is in the form of dry powder, and is inhaled through the nose or mouth. It was developed for the purpose of treating conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Asthma, and even cystic fibrosis etc. The aim of the review is to discuss the different methods of preparation of dry powders along with the characterization of DPI. Here we present the outline of different methods like supercritical fluid extraction (SCF), spray drying, and milling. The review focussed on various devices including single and multi-dose devices used in the DPI. It also highlights on recent advances in the DPI including nano particulate system, siRNA-based medication, liposomes, and pro-liposomes based delivery. In COVID-19 silver nanoparticles-based DPIs provide very prominent results in the infected lungs. Moreover, this review states that the AI-based DPI development provides and improvement in the bioavailability and effectiveness of the drug along with the role of artificial neural networks (ANN). The study also showed that nasally administered drugs (nose to brain) can easily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enter the central nervous system (CNS) through the olfactory and trigeminal pathway which provides effective CNS concentrations at lower dosage. It is suggested that DPIs not only target respiratory complications but also treat CNS complications too. This review provides support and guides the researcher in the recent development and evaluation of DPI.
