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... largo; ovario elipsoidal, de 4-5 x 1,5 mm, glabro, 1-locular, con 2 placentas parietales; estigma sésil, capitado, verde amarillento. Frutos bacciformes, globoso-elípticos, oblongos hasta arriñonados, de 8-10 x 4-5 cm, glabros, indehiscentes, colgantes; carpóforo de 5-7 cm largo. Semillas 8-10, arriñonadas, de 2-2,5 x 1,5-2 cm; embrión no visto. (Fig. 2 Árboles o arbustos de 3-5 m, siempreverdes, de tronco torcido, con denso indumento de pelos estrellados particularmente en las ramas jóvenes, hojas y flores. Hojas alternas, pecioladas, sin estípulas; yemas supra-axilares 2-3, la superior más desarrollada; pecíolos de 1,5-7,5 cm largo, cuando largos con pulvínulo en ambos extremos, ...
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In this study, the metallic alloy nanoparticles of silver and zinc oxide (Ag-ZnO) were biosynthesized by Capparis zeylanica aqueous extract. The characterization of biosynthesized Ag-ZnO NPs was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and revealed that they were with irregular shape, whereas the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR...
The caper plant (Capparis spinosa L.) was a common Uyghur folk medicine, and is a member of the Capparidaceae family. In a previous study, the n-butanol extract of C. spinosa L. (CSBE) was demonstrated to exert anti-tumor activity; however, the underlying mechanism is currently not understood. The present study aimed to elucidate the mechanism unde...
Citations
... All the acronyms of herbaria cited follow Holmgren et al. (1990), and an updated list is based on Thiers (2018). Furthermore, we checked different floras and publications (Cornejo & Iltis, 2008a;Cornejo & Iltis, 2008b;Cornejo & Iltis, 2008c;Cornejo & Iltis, 2008d;Cornejo & Iltis, 2009;Cornejo & Iltis, 2010a;Cornejo & Iltis, 2010b;Cornejo & Iltis, 2012;Cornejo et al., 2016;Lorea-Hernández, 2004;Mercado-Gómez et al., 2019;Newman, 2007;Ruiz-Zapata, 2005;Ruiz-Zapata, 2006). We reviewed all data for accuracy and validity of the geographic coordinates through a Geographic Information System (GIS; QGIS 3.4). ...
Introduction:
Neotropical seasonally dry forest (NSDF) climatic constraints increased endemism, and phylogenetic niche conservatism in species that are restricted to this biome. NSDF have a large number of endemic Capparaceae taxa, but it is unknown if phylogenetic niche conservatism has played a role in this pattern.
Objective:
We carried out an evolutionary analysis of the climatic niche of neotropical species of Capparaceae to identify whether the climatic constraints of NSDF have played a major role throughout the family’s evolutionary history.
Methods:
Using three chloroplastic (ndhF, matK, rbcL) and one ribosomal (rsp3) DNA sequences, we proposed a date phylogeny to reconstruct the evolutionary climatic niche dynamics of 24 Neotropical species of Capparaceae. We tested the relationship between niche dissimilarity and phylogenetic distance between species using the Mantel test. Likewise, we used a set of phylogenetic comparative methods (PGLS) on the phylogeny of Capparaceae to reconstruct the main evolutionary historic events in their niche.
Results:
Capparaceae originated in humid regions and subsequently, convergent evolution occurred towards humid and dry forest during the aridification phases of the Middle Miocene (16-11 Mya). However, adaptation towards drought stress was reflected only during the precipitation of the coldest quarter, where we found phylogenetic signal (Pagel λ) for gradual evolution and, therefore, evidence of phylogenetic niche conservatism. We found convergent species-specific adaptations to both drought stress and rainfall during the Miocene, suggesting a non-phylogenetic structure in most climatic variables.
Conclusions:
Our study shows how the Miocene climate may have influenced the Capparaceae speciation toward driest environments. Further, highlights the complexity of climatic niche dynamics in this family, and therefore more detailed analyses are necessary in order to better understand the NSDF climatic constrictions affected the evolution of Capparaceae.
... tropicos.org) and specialized literature (Brako & Zarucchi, 1993;Gentry, 1993;Møller & León, 1999;Smith et al., 2004;Ruiz-Zapata, 2005, 2006Cornejo & Iltis, 2008a, b, c, d, e, 2010Cornejo, Iltis & Tomb, 2008;Cornejo et al., 2016) were consulted. ...
... This decision is supported by the dataset used here, which was obtained from taxonomic treatments by experts on Capparaceae (e.g. Brako & Zarucchi, 1993;Gentry, 1993;Møller & León, 1999;Smith et al., 2004;Ruiz-Zapata, 2005, 2006Cornejo & Iltis, 2008a, b, c, d, e, 2010Cornejo et al., 2008Cornejo et al., , 2016 and direct voucher examination in the Colombia herbarium by J.D.M.G. ecological aSSociationS from climatic Similarity among SpecieS of capparaceae Considering the suitability vs. species response curves, PCA showed that the first two principal components explained 95% of the data variability: the first component explained 91.7% of the variance and the second component explained 3.4% (Fig. 1A). The NMSD analyses had a stress value of 0.98, showing that the first (0.96) and second (0.016) coordinates had the highest values (Fig. 1B). ...
In the Neotropics, the distribution of Capparaceae has been historically associated with seasonally dry forest (NSDF), but recent taxonomic studies have questioned this assumption. Given the environmental co-occurrence of species and the need to understand their relationships with the ecosystem, we use ecological niche modelling and numerical ecology methods to better describe the distribution patterns of Capparaceae and their climatic affinities with NSDF. We used the Maxent algorithm to model the ecological niches of 104 species of Capparaceae, which gave maximum values of the response curves for climatic suitability. These values were used to carry out multivariate statistical analyses [principal components analysis (PCA), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and discriminant analysis (DA)] to identify ecological associations based on climatic similitude among species. Both PCA and NMDS showed that annual precipitation, precipitation of the wettest quarter and precipitation of the driest quarter were the most important climatic variables shaping distributions of species and their associations with NSDF, moist tropical forest (MTF) and wet tropical forest (WTF). Although we found 72 species associated with NSDF as previously reported, DA revealed an overlapping pattern among the three ecological/climatic assemblages (NSDF, MTF and WTF). This confirms the existence of transition zones and species with wider niches. Our results provide an important biogeographical framework of ecological patterns for species associated with NSDF, opening new lines of research on the reconstruction of distribution in future climatic scenarios or palaeo-distributions.
... tropicos.org, accessed 28 February 2018) and publications (Brako and Zarucchi 1993;Gentry 1993;Møller and León 1999;Smith et al. 2004;Ruiz Zapata 2005;Ruiz-Zapata 2006;Cornejo and Iltis 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2008dCornejo and Iltis 2010;Cornejo et al. 2016). All data were checked for accuracy and validity of the geographic coordinates by using a geographic information system (GIS; QGIS, ver. ...
The Capparaceae are a family of plants associated mainly with dry areas, which have produced climatic constraints and a limited geographic distribution. This family is considered endemic in the Neotropical seasonally dry forest (NSDF) and, therefore, a model to analyse the NSDF biogeography. We conducted a track analysis of Neotropical species of Capparaceae to identify generalised tracks that recover ancestral biotas of NSDF nuclei, employing 7602 data points for 104 species. Individual tracks were obtained using Prim’s algorithm and generalised tracks were identified using parsimony analysis of endemicity with progressive character elimination. We found six generalised tracks and four panbiogeographic nodes mainly located in the NSDF. Generalised tracks recovered the ancestral biotas of NSDF distributed among the central Andean coast, central inter-Andean valleys (Ecuador), Tarapoto–Quillabamba, Apurimac–Mantaro (Peru) and Piedmont (Bolivia) NSDF nuclei. Also, the pattern of distribution of Capparaceae recovered old connections between northern South America and the inter-Andean valleys. However, we also found generalised tracks located over the Isthmus of Panama and Amazonian–Magdalena valley moist forest, suggesting that the distribution pattern in this family was influenced not only by NSDF climatic constraints, but also by geological events such as the emergence of the Isthmus and Andean uplift.
... tropicos.org) and specialized literature (Brako & Zarucchi, 1993;Gentry, 1993;Møller & León, 1999;Smith et al., 2004;Ruiz-Zapata, 2005, 2006Cornejo & Iltis, 2008a, b, c, d, e, 2010Cornejo, Iltis & Tomb, 2008;Cornejo et al., 2016) were consulted. ...
... This decision is supported by the dataset used here, which was obtained from taxonomic treatments by experts on Capparaceae (e.g. Brako & Zarucchi, 1993;Gentry, 1993;Møller & León, 1999;Smith et al., 2004;Ruiz-Zapata, 2005, 2006Cornejo & Iltis, 2008a, b, c, d, e, 2010Cornejo et al., 2008Cornejo et al., , 2016 and direct voucher examination in the Colombia herbarium by J.D.M.G. ecological aSSociationS from climatic Similarity among SpecieS of capparaceae Considering the suitability vs. species response curves, PCA showed that the first two principal components explained 95% of the data variability: the first component explained 91.7% of the variance and the second component explained 3.4% (Fig. 1A). The NMSD analyses had a stress value of 0.98, showing that the first (0.96) and second (0.016) coordinates had the highest values (Fig. 1B). ...
In the Neotropics, the distribution of Capparaceae has been historically associated with seasonally dry forest (NSDF), but recent taxonomic studies have questioned this assumption. Given the environmental co-occurrence of species and the need to understand their relationships with the ecosystem, we use ecological niche modelling and numerical ecology methods to better describe the distribution patterns of Capparaceae and their climatic affinities with NSDF. We used the Maxent algorithm to model the ecological niches of 104 species of Capparaceae, which gave maximum values of the response curves for climatic suitability. These values were used to carry out multivariate statistical analyses [principal components analysis (PCA), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and discriminant analysis (DA)] to identify ecological associations based on climatic similitude among species. Both PCA and NMDS showed that annual precipitation, precipitation of the wettest quarter and precipitation of the driest quarter were the most important climatic variables shaping distributions of species and their associations with NSDF, moist tropical forest (MTF) and wet tropical forest (WTF). Although we found 72 species associated with NSDF as previously reported, DA revealed an overlapping pattern among the three ecological/climatic assemblages (NSDF, MTF and WTF). This confirms the existence of transition zones and species with wider niches. Our results provide an important biogeographical framework of ecological patterns for species associated with NSDF, opening new lines of research on the reconstruction of distribution in future climatic scenarios or palaeo-distributions.
... Iltis & Cornejo. La primera, según bibliografía, crece en Venezuela a altitudes de 600 a 700 msnm en matorrales xerofíticos [52], aunque, Dugand (A. Dugand y R. Jaramillo 2785) la recolectó en el departamento a una altitud de 30 a 50 msnm; la localidad actualmente está urbanizada. ...
Capparaceae Juss. is a widely distributed family in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. The principal objetive of this research was to realize the taxonomic, morphological, etnobotanical and chorological study of the taxa of the family Capparaceae in the Atlántico department (Colombia); the department was crossed and specimens were collected, which were processed according to classical taxonomic techniques. As a result, a synopsis of the Capparaceae family is presented. It includes keys for the separation of the taxa and descriptions of the morphological characters of the species that grow in the department, as well as their synonyms, common nouns and uses. Seven genera (Belencita, Capparidastrum, Crateva, Cynophalla, Monilicarpa, Morisonia and Quadrella) and fourteen species are reported. Cynophalla is the most diverse genus, in addition, Cynophalla polyantha (Triana & Planch.) Cornejo & Iltis is registred for the first time in the Atlántico department.
... Iltis & Cornejo. La primera, según bibliografía, crece en Venezuela a altitudes de 600 a 700 msnm en matorrales xerofíticos [52], aunque, Dugand (A. Dugand y R. Jaramillo 2785) la recolectó en el departamento a una altitud de 30 a 50 msnm; la localidad actualmente está urbanizada. ...
Capparaceae Juss. es una familia de distribución amplia en regiones tropicales y subtropicales, particularmente en zonas áridas y semiáridas. Para su estudio se recorrió el departamento del Atlántico (Colombia) y se recolectaron especímenes, los cuales se procesaron según técnicas taxonómicas clásicas. Como resultado se presenta una sinopsis de la familia Capparaceae. Se incluyen claves para la separación de los taxones y descripciones de los caracteres morfológicos de las especies que crecen en el departamento, así como también sus sinónimos, los nombres comunes y los usos. Se reportan siete géneros (Belencita, Capparidastrum, Crateva, Cynophalla, Monilicarpa, Morisonia y Quadrella) y catorce especies siendo Cynophalla el género más diverso entre ellos; además, se registra por primera vez Cynophalla polyantha (Triana & Planch.) Cornejo & Iltis en el departamento del Atlántico.
... 4-6 × 4-6 mm, globose to ovoid and tardily dehiscent pseudopeponoid fruits of Atamisquea, which have a lepidote-peltate and thinly leathery pericarp, apiculate apex, and contain only 1 to 2 small seeds covered by a bright-orange sarcotesta [in vivo, fide Luteyn et al. 15602, NY], a presumed adaptation for bird dispersal, which would explain its enormous geographical disjunction). Calanthea (DC.) Miers is another small, South American genus of Capparaceae with stellate trichomes, hypanthium present, and amphisarca fruits, that contains very poisonous pulp and/or seeds (Dugand, 1941;Ruiz-Zapata, 2006). The latter mainly differ from Sarcotoxicum by the flowers with petals and stamens radially arranged, the 1-seriate calyx of widely spaced linear-ligulate to oblong sepals exposing the corolla from young buds, the corolla of valvate aestivation, and the seeds with thick cotyledons (Cornejo and Iltis, 2008a Uses: the fruits are edible at maturity if properly cooked, but extremely poisonous when immature, or even dried. ...
Se reconocen tres géneros cercanos entre los miembros Sudamericanos de Capparis s.l. (Capparaceae): (1) Sarcotoxicum, un nuevo género monoespecífico distribuido en Bolivia, Paraguay, y el norte deArgentina, representado por Sarcotoxicum salicifolium comb. nov.; (2) se valida Neocalyptrocalyx, un género de siete especies, cinco de las cuales son aquí transferidas de Capparis s.l.: Neocalyptrocalyx eichleriana comb. nov., N. grandipetala comb. nov., N. leprieurii comb. nov., N. maroniensis comb. nov., y N. muco comb. nov.; y una sexta especie N. longifolium comb. nov., es transferida de Colicodendron; y, (3) Mesocapparis stat. nov., un género monoespecífico restringido a Brasil y representado por Mesocapparis lineata comb. nov. Éstos tres géneros se caracterizan por presentar varios tipos de pubescencia estrellada, sépalos 2-seriados, 7 a 37 estambres y frutos pepos o mfisarcos que contienen muchas semillas con embriones de color blanco hasta crema y cotiledones convolutos. Se proveen ilustraciones, descripciones, y una clave para los géneros aquí tratados.
Loefling's Iter Hispanicum (1758) and its subsequent translations, editions, issues, and facsimiles are analyzed for their impact on the nomenclature of American vascular plants. The book, edited by Linnaeus and posthumously published, contains descriptions of plants found in Venezuela (as well as in the Iberian Peninsula). For American plants the original volume (1758) is the source of 31 new genera, 15 new species, and one replaced name, and a German translation (1766) is the source of an additional two new species. Many of these nomenclatural innovations have been ignored, overlooked, or intentionally suppressed, some for centuries. Other names in the Iter Hispanicum have been misinterpreted. We examine the reasons for considering these 49 names to be validly published and the nomenclatural ramifications. In the interests of nomenclatural stability we are forced to conclude that the names of at least ten taxa described by Loefling should be rejected: Ayenia sidiformis Loefl., Cofer Loefl., Cruzeta Loefl., Cruzeta hispanica Loefl., Edechia inermis Loefl., E. spinosa L., Justicia putata Loefl., Menais Loefl., Muco Loefl., and Samyda parviflora Loefl. Likewise the names of two species described by Linnaeus that are tied to the Iter Hispanicum should be rejected: Menais topiaria L. and Spermacoce suffruticosa L. Finally, we select neotypes for Gaura fruticosa Loefl., Salvinia michelii Loefl., and Waltheria melochioides Loefl.
Nueve especies de Capparis s.l. del América del Sur son transferidas a los géneros Cynophalla y Calanthea: Cynophalla declinata comb. nov., C. ecuadorica comb. nov., C. guayaquilensis comb. nov., C. heterophylla comb. nov., C. mattogrossensis comb. nov., C. polyantha comb. nov., C. retusa comb. nov., C. tarapotensis comb. nov., y Calanthea stenosepala comb. nov.
Loefling's Iter Hispanicum (1758) and its subsequent translations, editions, issues, and facsimiles are analyzed for their impact on the nomenclature of American vascular plants. The book, edited by Linnaeus and posthumously published, contains descriptions of plants found in Venezuela (as well as in the Iberian Peninsula). For American plants the original volume (1758) is the source of 31 new genera, 15 new species, and one replaced name, and a German translation (1766) is the source of an additional two new species. Many of these nomenclatural innovations have been ignored, overlooked, or intentionally suppressed, some for centuries. Other names in the Iter Hispanicum have been misinterpreted. We examine the reasons for considering these 49 names to be validly published and the nomenclatural ramifications. In the interests of nomenclatural stability we are forced to conclude that the names of at least ten taxa described by Loefling should be rejected: Ayenia sidiformis Loefl., Cofer Loefl., Cruzeta Loefl., Cruzeta hispanica Loefl., Edechia inermis Loefl., E. spinosa L., Justicia putata Loefl., Menais Loefl., Muco Loefl., and Samyda parviflora Loefl. Likewise the names of two species described by Linnaeus that are tied to the Iter Hispanicum should be rejected: Menais topiaria L. and Spermacoce suffruticosa L. Finally, we select neotypes for Gaura fruticosa Loefl., Salvinia michelii Loefl., and Waltheria melochioides Loefl.
