Fig 1 - uploaded by Esteban Basoalto
Content may be subject to copyright.
Captures of codling moth in traps baited with the binary lure comprised of a PVC matrix loaded with (E,Z)-2,4-ethyl decadienoate, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, and 6-ethenyl-2,2,6-trimethyloxan-3-ol plus a closed plastic membrane lure loaded with acetic acid, in replicated (N = 3) 0.4 ha-plots treated with three density of traps in 2019 in Washington State, USA.
Source publication
Field studies tested the use of lure-baited traps for female removal (FR) of codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen, treated with sex pheromone-based mating disruption (MD-FR). Four lures were evaluated, including the combination of (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate (pear ester, PE), (E)‐4,8‐dime...
Similar publications
Apples grown often produce more fruit, but they are characterised by heavy bloom and fruit set, which results in undersized, poorly coloured, and low-quality apples. The optimal crop load, which is a quantitative measure, results in a steady annual yield and marketable fruit. Winter pruning technique, chemical thinning, hand thinning, mechanical th...
Recently, some commercial apple growers have been adopting hedging as an alternative or supplement to hand-pruning. With increasing labor costs across the United States, alternatives to hand-pruning and current training systems are being considered. One management strategy involves transitioning tall spindle trees to a narrow tree wall and simplify...
Light plays a crucial role in the growth of fruit trees, influencing not only nutrient absorption but also fruit appearance. Therefore, understanding fruit tree canopy light transmittance is essential for agricultural and forestry practices. However, traditional measurement methods, such as using a canopy analyzer, are time-consuming, labor-intensi...
Citations
... Insect management using semiochemicals is particularly efficient against moths, which are largely dependent on olfaction to navigate in the environment (Golov et al. 2022). Knight et al. (2022) demonstrated the synergy of mating disruption using sex pheromone with female removal to control Cydia pomonella. Mating disruption of two distinct insect pests can be achieved using a single dispenser, as suggested by Ricciardi et al. (2022). ...
... The larvae of C. pomonella cause fruit abscission by tunnelling into the centre of fruits to feed on the sarcocarp and seeds, leaving frass on the surface (Reyes et al. 2007;Voudouris et al. 2011). Although environmentally-sound management methods have been developed to suppress C. pomonella in certain regions (Witzgall et al. 2008;Knight et al. 2022), their effectiveness against high-density pest populations remains often limited (Calkins and Faust, 2003). Due to the easy availability and immediate visible efficacy of chemical insecticides, orchard owners predominantly rely on chemical applications as their primary strategy, leading to the development of C. pomonella resistance to insecticides (Reyes et al. 2007;Rodríguez et al. 2011;Bosch et al. 2018). ...
Background: The primary method utilized by orchard owners to combat Cydia pomonella is the application of various chemical insecticides. However, this has resulted in the development of resistance. The resistance mechanisms to insecticides from different chemical classes are diverse but interconnected. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the commonalities in these mechanisms to effectively develop strategies for managing resistance.
Materials and methods: To determine whether target-site insensitivity to LCT and AM plays a role in resistance, the sequences of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) containing the mutation domains were detected. To validate whether similar mechanisms were involved in the detoxification process of lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) and abamectin (AM) at sublethal doses (specifically LD 10 and LD 30), cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450), glutathione S-transferases (GST), and carboxylesterases (CarE) activities were evaluated after insecticides exposure; synergistic experiments were conducted using piperonyl butoxide (PBO), diethyl maleate (DEM), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) as inhibitors of P450, GST, and CarE respectively. RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed to compare the expression levels of detoxification-related genes between susceptible (SS) and resistant strains.
Results: The best known target-site mutations caused by LCT and AM, including L1014F in VGSC and V263I, A309V, I321T, and G326E in GluCl were not occurred. We observed that PBO had a strong synergistic effect on LCT and AM, while DEM on LCT. The activities of detoxification enzymes increased after insecticide exposures, indicating that the detoxification of LCT was primarily carried out by P450 and CarE enzymes, while P450 and GST enzymes played a major role in the detoxification of AM. A total of 72 P450 genes and 75 CarE genes were identified in the C. pomonella transcriptome, with 43 of these genes (including 11 P450, 3 GST, 10 CarE, 11 ABC transporters, and 8 UDP-glycosyl transferases) being over-expressed in response to both insecticides Interestingly, ABC transporters were predominantly induced by AM treatment, while GST showed higher induction levels with LCT treatment. Furthermore, LCT-resistant strains of C. pomonella exhibited higher levels of induction of detoxification-related genes compared to susceptible strains.
Conclusion: The up-regulation of these detoxification genes is a common metabolic mechanism employed by C. pomonella to counteract the effects of insecticides, although the extent of gene expression change varies depending on the specific insecticide.
... Direct management of tortricid pests via "female removal" alone and in combination with mating disruption has been reported in a few recent studies with codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.) (Jaffe et al., 2018;Knight et al., 2022;Preti, Knight, Mujica, et al., 2021). ...
... For example, a 4-component blend of (E,Z)-2,4-ethyl decadienoate (pear ester, PE), (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), 6-ethe nyl-2,2,6-trimethyloxan-3-ol (pyranoid linalool oxide, pyrLOX), and acetic acid (AA) has been used in apple and pear crops to reduce levels of fruit injury caused by CM up to 60% (Knight et al., 2022;Preti, Knight, Mujica, et al., 2021). This multi-component lure can outperform sex pheromone lures and catches a high proportion of female moths Knight, Mujica, Larsson Herrera, & Tasin, 2019). ...
... Non-saturating bucket style traps require less maintenance and are ideal when used all season. With CM, for example, a bucket trap with a dark green top and a clear pail appears to be the most effective commercial trap (Knight et al., 2022). ...
Studies of moth pests (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) of pome fruit in Washington State, USA, evaluated the addition of low‐intensity light‐emitting diode (LED) lights to traps baited with sex pheromone or kairomone lures. Species included codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.), oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta (Busck), oblique banded leafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), and eye‐spotted budmoth (ESBM), Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffenmüller). Lures included ( E,E )‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol (codlemone) plus ( E,Z )‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate (pear ester) and acetic acid (AA) (Combo) and a blend of pear ester, ( E )‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene, pyranoid linalool oxide, and AA (4K) for CM; a three‐component OFM sex pheromone (( E )‐8‐dodecen‐1‐yl‐acetate, ( Z )‐8‐dodecen‐1‐yl acetate, and ( Z )‐8‐dodecen‐1‐ol) plus codlemone and terpinyl acetate plus AA for OFM; and 2‐phenylethanol and AA for OBLR and ESBM. Traps baited with only LEDs were not attractive for any of these tortricids. The addition of a LED to lure‐baited traps increased male and female catches 2‐12‐fold across the four pest species. The proportional increase in CM catches with the LEDs was similar with both the Combo and 4K lures. Traps baited with the 4K lure caught significantly more CM with a UV LED than with either blue or green LEDs. The proportion of females caught in traps that were mated did not change with the use of the lights across species. Significantly more CM of both sexes were caught in the adhesive on the side of the liner nearest the LED. The addition of LEDs sometimes increased the by‐catch of minute insects, but liners' saturation was never a factor impacting targeted moth catch. Adding the LED light significantly increased the catch of ESBM in CM‐baited traps and CM in OFM‐baited traps, respectively. The development of inexpensive, dual‐modality traps that add a light stimulus to a kairomonal‐based lure may improve direct control of these key orchard pests via female removal.
... Recent studies on the grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), have shown that both males and females were attracted to traps baited with host plant volatiles, and these traps captured significantly more moths than traps baited with the sex pheromone [17]. Integrating pheromonal compounds with female-attractive plant kairomones permitted the combination of mating disruption and female removal technologies in Cydia pomonella (Tortricidae) [18,19]. Additionally, there are cases in which only host kairomones are involved in communication, underlying the importance of an insectʹs ambient chemical environment. ...
... Although multi-component lures have been effective for other agricultural pests (e.g., codling moth [18,19]), when the CPB pheromone and the OLFE lures were combined, no additive or synergetic effects were demonstrated. The number of males captured was lower when the lures were deployed concurrently, compared with the numbers caught by either lure deployed separately. ...
Simple Summary: We have investigated the efficacy of five potential kairomone attractants for the cocoa pod borer (CPB) in Indonesia. Among them, the organic lychee flavor extract in a primitive formulation was the most attractive and was competitive with the commercial pheromone lures. An improved kairomone lure formulation based on specialty membrane and the concentrated extracts captured as many CPB males during a 4-week period and was significantly active for as long as 28 weeks. The long-life pheromone lure may be particularly useful in monitoring large-scale cocoa farms and developing new mitigation technologies that would necessitate high longevity powerful attractants. It should provide a cheaper alternative to the pheromone lures. Abstract: The cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella, is a major economic pest of cocoa, Theobroma cacao, in Southeast Asia. CPB monitoring programs currently use a costly synthetic pher-omone lure attractive to males. Field trapping experiments demonstrating an effective plant-based alternative are presented in this study. Five lychee-based products were compared for their attractiveness to CPB males. The organic lychee flavor extract (OLFE), the most attractive product, captured significantly more CPB as a 1 ml vial formulation than unbaited traps, while being competitive with the commercial pheromone lures. Additional experiments show that a 20 ml membrane OLFE lure was most effective, attracting significantly more CPB than the pheromone. When the kairomone and pheromone lures were combined, no additive or synergistic effects were observed. Concentrating the OLFE product (OLFEc) using a rotary evaporator increased the lure attractiveness to field longevity for up to 28 weeks; in contrast, pheromone lures were effective for approximately 4 weeks. The 20 ml concentrated OLFE membrane lures should provide a cheaper and more efficient monitoring tool for CPB than the current commercial pheromone lures.
... They successfully demonstrated that it could reduce the number of infested cacao pods compared to standard insecticide management. A potential combination of pheromonal compounds with female-attractive plant kairomones would integrate mating disruption and female removal technologies, as demonstrated for Cydia pomonella (Tortricidae) [33,34]. ...
The previously identified female sex pheromone of cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), was re-evaluated for male attraction using six different pheromone formulations in Indonesian cocoa plantations. In a dose-response experiment, the 0.1 mg pheromone load was significantly more attractive to male CPB than the lower doses tested. Additionally, during the first four-week trapping period, USDA (Beltsville, MD, USA) lures containing 0.1 mg of synthetic pheromone blend exhibited significantly better attraction than the commercial lure obtained from Alpha Scents, Inc. (Canby, OR, USA) with the same pheromone load (0.1 mg). Although the 1.0 mg lure did not show any higher attraction than the 0.1 mg lure during the first month, it was significantly attractive for CPB males with the same weekly average capture efficacy for the whole twenty-seven weeks in field conditions in 2018. A long-life pheromone lure can be particularly useful in monitoring large-scale cocoa farms.
... Ricciardi et al. (2022) provide an example of this approach by presenting the results of two-year field experiments to evaluate the effectiveness a new double dispenser for simultaneous MD of the European grapevine moth and the vine mealybug. A new approach for pest management of the codling moth in apple, by combining female removal with MD was tested by Knight et al. (2022). The authors evaluated different lures and examined the importance of trap type and density on moth catches. ...
Editorial of Special Issue "Novel trends on semiochemicals and semiophysicals for insect science and management"
... Recent studies on the grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), have shown that both males and females were attracted to traps baited with host plant volatiles, and these traps captured significantly more moths than traps baited with the sex pheromone [17]. Integrating pheromonal compounds with female-attractive plant kairomones permitted the combination of mating disruption and female removal technologies in Cydia pomonella (Tortricidae) [18,19]. Additionally, there are cases in which only host kairomones are involved in communication, underlying the importance of an insect's ambient chemical environment. ...
... Although multi-component lures have been effective for other agricultural pests (e.g., codling moth [18,19]), when the CPB pheromone and the OLFE lures were combined, no additive or synergetic effects were demonstrated. The number of males captured was lower when the lures were deployed concurrently, compared with the numbers caught by either lure deployed separately. ...
The Adoxophyes tea tortrix (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a group of leaf rollers that cause enormous economic losses on tea and apple crops. In East Asia, taxonomic ambiguity of the Adoxophyes orana complex (AOC), which consists of A. orana, A. dubia, A. honmai, and A. paraorana, has persisted for decades because of vague diagnostic characters. In this study, differences in the AOC were examined to improve species identification, determine genetic variations, and develop control strategies. Analyses revealed that A. orana comprised 2 lineages, a widely distributed Palearctic lineage and an East Asian lineage that was nested with other Asian species. Genetic divergence of >3% is proposed to confirm the AOC species that would benefit subsequent taxonomic revision. The monophyletic Taiwanese A. sp. with 2.8–4% from other AOC species appeared to suggest it as an independent taxon, and low interspecific divergence between A. honmai and A. dubia of 0.3% indicated possibility of recent divergence or intraspecific variations. Our result further suggested that the Z9-14:Ac ratio of semiochemicals could be a reference for the reblending of pheromone attractants in Taiwanese tea plantations. Moreover, the AOC species appeared to have a tendency of specific geographic distributions, with A. dubia and A. honmai in Japan and China, A. paraorana in Korea, and A. sp. in Taiwan. Maintaining the unique genetic composition of Adoxophyes species in each geographic region and preventing the possible invasions into those AOC-free countries through the transportation of host plants are essential in managing the AOC in East Asia.
