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![Carabus arcensis of the study area: The estimated population structure from the admixture cluster analysis of K = 2,3,.. .,10 clusters. Each vertical bar represents one individual and the colours indicate the likelihood of it belonging to a particular population given K populations. Dashed line represents the most likely number of clusters from each determining method (CV error and PCA clusters). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]](profile/Alexey-Solodovnikov/publication/320559329/figure/fig2/AS:552568905572352@1508754101287/Carabus-arcensis-of-the-study-area-The-estimated-population-structure-from-the-admixture.png)
Carabus arcensis of the study area: The estimated population structure from the admixture cluster analysis of K = 2,3,.. .,10 clusters. Each vertical bar represents one individual and the colours indicate the likelihood of it belonging to a particular population given K populations. Dashed line represents the most likely number of clusters from each determining method (CV error and PCA clusters). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
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1. Larger carabid beetle species linked to open habitats have exhibited recent rapid decline in numbers throughout Europe. For example, Carabus arcensis is on the Danish Red List.
2. Ability of C. arcensis to disperse across non-habitable barriers in an island–mainland landscape has been evaluated through investigation of its population structure a...
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... another split in the eastern cluster creating a North Denmark (TVE and BUN), East Denmark (TOF) and Sweden (SWE) subclusters. Higher K values showed the same general clustering, but with indistinguishable separation of individuals sampled within the north Danish cluster (TVE and BUN) and within the Laesø cluster (LAES-B, LAES-P and LAES-H) (Fig. 3). (Fig. 4). The three principal components (PCs) combined explained 19.1% of the total genetic variation (with PC1 explaining 9.4%, PC2 explaining 5.7% and PC3 explain- ing ...
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... C. arsensis can be a bioindicator of certain biotic and abiotic stress in forests [88]. However, due to climate change and habitat destruction, the species abundance is declining in Europe [89,90]. Our study revealed that treatment with Foray 76B may indirectly contribute to C. arcensis decline. ...
Outbreaks of Lymantria monacha are of great concern, as their occurrence is predicted to become more intense and frequent due to a warming climate. A frequent treatment to control mass outbreaks of the pest is with the bioinsecticide Foray 76B. However, knowledge of how this treatment affects non-target insect species is limited. We surveyed the assemblages of non-target epigeal and arboreal insects in Pinus sylvestris forests in the year following bioinsecticide application. A collection of insects using sweep nets and pitfall traps was carried out in L. monacha-infested pine stands, (i) treated with Foray 76B and (ii) untreated, in three regions of Lithuania from May to October 2021. The results revealed that, in Neringa forests, species richness of the epigeal insects was lower in treated than in untreated sampling plots, with 36 and 41 different insect species, respectively. The relative abundance of epigeal Coleoptera in treated plots was 3.6%, while in untreated it was 53.2%. There was a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Carabus arcencis in Kapčiamiestis (by 7.4%) and Marcinkonys (by 16.7%). Treated plots were distinguished by lower relative abundance of arboreal Hymenoptera at all three study locations.
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Phengaris alcon is an endangered, ant-associated butterfly found, amongst other places, in Denmark, where it has undergone a severe decline during the last century. However, the population genetic consequences of this decline remain unknown. To explore past and current patterns in population structure in relation to the decline, we analyzed DNA microsatellite data from 184 recent and 272 historical P. alcon specimens from 44 spatiotemporal locations in Denmark. We thus generated the most temporally and spatially comprehensive population genetic dataset for P. alcon in Denmark so far. Our results for the Bayesian population assignment of recent samples revealed three major current genetic clusters: western Jutland, northern Jutland, and the island of Læsø. Estimates of genetic diversity showed signs of inbreeding in several extant populations. When including data from museum specimens, only a single locatSion showed a decline in heterozygosity between 1967 and 2021. We suggest that the two distinct clusters in western and northern Jutland indicate two temporally separated Holocene colonizations of Denmark, the latter of which may have been aided by changes in agricultural practice in the late Neolithic period. The unique genetic signature of the Læsø populations may be a result of the admixture of northern Jutland and western Swedish populations.
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The recognition of Holarctic species, those shared between Nearctic and Palaearctic regions, often implies continuous or recent events of gene flow across the 85-km-wide Bering Strait between Alaska and Russia. During the Pleistocene (2.8–0.012 Mya), the Bering land bridge has provided frequent episodes of continuous, tundra habitat across this barrier, while the taiga forests of the northern hemisphere has been separated for much longer, at least 5.4 Mya. This more ancient divergence has led to allopatric speciation in nearly all forest-specialized organisms, including all tree species, and casts doubt on the taxonomic validity of the few subcortical beetle species that are considered to be Holarctic. Here we test the apparent Holarctic distribution of one such species, the morphologically variable rove beetle Quedionuchus plagiatus. Drawing upon morphological and molecular evidence, including morphometric analysis of male genitalia and phylogenetic and cluster analyses of DNA barcodes, we demonstrate that species-level diversity has been greatly underestimated in this lineage and conclude that none of its members are Holarctic. We propose complete allopatric divergence across Beringia in obligate forest beetles and discuss the role of biological constraints as barriers to Holarctic geneflow. We describe Quedionuchus caucasicus Brunke, sp. nov., Q. deceptor Brunke sp. nov., Quedionuchus gilaensis Brunke sp. nov., and Quedionuchus yunnanensis Brunke sp. nov.; revalidate Quedionuchus glaber (O. Müller) and Quedionuchus longipennis (Mannerheim); and propose the following: Quedius longipennis Mannerheim, 1846 = Quedius rufipennis Mäklin, 1853 syn. nov. (previous synonym of Q. plagiatus Mannerheim); Staphylinus glaber O. Müller, 1776 = Quedius planatus Sharp, 1884 syn. nov.
... This could signify that the European cluster is more ancient, but more interbreeding within the European populations has taken place, while the Caucasian population has been more isolated. The low amount of variation between specimens from island populations (Anholt and Møn) could indicate recent colonization events, as seen for the Carabid beetle Carabus arcensis on other Danish islands(Hansen, Justesen, Olsen, & Solodovnikov, 2017), but could also be a sign of inbreeding or an evolutionary sweep.The existence of contemporary Nordic populations of cold-hardy species is normally explained by colonization after the last ice age from southern, western, and/or eastern refugia. However, recent studies suggest that in situ or close-by survival of at least some insect and plant species was possible during the last ice age(Quinzin, Normand, Dellicour, Svenning, & Mardulyn, 2017;Simonsen & Huemer, 2014). ...
Northern and mountainous ice sheets have expanded and contracted many times due to ice ages. Consequently, temperate species have been confined to refugia during the glacial periods wherefrom they have recolonized warming northern habitats between ice ages. In this study, we compare the gene CYP405A2 between different populations of the common burnet moth Zygaena filipendulae from across the Western Palearctic region to illuminate the colonization history of this species. These data show two major clusters of Z. filipendulae populations possibly reflecting two different refugial populations during the last ice age. The two types of Z. filipendulae only co‐occur in Denmark, Sweden, and Scotland indicating that Northern Europe comprise the hybridization zone where individuals from two different refugia met after the last ice age. Bayesian phylogeographic and ecological clustering analyses show that one cluster probably derives from an Alpe Maritime refugium in Southern France with ancestral expansive tendencies to the British Isles in the west, touching Northern Europe up to Denmark and Sweden, and extending throughout Central Europe into the Balkans, the Peleponnes, and South East Europe. The second cluster encompasses East Anatolia as the source area, from where multiple independent dispersal events to Armenia, to the Alborz mountains in north‐western Iran, and to the Zagros mountains in western Iran are suggested. Consequently, the classical theory of refugia for European temperate species in the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas does not fit with the data from Z. filipendulae populations, which instead support more Northerly, mountainous refugia.
Knowledge of patterns of genetic diversity in populations of threatened species is vital for their effective conservation. However, destructive sampling should be avoided in threatened species so as not to additionally increase the risk of local population extinction. We exclusively used beetle remains and beetles collected after death to analyze local and regional patterns of genetic variation in the endangered flightless longhorn beetle Iberodorcadion fuliginator in the border region of Switzerland, France and Germany, in grassland remnants. We extracted DNA from the beetles’ remains and genotyped 243 individuals at 6 microsatellite loci. We found moderate genetic differentiation between populations, each belonging to one of two metapopulations situated on either side of the river Rhine, but distinct genetic differentiation between populations across metapopulation The genetic distance between populations was correlated with the geographic distance between the sites sampled. Genetic structure analysis inferred the presence of two genetic clusters. The populations in the Alsace (France) represent one cluster, together with the Swiss populations near Basel, which is separated by the river Rhine from the cluster composed of the populations in southwestern Germany. Thus, the historical separation by the river Rhine surpasses more recent effects of human-induced habitat fragmentation on the genetic differentiation in I. fuliginator.
Rove beetles (Staphylinidae) are used to explore the forces that shaped the terrestrial fauna on Læsø, a young ca. 3000 year old Danish oceanic island located in the Kattegat strait between mainland Denmark and Sweden. We compile a detailed list of species of rove beetles for Læsø (328 species) and the surrounding Danish and Swedish regions (altogether 1075 species), which includes a standardized inventory of their body sizes, and the habitat and microhabitat preference of each species. The composition of the fauna on Læsø and adjacent mainland regions points to North-Eastern Jutland as the main source of the rove beetles on Læsø. Although large beetles are more active and likely to disperse than small beetles, there is no bias towards large species on the island indicating that the sea separating Læsø from the mainland has not been a barrier for rove beetle dispersal. The statistical analysis of the habitat and microhabitat preferences of the species of the entire system studied has shown that Læsø, compared to the mainland areas, is distinctly more dominated by ecological generalists, especially by species adapted to ephemeral, temporary humid microhabitats. Presumably, the mosaic of mostly dry open habitats available on Læsø fi lters for species, that are able to populate these suboptimal habitats via patches of humid but ephemeral microhabitats. A comprehensive
eco-faunistic dataset for the Staphylinidae compiled for this study is the first modern account of the rove beetle fauna on the Danish
island of Læsø.
